Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (35): 9258-9268.doi: 10.12307/2026.278

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Molecular mechanism by which the imbalance of the functional network of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases drives intervertebral disc degeneration

Xiao Yang1, Gao Zibo1, Hu Yuxiang1, Kang Zhixin1, Zhang Chaoxuan1, Huang Chengyu1, Liu Honglin1, Chen Kai1, Wang Hongshen2, Li Yongjin2   

  1. 1The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China; 2The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
  • Received:2025-09-02 Revised:2025-12-12 Online:2026-12-18 Published:2026-04-29
  • Contact: Wang Hongshen, Attending physician, MD, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China Co-corresponding author: Li Yongjin, Chief physician, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
  • About author:Xiao Yang, MS candidate, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Top Talent Support Program of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, No. BJ2022YL07 (to LYJ); National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program), No. 82274554 (to LYJ); Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project, No. 2023B1212060063 (to LYJ); Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Research Program of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), No. YN2020QN14 (to WHS); Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (General Program), No. 2024A1515010981 (to WHS)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Intervertebral disc degeneration is a core pathological mechanism of discogenic diseases, characterized by an imbalance in extracellular matrix metabolism. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, as endogenous antagonists of matrix metalloproteinases, play a crucial role in regulating extracellular matrix homeostasis in intervertebral disc degeneration. However, the subtype-specific functions, signal pathway interactions, and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases have not been systematically elucidated.
OBJECTIVE: To review the expression changes, functional heterogeneity, and regulatory networks of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in intervertebral disc degeneration, with a focus on clarifying the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in oxidative stress, mechanical loading, and inflammatory microenvironments, and to evaluate the translational potential of strategies such as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-based gene therapy.
METHODS: The first author conducted a literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and WanFang databasdes. The search period was from database inception to March 2025. The search terms included “intervertebral disc degeneration, intervertebral disc degenerative changes, intervertebral disc degeneration, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, signaling pathways” in Chinese and “tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, TIMPs, intervertebral disc degeneration, disc degeneration, degenerative disc disease, degenerative intervertebral discs” in English. A total of 76 articles that met inclusion criteria were selected for review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Functions of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase subtypes: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 exhibits dynamic bi-directional regulation (early protection/late depletion). Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 maintains extracellular matrix homeostasis through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity, and its aberrant expression can activate pro-apoptotic signaling pathways (such as the miR-185-5p/matrix metalloproteinase-2 axis and the inflammatory factor-mediated matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase imbalance). Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 plays a multi-dimensional protective role through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases activity, tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme/tumor necrosis factor alpha axis, and vascular neogenesis. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 is regulated by miR-155-5p/fibroblast growth factor-2 to participate in the extracellular matrix homeostasis. (2) Epigenetic reprogramming mechanism: Abnormal mechanical stress degrades tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinas-3 mRNA through the WTAP/YTHDF2-m6A axis, whereas miR-222 targeted inhibition of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinas-3 translation synergistically accelerates extracellular matrix degradation. (3) Multimodal therapeutic strategy: Photobiomodulation (wavelength-specific modulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase/matrix metalloproteinase), stem cell-derived exosomes (miR-199a/GREM1 axis) and irisin intervention can reconfigure matrix metabolic balance. The present review proposes a theoretical framework of "functional network imbalance of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases", reveals its multi-level regulation as a core driver of intervertebral disc degeneration, and lays the theoretical foundation for developing precise treatments that target epigenetic modifications and mechano-biological coupling interventions.

Key words: intervertebral disc degeneration, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, matrix metalloproteinases, epigenetic regulation, gene therapy, mechanical stress, oxidative stress, inflammatory response

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