Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2014, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (47): 7666-7671.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.47.022
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Liu Hao, Sun Lei, Qi Yan, Tian Jun
Revised:
2014-10-20
Online:
2014-11-19
Published:
2014-11-19
Contact:
Tian Jun, Professor, Chief physician, Master’s supervisor, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
About author:
Liu Hao, Studying for master’s degree, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
CLC Number:
Liu Hao, Sun Lei, Qi Yan, Tian Jun. Vacuum sealing drainage technology in combination with multiple factors for treatment of severe soft tissue injury[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2014, 18(47): 7666-7671.
2.1 纳入资料基本概况 纳入文献信息记录侧重与封闭负压引流技术、庆大霉素、高压氧、神经生长因子和糜蛋白酶的作用及临床应用方面。 2.2 纳入资料的研究结果特征 2.2.1 封闭负压引流联合高压氧治疗严重软组织损伤 高压氧对皮肤软组织损伤的治疗作用和高压氧的促进创面愈合、防治感染和促进皮瓣成活等作用有关[20]。研究显示,高压氧可促进创面血管内皮细胞生长因子的分泌[1],而在众多血管再生性因子中,血管内皮生长因子是公认的促使血管再生的关键因子,它通过促进血管内皮细胞增殖和迁移、诱导毛细血管腔形成、延长血管内皮细胞寿命、增强血管通透性和改变细胞外基质等作用促进血管的再生,从而促进创面愈合。Richard等[21]通过制作股薄肌皮瓣缺血再灌注模型发现,高压氧治疗显著增加血管内皮生长因子的表达而不上调诱导性一氧化氮合酶的表达。另外,高压氧的促进皮瓣成活作用也与血管增生有关[22],其机制为高压氧提高皮瓣组织氧分压,增加皮瓣组织内毛细血管数量,减少皮瓣组织缺血再灌注损伤,增加皮瓣表面对氧的吸收[23]。在感染防治方面,高压氧可抑制厌氧菌生长,抑制细菌分泌毒素,增加抗生素的作用效果[24],对感染的发生发展具有抑制作用。 由于外伤致使软组织局部出血形成血肿,而且周围小血管受损栓塞,造成对软组织的血供不足,而使软组织的氧分压降低,酸性代谢产物积聚,毛细血管的通透性增加,进一步加重周围软组织的肿胀,往复循环,使得损伤加重,严重减缓了创面的愈合。Lindstedt等[45]在对猪创面的研究中发现负压吸引使距伤口数厘米的毛细血管血流量增加,进而促使局部氧分压增加,从而促进了创面愈合。尽管术中对创面进行清创,但是这种局部能量供给和氧气不足依旧不可避免的出现,而且清创完毕覆盖封闭负压引流敷料后,虽使创面闭合,不与外界环境接触,减少了感染的概率,但是有报道指出这有可能引起厌氧菌的感染[25],而高压氧可抑制厌氧菌的生长。两种方法结合治疗软组织损伤,不仅避免了封闭负压引流密闭系统所造成厌氧菌感染的可能,而且二者均有促进创面愈合、防治感染和促进皮瓣成活等作用,可使患者进一步得到康复。闻志强等[26]应用负压封闭引流技术联合高压氧治疗严重创伤后大面积皮肤撕脱伤22例,取得了满意效果。 2.2.2 封闭负压引流联合糜蛋白酶治疗严重软组织损伤 糜蛋白酶又称胰凝乳蛋白酶(Chymotrysin)或α-糜蛋白酶,系从牛或猪胰中提取的一种蛋白水解酶,具有肽链内切酶的作用,通过切断蛋白质肽链中酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸的羧端肽链作用,专一水解羧端芳香族氨基酸(酪氨酸、色氨酸、亮氨酸)或侧键大体积疏水性残基甲硫氨酸等。可以分解炎症部位纤维蛋白的凝结物,促进血凝块、脓性分泌物及坏死组织的溶化分解,从而净化创面,使肉芽组织新生,促进伤口愈合。其作用机制还可能是:①糜蛋白酶可以促进肉芽组织生长[27]。②糜蛋白酶有脂解酶的作用,可以将脓腔内的脓液、积血、坏死组织消化,使组织变性,蛋白分解为肽或氨基酸,达到解聚作用,使组织致密度减轻,通透性增强,改善微循环,可抑制炎症反应,溶解渗出和坏死组织及消除水肿。国外常用于眼科或皮肤科局部用药,疗效已被肯定[28]。宋明等[29]将α-糜蛋白酶应用于治疗粘连型肩周炎、创伤性瘢痕粘连、创伤性关节炎、滑囊炎等,共有1 200多例次接受治疗,除有2例过敏反应外,均取得了满意的疗效。马利斌等[30]外用α-糜蛋白酶代替升丹类药物综合效观察治疗皮肤慢性溃疡38例,取得了满意疗效。 而应用封闭负压引流技术治疗严重软组织损伤时,由于密闭封闭负压引流敷料后,只能通过内置于封闭负压引流敷料中的引流管吸引出创面分泌的毒性物质或是坏死物质。但内置的引流管的孔隙很小,很容易堵管,致使引流不畅,造成严重后果。但联合糜蛋白酶治疗,可使这一情况大大改善,利用糜蛋白酶自身的作用,可使毒性物质或是坏死的物质分解,净化创面,促进肉芽组织增生生,加速伤口愈合。糜蛋白酶通过连接于封闭负压引流装置上的冲洗管进行灌注,其毒不良反应小,但偶有过敏的报道[31],可通过给药前先用抗组织胺类药物预防,反应可以减轻。 2.2.3 封闭负压引流联合神经生长因子治疗严重软组织损伤 神经生长因子是神经营养因子中最早被发现,目前研究最为透彻的,具有神经元营养和促突起生长双重生物学功能的一种神经细胞生长调节因子,它对中枢及周围神经元的发育、分化、生长、再生和功能特性的表达均具有重要的调控作用。其作用机制是:神经生长因子与受体结合,通过受体介导的内吞机制产生内在化,形成由轴膜包绕、含有神经生长因子、并保持其生物活性的小泡,经轴突沿微管逆行转运至胞体,经酪氨酸蛋白激酶、脂酰肌醇钙、内源性环腺苷酸等第二信使体系的转导,启动一系列级联反应,对靶细胞的某些结构或功能蛋白基因表达进行调控而发挥其生物效应。然而随着科学技术的进步,人们对其研究的不断加深,神经生长因子被赋予了更多的作用,比如它对血管的生成有驱动作用[32-33]。Transwell实验表面神经生长因子可以促进内皮祖细胞的迁移,而且通过Akt通路起作用[34-35]。神经生长因子具有明显的趋化活性,促进血管内皮细胞向受伤部位移动。不仅对巨噬细胞有吞噬功能,而且清除伤口渗液及坏死组织,为创面的修复创造良好的环境[36]。神经生长因子能够促进人血管内皮细胞的有丝分裂作用,对血管生成、创面的愈合具有重要的意义[33]。 汤苏阳等[33]发现封闭负压引流可增加感觉神经受损的全层皮肤缺损创面组织Bcl-2、 神经生长因子/神经生长因子mRNA的表达水平,进而刺激创基内修复细胞进入增生状态,加速创面愈合。创面愈合时,支配受损组织的周围神经通过释放神经肽类物质,参与对炎细胞和修复细胞增殖、迁移、分化的调控。神经生长因子是由周围神经和中枢神经细胞调控和分泌的神经多肽,能直接和间接地影响免疫活性和炎症反应。当皮肤全层损伤后,皮肤创面、创周及远位未损伤的皮肤神经纤维末梢释放出贮存的神经肽类物质神经生长因子等,作用于角质细胞、成纤维细胞、内皮细胞等修复细胞,促使其增殖分化,合成、分泌生长因子,并表达相应的受体,以自分泌或旁分泌的形式参与创伤愈合的过程。另外创伤时感觉神经释放的神并肽与肥大细胞受体结合,触发肥大细胞系脱颗粒,而肥大细胞释放的神经生长因子义刺激感觉神经释放神经肽,进一步放大神经生长因子对愈合的调控作用[37]。而正因为封闭负压引流的此作用,在联合神经生长因子后,促进创面肉芽组织生长、毛细血管增生的作用得到叠加,更有利于促进软组织损伤的快速愈合。 2.2.4 封闭负压引流联合庆大霉素治疗严重软组织损伤 庆大霉素是一种氨基糖苷类抗生素, 主要用于治疗细菌感染,尤其是革兰阴性菌引起的感染。其作用机制为:庆大霉素能结合细菌核糖体30S亚基上的16S rRNA,干扰formyl-methionyl-tRNA与30S rRNA的连接,阻断细菌蛋白质的合成从而抑制细菌感染。造成伤口感染的因素很多,涉及致病菌、环境条件和患者自身防御反应3者之间的相互作用,3者平衡,发生感染的机会少。致病菌占主导地位,如致病菌数量和毒力增加,环境条件有利于其繁殖,或患者防御力低下,则发生感染的机会就大。庆大霉素是一种广谱抗生素,除对革兰阴性菌有较强作用外,对多种革兰阳性菌感染效果也极佳,而抗生素的杀菌作用与药物浓度成正比[38]。局部用药时,局部药物浓度明显高于全身用药,杀菌效果佳,同时可促进肉芽组织生长,减轻红肿及减少分泌物,有利于伤口愈合[39]。庆大霉素对大肠杆菌、变形杆菌、绿脓杆菌和葡萄球菌等多种细菌有抑菌作用,但是采用全身用药较难达到感染创面局部的有效抑菌浓度,而且庆大霉素全身用药可引起对肾功能和听力的损害,庆大霉素局部应用可使伤口局部达到较高的药物浓度,迅速抑制伤口局部的细菌生长[40]。 张欣等[41]应用庆大霉素联合封闭负压引流装置治疗52例软组织损伤患者,取得了满意的效果。封闭负压引流是理想的创面覆盖物,但内置的引流管的孔隙很小,很容易堵管,致使引流不畅,造成严重后果。而创伤早期组织渗液中纤维素和纤维蛋白以及胶原蛋白、活动性渗血中的血小板以及凝血因子等促凝物质,成为凝血、组织愈合的重要物质,在浓度较高情况下非常容易发生凝集,并形成较大的血凝块或斑块,甚至菌团块造成引流管堵塞;同时引流管受压、打折等原因也加重了堵塞现象。封闭负压引流材料及引流管一旦形成堵塞,普通再通方法很难清除,从而加重堵塞范围和程度。而冲洗的稀释作用降低了局部炎性因子及促凝物质的浓度,使分泌物始终处于湿润状态,并带走封闭负压引流 材料及引流管中的凝血块组织、坏死崩解产物及可能形成的细菌块[42],避免血液凝固及分泌物干燥结痂导致管道堵塞,提高了其使用效率。 2.2.5 其他方法 另有文献报道封闭负压引流技术结合创必复治疗软组织缺损感染创面[43]、封闭负压引流技术结合重组人表皮生长因子治疗腹部术后愈合不良等也取得了不错的效果[44]。 2.3 封闭负压引流操作方法 2.3.1 清创 仔细检查伤口,探查受损组织,清除伤口内的污物和异物,切除因损伤而失去活力的组织,根据各组织特点修复受损组织,彻底止血。 2.3.2 清洁创周皮肤 用盐水将周围血污擦拭干净,将创周坏死角质层揭除,再用体积分数75%乙醇擦除残留的络合碘、皮脂、角质、皮屑等,便于粘贴半透性薄膜。 2.3.3 设计、覆盖封闭负压引流材料 根据创面大小设计裁剪封闭负压引流材料,创面较大时,用“串联法”,以满足需要。覆盖(填充)封闭负压引流材料加以缝合固定,使封闭负压引流材料完全覆盖创面,如创面较深,或有深腔,需将封闭负压引流材料填塞至深腔底部,不能留有死腔。 2.3.4 连接负压源 根据需要,用三通管将所有引流管最终合并为1个出口,立即接通负压源,用手掌按压封闭负压引流材料,这样,可以在贴膜前将过多渗液吸走,方便粘贴半透膜。 2.3.5 常规密闭 取出半透膜,除去粘贴面被衬纸暴露粘贴面。从没有引流管引出的健康皮肤上,采用“叠瓦法”逐层逐片粘贴,边粘贴边按压,注意贴膜时一定不要按压封闭负压引流材料,以免材料内吸附的液体被挤压到周围皮肤上,不利于粘贴。粘贴妥当后,再除去薄膜背面的支撑膜,为保证密闭效果,半透膜的覆盖范围要包括至少2 cm以上的创缘健康皮肤。 2.3.6 更换敷料 确保封闭负压引流成功后,每隔7 d更换1次封闭负压引流敷料。直至创面被新生肉芽组织完全覆盖,根据情况行游离植皮或皮瓣移植。如果在清创后直接采用反取皮原位植皮的方法[9-10],可以延长到12 d后拆除。"
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