Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (22): 5804-5813.doi: 10.12307/2026.201

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Postbiotic targeting muscle aging: mechanistic insights and application prospects of urolithin A

Yang Zijiang1, Guo Chenggen2, Deng Ziao3, Xue Xinxuan2   

  1. 1School of Physical Education, Nanchang Jiaotong Institute, Nanchang 330100, Jiangxi Province, China; 2School of Sports Training, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China; 3School of Law and Business, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, China
  • Received:2025-07-22 Accepted:2025-09-11 Online:2026-08-08 Published:2025-12-27
  • Contact: Xue Xinxuan, Professor, Master’s supervisor, School of Sports Training, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
  • About author:Yang Zijiang, MS, School of Physical Education, Nanchang Jiaotong Institute, Nanchang 330100, Jiangxi Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Youth Fund Project for Humanities and Social Sciences Research, Ministry of Education, No. 24YJC890016 (to GCG); Key Project for Philosophy and Social Sciences Research, Hubei Provincial Department of Education, No. 24D100 (to GCG); Youth Project for Science and Technology Research, Hubei Provincial Department of Education, No. Q20234103 (to GCG)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Urolithin A is a natural active compound produced by the metabolism of dietary polyphenols, which has multiple biological effects such as promoting mitochondrial function, antioxidation and anti-inflammation. In recent years, the development of urolithin A in delaying aging-related diseases has received extensive attention. However, the specific mechanism of its action in improving muscle aging remains unclear and further systematic research is still needed.
OBJECTIVE: To systematically explore the mechanism of action of urolithin A in muscle aging, providing a theoretical basis for its potential application value in delaying muscle aging.
METHODS: The Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and WanFang Database were retrieved from January 2000 to April 2025. The search terms were "urolithin A, muscle aging, mitochondrial function, mitophagy, inflammation, oxidative stress, muscle function, skeletal muscle" in English and Chinese. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 80 literatures were finally selected for review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Urolithin A is a metabolite generated by the conversion of dietary polyphenolic compounds ellagic acid and ellagic acid under the action of intestinal microorganisms, and is widely present in pomegranates, berries and nuts. It has a unique α-benzocoumarin structure, with a small molecular weight, strong lipophilicity and easy absorption. The production of urolithin A depends on an individual’s intestinal microbiota and can be classified into different metabolic types. Moreover, this ability weakens with age, reflecting changes in intestinal function and physiological state. (2) Muscle aging is a process jointly driven by mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic inflammation and neuromuscular functional degeneration. With the increase of age, mitochondrial energy metabolism declines, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species aggravates cell damage. Chronic low-grade inflammation accelerates protein breakdown, inhibits synthesis, and weakens the muscle repair ability. Neuromuscular junction degeneration and signal transduction disorders lead to muscle denervation and atrophy. These factors interact with each other, contributing to a continuous decline in muscle mass and function. (3) Urolithin A synergistically improves muscle aging through a multi-target mechanism. Its main functions include: activating the PTEN-induced kinase 1/Parkin signaling pathway, eliminating damaged mitochondria, and enhancing metabolic functions such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation; inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB and protein kinase B/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, up-regulating anti-inflammatory factors such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β1, and down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α to achieve inflammatory regulation; enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species and alleviating oxidative stress. (4) Urolithin A promotes the proliferation and differentiation of muscle stem cells, activates anabolic pathways, enhances protein synthesis, boosts muscle strength, and simultaneously regulates molecular mechanisms related to endurance and fatigue resistance, thereby enhancing muscle endurance and comprehensively improving muscle performance. (5) Urolithin A shows broad prospects in delaying muscle aging and promoting muscle health, but existing studies are limited by small sample sizes, short cycles and individual differences. In the future, there is an urgent need to carry out large-scale and long-term clinical research to clarify the dose-effect, explore individualized and combined intervention strategies, and focus on the application potential of urolithin A as a sports nutrition supplement in enhancing physical fitness and promoting healthy aging.


Key words: urolithin A, muscle aging, mitochondrial function, mitophagy, inflammation, oxidative stress, muscle function, skeletal muscle

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