中国组织工程研究 ›› 2020, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (20): 3240-3247.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2699

• 组织构建综述 tissue construction review • 上一篇    下一篇

影响跑步运动耐力的生理学与生物力学因素

李天义1,徐  琳2,徐盛嘉3   

  1. 1金陵科技学院体育部第一教研室,江苏省南京市  211169;2南京体育学院运动健康学院,江苏省南京市  210014;3中国人民解放军陆军工程大学军事运动科学研究中心,江苏省南京市  211101
  • 收稿日期:2019-04-01 修回日期:2019-04-13 接受日期:2019-12-16 出版日期:2020-07-18 发布日期:2020-04-14
  • 通讯作者: 徐盛嘉,硕士,讲师,中国人民解放军陆军工程大学军事运动科学研究中心,江苏省南京市 211101
  • 作者简介:李天义,男,1978年生,汉族,讲师,主要从事运动训练方面的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    全军军事类研究生资助课题(2016JY374)

Analysis of physiological and biomechanical factors affecting running economy

Li Tianyi1, Xu Lin2, Xu Shengjia3   

  1. 1Department of Physical Education, Jinling Institute Technology, Nanjing 211169, Jiangsu Province, China; 2Department of Exercise and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu Province, China; 3Research Center of Military Physical Training, the PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 211101, Jiangsu Province, China
  • Received:2019-04-01 Revised:2019-04-13 Accepted:2019-12-16 Online:2020-07-18 Published:2020-04-14
  • Contact: Xu Shengjia, Master, Lecturer, Research Center of Military Physical Training, the PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 211101, Jiangsu Province, China
  • About author:Li Tianyi, Lecturer, Department of Physical Education, Jinling Institute Technology, Nanjing 211169, Jiangsu Province, China
  • Supported by:
    the Postgraduate Research Project for Military Science, No. 2016JY374

摘要:

文题释义:

跑步经济性:是与运动成绩具有高度相关的评测指标,通过检验跑步速度与能量消耗之间的关系,来体现运动员有氧代谢能力的一种指标,跑步经济性的单位与最大摄氧量类似,是mL/(kg·min)。

最大摄氧量:人体在进行有大量肌肉群参与且长时间的剧烈运动时,当心肺功能和肌肉利用氧的能力达到人体极限水平时,单位时间内(每分钟)所能摄取的氧量称为最大摄氧量,其单位为mL/(kg·min)。

背景:跑步经济性被认为是反映耐力运动员尤其是长跑运动员性能的重要指标,通常定义为在给定速度下跑步的能量需求,表示为给定速度下的摄氧量。

目的:综述现有的影响跑步性能的生理学与生物力学因素。

方法:以“running economy,physiological factors,biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics,spatiotemporal factors,lower Limb kinematic factors,kinetic factors,nutritional interventions”为检索词,检索PubMed数据库(1960至2018年)中与跑步性能、急性或慢性干预措施和其他影响因素等相关的内容。

结果与结论:共得到113篇文献,根据纳入排除标准,对其中58篇文献进行分析。①目前证据表明心肺功能、肌纤维类型、肌肉力量、腿部刚度等生理因素与跑步经济性的改善有关,而跑步者的体温变化和弹性势能与跑步经济性的关系目前没有统一结论;②有利于改善跑步经济性的生物力学因素是步幅频率或长度、垂直振荡、下肢惯性力矩、脚趾离地时腿部伸展以及手臂摆动,而足部与地面的接触时间、躯干倾斜等因素与跑步经济性之间呈现出不一致的关系;③其他的影响因素中,高海拔适应可改善跑步经济性;伸展性和灵活性与跑步经济性之间的关系仍待确定;一些营养干预也受到关注,最明显的是膳食硝酸盐;④尽管该文章已经总结了影响跑步经济性的大部分因素,但未来可以专注于研究个体跑步者,以便确定跑步者的结构和功能能力如何影响跑步经济性,以及后续表现和运动伤害的情况。

ORCID: 0000-0002-0077-6904(徐盛嘉)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松组织工程

关键词: 跑步经济性的测量与表达, 代谢效率, 神经肌肉反应, 牵拉-缩短周期, 肢体动力学

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Running economy is considered as an important indicator of the performance of endurance athletes, especially long-distance runners. It is usually defined as the energy demand of running at a given speed, and expressed as the oxygen intake at a given speed.

OBJECTIVE: To review the existing physiological and biomechanical factors affecting the running economy of runners.

METHODS: With “running economy, physiological factors, biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics, spatiotemporal factors, lower limb kinematic factors, kinetic factors, nutritional interventions” as search terms, PubMed database (1960-2018) was searched to include literatures related to running performance, acute or chronic interventions, and other influencing factors.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 113 literatures were obtained. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 58 literatures were analyzed. Current evidence shows that cardiopulmonary function, muscle fiber type, muscle strength, leg stiffness and other physiological factors are related to the improvement of running economy. However, there is no unified conclusion on the relationship between the temperature change of runners and the elastic potential energy and running economy. The biomechanical factors that are beneficial to improve running economy include stride frequency or length, vertical oscillation, lower limb moment of inertia, leg extension when toes are off the ground, and arm swing. However, the contact time between the feet and the ground, trunk inclination and other factors are inconsistent with running economy. Among other influencing factors, high-altitude adaptation can improve running economy; the relationship between extensibility and flexibility and running economy remains to be determined. Some nutritional interventions are also of concern, most notably dietary nitrates. Although most of the factors affecting running economy have been summarized in this paper, future studies can focus on individual runners in order to determine how the athlete's structure and functional abilities affect running economy, as well as subsequent performance and athletic injuries.

Key words: measurement and expression of running economy, metabolic efficiency, neuromuscular response, stretch-shorten cycle, limb dynamics

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