Cerebral palsy decoction improves cerebral palsy in male and female young rats: mechanisms based on the “gut-brain-muscle” axis

doi:10.12307/2026.715

Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (16): 4054-4066.doi: 10.12307/2026.715

Cerebral palsy decoction improves cerebral palsy in male and female young rats: mechanisms based on the “gut-brain-muscle” axis

Zou Yuxiong1, Liu Xiaomeng1, Liu Ying2, Zhu Yue1, Li Shuming1, Guo Fangyang1, Yu Xinyu1, Nie Heyun1, Liu Qian1, 2, Ao Meiying1

1Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Institute for Children Health & Drug Innovation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China; 2Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China

Received:2025-03-27 Accepted:2025-08-29 Online:2026-06-08 Published:2025-11-26
Contact: Ao Meiying, PhD, Professor, Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Institute for Children Health & Drug Innovation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China Co-corresponding author: Liu Qian, PhD, Doctoral supervisor, Professor, Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Institute for Children Health & Drug Innovation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
About author:Zou Yuxiong, MS candidate, Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Institute for Children Health & Drug Innovation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82060658 (to AMY); Key Research and Development Program of National Key Laboratories, No. 20243BCC31008 (to LQ); Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Cultivation Project, No. 2023ZDPY001 (to LQ); Innovative Research Team on Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases and Health Protection, No. CXTD22014 (to LQ); Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Institutional-Level Teaching Reform Project, No. 2022jzyx-2 (to AMY)

Abstract

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Based on over 20 years of clinical experience with cerebral palsy decoction at Jiangxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, its efficacy and safety have been confirmed in the treatment of cerebral palsy, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects and correlations of cerebral palsy decoction on gut microbiota, neural cells and neurotransmitters, as well as motor dysfunction in both female and male young rats with cerebral palsy.
METHODS: The cerebral palsy model was prepared in Sprague-Dawley young rats subjected to intrauterine infection and hypoxia combined with postnatal movement restriction. After modeling, the model group and the administration group were administered normal saline and cerebral palsy decoction via gavage, respectively. Administration in each group lasted 15 days. Behavioral performance was assessed using the suspension test and slope test. Pathological changes in brain tissue were observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining. Neurotransmitter levels were measured using ELISA, and gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the model group, the administration group showed enhanced behavioral abilities in slope and suspension tests (P < 0.01). (2) Compared with the model group, the number of neuronal cells and Nissl bodies in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex increased in the administration group. (3) In the hippocampus, compared with the model group, the administration group exhibited elevated acetylcholine levels (male: P < 0.05; female: P > 0.05), decreased acetylcholinesterase levels (male: P < 0.01; female: P < 0.01), increased norepinephrine levels (male: P < 0.05; female: P < 0.001), and elevated serotonin levels (male: P < 0.05; female: P > 0.05). (4) In the cerebral cortex, compared with the model group, the administration group showed increased acetylcholine levels (male: P < 0.05; female: P > 0.05), decreased acetylcholinesterase levels (male: P < 0.05; female: P > 0.05), elevated norepinephrine levels (male: P < 0.01; female: P < 0.05), and increased serotonin levels (male: P < 0.01; female: P < 0.01). (5) Compared with the model group, the administration group demonstrated significant improvements in the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota, including the genera norank_f__Oscillospiraceae, Escherichia, norank_f__Muribaculaceae, and Lactobacillus. The improvements in gut microbiota diversity and abundance showed significant differences between male and female rats. These findings indicate that the clinical empirical formula, cerebral palsy decoction, can effectively improve motor dysfunction in young rats with cerebral palsy by modulating the structure and abundance of gut microbiota, promoting the development of neurons and Nissl bodies in brain tissues, and influencing neurotransmitter levels. This establishes a “gut-brain-muscle” axis association.

Key words: cerebral palsy, cerebral palsy decoction, male-female differences, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, neurotransmitter, gut microbiota, 16S rDNA

CLC Number:

Zou Yuxiong, Liu Xiaomeng, Liu Ying, Zhu Yue, Li Shuming, Guo Fangyang, Yu Xinyu, Nie Heyun, Liu Qian, Ao Meiying. Cerebral palsy decoction improves cerebral palsy in male and female young rats: mechanisms based on the “gut-brain-muscle” axis[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2026, 30(16): 4054-4066.

Figures/Tables 8

2.1 实验动物数量分析共纳入正常与脑瘫幼鼠共54只(每组雌雄各9只)，54只全部进入结果分析，无脱落。 2.2 脑瘫饮对脑瘫幼鼠行为学的影响脑瘫疾病主要表现为四肢运动功能障碍，通过行为学评分可判断脑瘫幼鼠的运动功能状态进而判断该疾病的恢复程度。 2.2.1 斜坡实验给药前，与空白组比较，模型组与给药组皆有显著性差异(雄鼠P < 0.001，雌鼠P < 0.001)，模型组与给药组之间无显著性差异；给药后，与模型组比较，空白组与给药组皆有显著性差异(雄鼠P < 0.01，雌鼠P < 0.001)，空白组与给药组之间无显著性差异(图2A)。 2.2.2 悬吊实验给药前，与空白组比较，模型组与给药组皆有显著性差异(雄鼠P < 0.01，雌鼠P < 0.001)，模型组与给药组之间无显著性差异；给药后，与模型组比较，空白组与给药组皆有显著性差异(雄鼠P < 0.001，P < 0.01，雌鼠P < 0.01，P < 0.05)，空白组与给药组之间无显著性差异(图2B) 2.3 脑瘫饮对脑瘫幼鼠脑部病理结构的影响海马体在记忆、学习、方向定位以及情绪调节等方面发挥着重要作用，大脑皮质在感觉处理、高级认知功能、运动控制以及情感和行为等方面发挥重要作用[10]。神经元则在接收与处理信息、参与感觉与运动等方面起着极其重要的作用[11]。观察海马体与大脑皮质的组织形态和神经元状态，可间接判断脑部的功能。海马体与大脑皮质苏木精-伊红染色显示：空白组海马体CA1区的神经元细胞排列整齐紧密，由四五层细胞排列组成，且层次清晰，染色均匀，细胞形态规则，核仁清晰可见，胞浆较为丰满；神经突起整齐且清晰可见；皮质区细胞的形态结构也未见异常。与空白组相比，模型组海马体CA1区神经元细胞明显减少甚至裂解消失，排列较为散乱，细胞层级显著减少且层次之间出现间隙，核固缩、核裂解现象明显；神经突起较为散乱；皮质区的神经元细胞固缩深染，且形态不规则，坏死现象明显。与模型组相比，给药组海马体CA1区的细胞数量均有不同程度增加，病理性改变减少，且排列较规整，细胞间隙减少，脱垂，核固缩坏死及溶解现象也明显减少；神经突起排列也较为整齐；皮质区神经元固缩坏死现象减少(图3)。 2.4 脑瘫饮对脑瘫幼鼠脑部尼氏小体分布的影响尼氏小体主要分布于神经元内，是神经元胞体内的嗜碱性斑块或颗粒，由粗面内质网和游离核糖体组成，具有合成更新细胞结构蛋白、神经递质及神经激素的作用，与神经元的营养和代谢密切相关。作为神经元内合成蛋白质的主要物质，尼氏小体数量的多少间接反映神经元功能状态[12]。海马体与大脑皮质尼氏染色显示：空白组海马体CA1区的尼氏小体体积较大且数量较多，细胞染色较深，核仁清晰；神经突起较为明显且排列紧密有序；皮质区尼氏小体数量较多且排列较为紧密。与空白组相比，模型组海马体CA1区尼氏小体数量明显减少，体积小，甚至消失，且染色较浅；神经突起较紊乱；皮质区尼氏小体数量明显减少且排列稀疏。与模型组相比，给药组海马体CA1区尼氏小体数量显著增加，颗粒大且多见，排列整齐，染色较深；神经突起较为明显；皮质区尼氏小体数量显著增加(图4)。 2.5 脑瘫饮对脑瘫幼鼠海马体中神经递质水平的影响 2.5.1 海马体中乙酰胆碱水平乙酰胆碱主要分布于中枢和外周神经系统中，起着促进腺体分泌、降低神经肌肉兴奋性、舒张血管、改善微循环以及促进神经传递和调节肌肉运动等至关重要的作用。空白组乙酰胆碱水平显著高于模型组(雄鼠P < 0.001，雌鼠P < 0.01)；给药组乙酰胆碱水平高于模型组(雄鼠P < 0.05，雌鼠无显著性差异)。而空白组与给药组之间雌雄鼠乙酰胆碱水平均无显著性差异(图5A)。 2.5.2 海马体中乙酰胆碱酶水平乙酰胆碱酶是水解乙酰胆碱的主要酶，通过影响乙酰胆碱水平进而影响多种生理功能(乙酰胆碱酶水平越高，相对而言乙酰胆碱水平越低)。空白组乙酰胆碱酶水平显著低于模型组(雄鼠P < 0.001，雌鼠P < 0.01)；给药组乙酰胆碱酶水平显著低于模型组(雄鼠P < 0.01，雌鼠P < 0.01)。空白组与给药组之间雌雄鼠乙酰胆碱酶水平均无显著性差异(图5B)。 2.5.3 海马体中去甲肾上腺素水平去甲肾上腺素主要为神经末梢释放的神经递质，对血管收缩、心脏兴奋、血压升高等产生重要的影响，同时去甲肾上腺素还起着抗休克等重要的反馈作用。空白组去甲肾上腺素水平显著高于模型组(雄鼠P < 0.001，雌鼠 P < 0.001)；给药组去甲肾上腺素水平显著高于模型组(P < 0.05，雌鼠P < 0.001)。空白组去甲肾上腺素水平高于给药组(雄鼠无显著性差异，雌鼠P < 0.01)(图5C)。 2.5.4 海马体中5-羟色胺水平 5-羟色胺是一种广泛存在于大脑皮质及神经突触中的兴奋性神经递质，影响大脑活动的各个方面，主要影响情绪与精神等脑神经，同时对免疫系统、胃肠功能、心脑血管方面以及记忆功能都有着不可忽视的作用[13-14]。空白组5-羟色胺水平显著高于模型组(雄鼠P < 0.05，雌鼠P < 0.01)；给药组5-羟色胺水平高于模型组(雄鼠P < 0.05，雌鼠无显著性差异)。空白组与给药组之间雌雄鼠5-羟色胺水平无显著性差异(图5D)。 2.6 脑瘫饮对脑瘫幼鼠大脑皮质(额叶)中神经递质水平的影响 2.6.1 大脑皮质中乙酰胆碱水平空白组雄鼠大脑皮质中乙酰胆碱水平显著高于模型组(P < 0.01)；给药组雄鼠大脑皮质中乙酰胆碱水平高于模型组(P < 0.05)；空白组与给药组之间乙酰胆碱水平无显著性差异。而雌鼠大脑皮质中各组乙酰胆碱水平均无显著性差异(图6A)。 2.6.2 大脑皮质中乙酰胆碱酶水平空白组乙酰胆碱酶水平显著低于模型组(雄鼠P < 0.01，雌鼠P < 0.01)；给药组乙酰胆碱酶水平低于模型组(雄鼠P < 0.05，"

系和丰富度来衡量样本之间的距离，从而反映样本(组)之间微生物群落是否存在显著差异。各组组内离散程度分析：模型组组内离散程度最高，给药组次之，空白组最低；各组组间Beta多样性距离分析：给药组与空白组的组间距离小于模型组与空白组的组间距离(图7C)。 2.8 脑瘫饮对脑瘫幼鼠肠道微生物组成的影响各组之间肠道微生物组成的差异性，从一定程度上也反映出此类疾病的优势菌群及劣势菌群。该研究分析属类菌群并截取前10个菌群进行分析，由菌落组成差异图可知，治疗脑瘫疾病的优势菌群有：norank_f__Muribaculaceae属；norank_f__Oscillospiraceae属；大肠杆菌属(Colidextribacter)；Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006属4个菌群。劣势菌群有：乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)1个菌群(图8A)。由Ternary三元图可知，治疗脑瘫疾病的优势菌群有：norank_f__Oscillospiraceae属；大肠杆菌属(Colidextribacter)；norank_f__Muribaculaceae属；unclassified_f__ Lachnospiraceae属4个菌群。劣势菌群有：乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)；经黏液真杆菌属(Blautia)2个菌群(图8B)。 2.9 Spearman相关性分析通过属水平得到肠道菌群与海马体神经递质水平(乙酰胆碱1、乙酰胆碱酶1、5-羟色胺1、去甲肾上腺素1)、大脑皮质神经递质水平(乙酰胆碱2、乙酰胆碱酶2、5-羟色胺2、去甲肾上腺素2)以及行为学(斜坡实验、悬吊实验)进行Spearman相关性分析，从而得到肠道菌群与相关检测指标的正/负相关性。由此可知，在雄鼠中，粪厌氧棒杆菌(Anaerostipes)；拟杆菌属Bacteroides_pectinophilus_group属；norank-f-Lachnospiraceae属；经黏液真杆菌属(Blautia)；梭菌属(Eisenbergiella)；Eubacterium-xylanophilum-group属；unclassified-f-Oscillospiraceae属；unclassified-f-Ruminococcaceae属；普雷沃氏菌属(UCG-003)；Lachnospiraceae-UCG-006属10个菌群与各个指标相关性更强(图9A)。在雌鼠中，Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group属；norank-f-Ruminococcaceae属；norank-f-Oscillospiraceae属；norank-f-Peptococcaceae属；unclassified-f-Ruminococcaceae属；韦荣氏球菌属(Fournierella)；noran-k-o-Clostridia_UCG-014属；Monoglobus属；norank-f-UCG-010属；脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)10个菌群与各个指标相关性更强(图9B)。各指标相关性，在雄鼠中，斜坡实验、去甲肾上腺素2、乙酰胆碱酶1、乙酰胆碱酶2指标之间关联性更强；悬吊实验、去甲肾上腺素1、乙酰胆碱1、乙酰胆碱2、5-羟色胺1、5-羟色胺2指标之间关联性更强；而在雌鼠中，斜坡实验、去甲肾上腺素2、乙酰胆碱酶1、乙酰胆碱酶2、乙酰胆碱2指标相关性更强；悬吊实验、去甲肾上腺素1、乙酰胆碱1、5-羟色胺1、5-羟色胺2指标之间相关性更强(图9C，D)。 2.10 脑肠轴相关性分析根据图9的数值相关性，取与指标相关性前10个肠道菌群，依据正常指标数值高/低，从而统计出正向/负向相关性。由图10可知，在雄鼠中，粪厌氧棒杆菌(Anaerostipes)、norank-f-Lachnospiraceae属、梭菌属(Eisenbergiella)、Eubacterium-xylanophilum-group属、unclassified-f-Oscillospiraceae属、unclassified-f-Ruminococcaceae属、普雷沃氏菌属(UCG-003)、Lachnospiraceae-UCG-006属8个菌群与行为学具有相关性；在这8个菌群中，只有粪厌氧棒杆菌与各检测指标呈负相关，其余梭菌属和普雷沃氏菌属等7个菌群与各检测指标均呈正相关。在雌鼠中，Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group属、norank-f-Ruminococcaceae属、norank-f-Oscillospiraceae属、norank-f-Peptococcaceae属、unclassified-f-Ruminococcaceae属、弗朗西斯氏菌属 (Fournierella)、noran-k-o-Clostridia_UCG-014属、Monoglobus属、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)9个菌群皆与行为学具有相关性；在这9个菌群中，只有Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group属1个菌群与各检测指标呈负相关，脱硫弧菌属和弗朗西斯氏菌属等8个菌群与各检测指标间均呈正相关。由此可知，雌雄鼠的肠道菌群与脑神经递质之间关系极为密切，并且可以影响脑瘫幼鼠行为学。雌雄鼠中与各指标相关性前10个菌群中，只有norank-f-Oscillospiraceae属和unclassified-f-Ruminococcaceae属两类菌群是雌雄共有的。其他所有菌群中，粪厌氧棒杆菌(Anaerostipes)、Bacteroides_pectinophilus_group属和norank-f-Lachnospiraceae属等8个菌群为脑瘫雄鼠所独有；Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group属、norank-f-Ruminococcaceae属和norank-f-Peptococcaceae属等8个菌群为脑瘫雌鼠所独有。"

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Cerebral palsy decoction improves cerebral palsy in male and female young rats: mechanisms based on the “gut-brain-muscle” axis

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