Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (32): 8521-8528.doi: 10.12307/2026.453

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Hydrogel scaffolds in tissue engineering for urethral repair and reconstruction

Qiu Jiajing1, 2, Huang Liqu2   

  1. 1Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China; 2Department of Urology Surgery of Nanjing Children Hospital, Children Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
  • Accepted:2026-01-29 Online:2026-11-18 Published:2026-04-29
  • Contact: Qiu Jiajing, MS candidate, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Urology Surgery of Nanjing Children Hospital, Children Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
  • About author:Huang Liqu, Associate chief physician, Associate professor, Department of Urology Surgery of Nanjing Children Hospital, Children Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In recent years, hydrogel scaffolds, as important carriers in the field of tissue engineering, have made significant progress in their application in urethral repair and reconstruction.
OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the design strategies of urethral tissue engineering scaffolds, the functional modification of hydrogel scaffolds, and their application progress in urethral repair, and to explore the future development directions and clinical transformation challenges of hydrogel scaffolds.
METHODS: The CNKI and PubMed databases were searched using Chinese and English keywords "hydrogel, tissue engineering scaffold, urethral tissue engineering, urethral repair, urethral reconstruction." Based on the inclusion criteria, 69 articles were finally selected for inductive analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In urethral tissue engineering, urethral scaffolds should not only possess basic characteristics such as biocompatibility but also exhibit unique properties that adapt to the structure of the urethra and the urethral environment. Hydrogel scaffolds can be divided into natural hydrogel scaffolds (commonly including protein hydrogel scaffolds, polysaccharide hydrogel scaffolds, DNA hydrogel scaffolds, and extracellular matrix hydrogel scaffolds) and synthetic polymer hydrogel scaffolds (commonly including polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, and acrylate-based hydrogel scaffolds). Cross-linking methods mainly include physical cross-linking and chemical cross-linking, and preparation methods mainly include in-situ gelation, freeze-drying, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting. To avoid the shortcomings of single materials, composite materials are currently widely used to prepare hydrogel scaffolds for urethral tissue engineering, such as composite hydrogel scaffolds suitable for the urethral microenvironment, composite hydrogel scaffolds utilizing decellularized extracellular matrix, multilayer composite hydrogel scaffolds loaded with stem cells, and hydrogel scaffolds based on non-stem cells. With the development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, future hydrogel scaffolds should be designed towards intelligent, engineered, and cell-free directions, while also considering current clinical translation obstacles and proposing comprehensive solutions.

Key words: hydrogel, hydrogel scaffold, tissue engineering scaffold, urethral repair, urethral reconstruction, urethral scaffold

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