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11 November 2016, Volume 20 Issue 46 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Ectopic osteogenesis of tissue-engineered bone using allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in beagle dogs Wu Jing-guo, Ma Yan, Cao Fei-fei, Wang De-feng, Zang Qing-fu, Zhang Xi-shan, Li Yong 2016, 20 (46):  6845-6853.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.001 Abstract ( 316 )   PDF (1507KB) ( 376 )   Save BACKGROUND: Allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as seed cells for tissue engineering have become the future trend of development. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the osteogenic effects of allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and the outcome in vivo. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from beagle dogs were marked with chloromethylbenzoyl ammonia fluorescent dye (CM-Dil), and the proliferation of labeled cells was measured using MTT assay in vitro. Autologous or allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were inoculated into coral and β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for 7 days osteogenic induction and then subcutaneously implanted into the back of beagle dogs. Dogs undergoing blank scaffold implantation served as negative controls. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe new bone formation at 3 days, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks after surgery. Bone formation area was statistically analyzed using ipp software. In the CM-Dil group, frozen sections were made to trace the in vivo outcome of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under a fluorescence microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The osteogenesis speed in the allogenic bone tissue engineering group was faster than that in the autologous bone tissue engineering group at 4-8 weeks after implantation, but no significant difference between the two groups was found beginning at the 12th week. At 4 weeks after implantation, the expression of γ-carboxy glutamic acid protein in the autologous bone tissue engineering group was higher than that in the allogenic bone tissue engineering group, prompting the bone mineralization appeared earlier in the latter group than the former one. ELISA results showed that the expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in the autologous bone tissue engineering group was higher than that in the allogenic bone tissue engineering group at 4 weeks after implantation, and then the expression showed no difference at 12 weeks. CM-Dil labeling results showed that the number of allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was reduced significantly compared with that of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. All these findings indicate that the ectopic osteogenesis of the allogenic tissue-engineered bone in large animals is found within 12 weeks after implantation, but the osteogenesis efficiency at early stage (within 8 weeks) is lower compared with the autologous tissue-engineered bone. This difference may be related to the post-implantation immunoreactions that lead to the reduction in cell number. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the effects of parathyroid hormone (1-34), alendronate sodium and simvastatin on osteoporotic rats Mu Shu-lin, Zhang Liu, Tian Fa-ming, Mu Shu-min, Sun Li-xia, Chu Li-ming 2016, 20 (46):  6854-6860.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.002 Abstract ( 255 )   PDF (929KB) ( 270 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone resorption drugs in the treatment of osteoporotic fracture are still controversial. The development of new drugs, especially drugs in the promotion of bone formation, become more important and urgent.  OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of parathyroid hormone (1-34), alendronate sodium and simvastatin on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3 months were randomized into five groups of six animals in each group. All rats but those in sham group received dual ovariectomy (OVX) and treated by vehicle (OVX+V), parathyroid hormone (1-34) (5 days per week at a dose of 20 μg/kg, OVX+P), alendronate sodium (70 μg/kg/wk, OVX+A), simvastatin (5 mg/kg/d, OVX+S). Three months later, all rats were sacrificed. Dual energy X-ray method was used to measure bone density of L4 vertebra. Bone histomorphometry was utilized to analyze cancellous bone mass and bone microstructure. Compression test was performed on the L5 vertebra for the maximum loading and elastic modulus.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Bone density: The bone density from high to low levels was OVX+P group, sham group, OVX+A group, OVX+S group, and OVX+V group. No significant difference in bone density was detectable between the OVX+P and sham groups, but significant differences in bone density were determined between any other two groups (P < 0.05). (2) Bone histomorphometry: Relative volume of trabecular bone was significantly lower in the OVX+V group than in other groups. Relative volume of trabecular bone was remarkably higher in the OVX+P group than in the OVX+A group and OVX+S group. (3) Biomechanical properties: Biomechanical properties were noticeably lower in the OVX+V group than in other groups. Biomechanical properties were remarkably higher in the sham group and OVX+P group than in the OVX+S group and OVX+A group. (4) These findings indicated that under the dosage and intervention period used in the present study, parathyroid hormone (1-34), alendronate sodium and simvastatin showed anti-osteoporosis effect on OVX rats in a descending manner. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a transgenic mouse model with coagulation factor V mutation, but with no obvious changes of bone tissue Wang Yu-ying, Zhang Yan, Qi Jin-wei, Yin Zhao-guang 2016, 20 (46):  6861-6867.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.003 Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (892KB) ( 433 )   Save BACKGROUND: Blood coagulation factor V gene mutation in non-traumatic femoral head necrosis has been shown to have an higher incidence than that in healthy and secondary non-traumatic femoral head necrosis, and the incidence of thrombosis is positively related. Inactivated blood coagulation factor V can accelerate the activation of prothrombin and the generation of thrombin. Mutations at arg-306, arg-506 and arg-679 will result in the blood clots and hypercoagulable state. Here, this study is designed to investigate the influence of R506Q/R679Q on osteonecrosis. OBJECTIVE: To establish the mouse model of mutations of Gln506Arg and Gln679Arg in coagulation Factor V (Factor VR506Q/R679Q). METHODS: Factor VR506Q/R679Q point mutation target vector was constructed by molecular cloning technology, the linearization vector was transfected into embryonic stem cells, and then G418-resistant cells were screened and used for microinjection. The target blastocysts were transplanted to the fallopian tube of estrus mice to obtain the Chimera mice carrying bilateral LoxP gene, followed by mated with CMV-cre transgenic mice, and then the mice with Factor VR506Q/R679Q point mutations were obtained. After genotype identification by PCR, hematoxylin-eosin staining results and percentage of empty lacunae were compared between the mutant and wild-type mice, and rat bone tissue and bone mass were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no obvious abnormalities in the embryonic and postnatal development, percentage of empty lacunae and bone mass of Factor VR506Q/R679Q point mutation mice when compared with the wild-type mice. These results suggest that the mouse model with Factor VR506Q/R679Q point mutation is established successfully, but there is no significant change in the bone tissue. The following research should focus on the effect of external stimulus on the incidence of osteonecrosis in a mutant mouse. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Longbie Capsule on p38MAPK pathway and nuclear factor-kappa B p65 in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis Pan Jian-ke, Cao Xue-Wei, Liu Jun, Xie Hui, Yang Wei-yi, Zhang Xian 2016, 20 (46):  6868-6877.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.004 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (2356KB) ( 340 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies found that Longbie Capsule can relieve knee joint swelling of rats with knee osteoarthritis, and decrease the serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of Longbie Capsule on p38MAPK pathway and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis. METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were equivalently randomized into five groups, and the rat models of right knee osteoarthritis were established in model, low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose groups. Three days later, rats in the latter three groups were respectively treated with 0.312 5, 0.625, and 0.937 5 g/kg Longbie Capsule via gastric lavage, twice daily for 4 consecutive weeks; while those in the control group received no intervention. At 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, the rat right knee joint was removed and made into paraffin tissue sections, and the expressions of MEK-3/6, p38, activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), NF-κBp65, and their phosphorylated products of P-MEK-3/6, P-p38, P-ATF2, P-NF-κB p65 in cartilage tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry streptavidin-perosidase method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, chondrocytes in each group could express MEK-3/6, p38, ATF2, NF-κB p65, P-MEK-3/6, P-p38, P-ATF2 and P-NF-κB p65, and the percentage of positive cells in the model group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01), and the treatment groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that Longbie Capsule cannot only inhibit the over expressions of MEK-3/6, p38, ATF2, NF-κB p65 and their phosphorylated products, but also inhibit the activation of p38MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathway in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis, which is beneficial for cartilage degeneration and protecting the cartilage. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Platelet-rich plasma promotes bone mineralization during distraction osteogenesis Shi Bo-wen, Li Da-wei, Gong Xian-bin, Ji Guo-qi, Feng Yuan-chao, Cai Cheng-kuo, Shu Heng-sheng 2016, 20 (46):  6878-6884.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.005 Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (1715KB) ( 356 )   Save BACKGROUND: The platelet-rich plasma contains various growth factors that could enhance the regeneration of certain tissues. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of platelet-rich plasma on the mineralization process during distraction osteogenesis in rabbits. METHODS: Thirty-two adult Japanese white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (n=8 per group). The upper 1/3 tibial osteotomy at the posterior limb was performed in all rabbits, and the 1 cm limb lengthening models were prepared, followed by the local injection of 500 μL platelet-rich plasma at 5, 15 and 25 days. The controls received no treatment. At 37 days after modeling, the rabbits were killed and newly formed callus was removed to undergo hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the frontal X-ray film of tibia was obtained. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Lane-Sandhu radiographic scoring showed that the scores in the injection groups at 15 and 25 days after modeling were obviously better than those in the control group and the injection at 5 days after modeling. Lane-Sandhu histological scoring revealed that the scores in the injected groups at 15 and 25 days after modeling were significantly higher than those in the control group and group at 5 days after modeling (P < 0.05), which highest at 25 days. These results suggest that local injection of platelet-rich plasma can promote bone mineralization during distraction osteogenesis effectively, especially in the middle period of distraction osteogenesis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Bergapten on the aging of human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by hydrogen peroxide Ding Yan, Fu You, Shan Lan-lan, Nai Wen-qing, Wu Hong-yuan, Tang Liang, Chen Shun-zhi, Dai Meng 2016, 20 (46):  6885-6892.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.006 Abstract ( 401 )   PDF (2015KB) ( 415 )   Save BACKGROUND: The effective treatment of traditional Chinese medicine can alleviate the aging of endothelial cells. Traditional Chinese medicine is difficult to extract, and in contrast, Bergapten is cheap and easily purified, but its antisenescence is little reported. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Bergapten on H2O2-induced senescence of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. METHODS: Human umbilical vein cell aging model was induced by H2O2, and pretreated with 0.1, 1 and 10 μmol/L Bergapten, respectively. Expressions of pRb, pAmpk, pS6, LC3-II, and Beclin-1 protein in each group were detected by western blot assay, and the number of aging cells and pS6-positive cells was determined by β-galactosidase staining and immunofluorescence, respectively. ESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After Bergapten pretreatment, pS6 and pRb protein expressions were significantly downregulated, and the number of cells positive for β-galactosidase and pS6 was significantly decreased, while protein expressions of pAmpk, Beclin-1and LC3-II were significantly increased (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that Bergapten is able to delay the H2O2-induced aging of human umbilical vein endothelial cells 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of alendronate sodium versus hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis Su Fan, Lin Jing-xia, Wu Li-qiu, Cai Dong-mei, Zhuang Ze 2016, 20 (46):  6893-6898.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.007 Abstract ( 430 )   PDF (848KB) ( 349 )   Save BACKGROUND: Estrogen, bisphosphonates, and calcitonin have been shown to improve bone density and decrease fracture rate, among which, alendronate sodium is the most commonly used and gains extensive attention. OBJECTIVE: To compare the treatment outcomes of alendronate sodium and hormone replacement therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis.  METHODS: 198 cases of postmenopausal osteoporosis were randomly divided into two groups (n=99 per group), and then respectively given the oral administration of alendronate sodium, 70 mg weekly, continuous for 1 year, and the oral treatment of tibolone tablets (hormone replacement therapy group), 2.5 mg/d, for 1 consecutive year. The bone density and sex hormone levels before and after treatment, the incidence of adverse reactions and the levels of bone turnover makers were compared between two groups. Furthermore, visual analogue scale scores were detected. RESULTS AND CONSLUSION: The bone densities of the femoral neck and L1-4 were significantly improved in both groups after treatment (P < 0.05). The hormone replacement therapy significantly decreased the serum levels of estradiol and progesterone, and significantly increased the cortisol level  (P < 0.05). The visual analogue scale scores in the alendronate sodium group were significantly superior to those in the hormone replacement therapy group (P < 0.05). Alendronate sodium significantly decreased serum levels of procollagen type I N-terminal peptide and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen, as well as significantly increased alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin compared with the hormone replacement therapy (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions, such as nausea and fatigue, in the hormone replacement therapy group was higher than that in the alendronate sodium group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that alendronate sodium and hormone replacement therapies both can markedly improve the bone density and promote osteogenesis; in contrast, alendronate sodium exerts little influence on hormone levels and slight adverse reactions, achieving better treatment outcomes. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between ankle-hind foot function and calcaneal three-dimensional morphological parameters Xu Can, Li Ming-qing, Li Kang-hua, Liu Hua 2016, 20 (46):  6899-6906.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.008 Abstract ( 321 )   PDF (1030KB) ( 315 )   Save BACKGROUND: Both the overall appearance of the calcaneus and anatomical reduction of posterior subtalar joint are important prognostic factors of calcaneal intra-articular fracture repair. However, there is a lack of biomechanical data supporting the clinical importance of calcaneus height, length and heel width for the ankle-hind foot function. OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation of the three-dimensional morphological parameters with the ankle-hind foot biomechanics as determined by the entity experiment and numerical analysis. METHODS: Models of abnormal calcaneus height, length and width were constructed in the human cadaveric feet and underwent a biomechanical load. The kinematics of the ankle-hind foot were compared between normal and simulated calcaneal fractures with reductions in calcaneal height and length as well as increases in calcaneal width. In finite element analysis, static loading was simulated at an axial load with the subtalar joint in a neutral position, and the effects of the injured calcaneus on the contact characteristics of the subtalar joints were evaluated in terms of contact areas, peak contact pressures and pressure distributions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The increase in calcaneal width somewhat limited the subtalar motion, and the reduction in length mainly limited the external rotation and plantar flexion of the subtalar joint. However, the reduction in height mainly resulted in the subtalar rotatory instability. The increase in width broadened the contact area but more notably increased the high pressure contact zone. With height loss, the overall contact area decreased, and the contact pressure center shifted to the anteroinferior portion of articulation. In conclusion, the normal biomechanics of the ankle-hind foot are severely disrupted by the abnormal calcaneus morphology. Therefore, the three-dimensional calcaneus morphology must be carefully restored in the treatment of calcaneus fractures. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Jiawei Qing’e Wan on bone turnover markers, blood rheology and inflammation-associated factors in patients with early-stage non-invasive osteonecrosis of the femoral head Shuai Bo, Shen Lin, Yang Yan-ping, Ma Chen, Xu Xiao-juan 2016, 20 (46):  6907-6914.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.009 Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (1048KB) ( 391 )   Save BACKGROUND: Improvement of the microcirculation and reversal of bone turnover are the key to treat avascular necrosis of femoral head. Qing’e Wan has been used for osteoporosis treatment (“bone atrophy”) described in the Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor, and now Jiawei Qing’e Wan is also used for treating early-stage non-invasive osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) achieving satisfactory outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Jiawei Qing’e Wan on bone turnover markers, hemorheology and inflammation-associated factors in patients with early stage ONFH and to clarify the underlying mechanism. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with early stage of ONFH (69 hips) were enrolled and randomized into treatment and control groups (n=30 per group), followed by given the basic treatment combined with Jiawei Qing’e Wan and caltrate for 24 weeks, respectively. Bone marrow edema, Harris score, visual analogue scale score, lipid levels, blood rheological parameters, tumor necrosis factor-α and bone turnover marker levels were detected before and after treatment and compared between groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Before treatment, the treatment and control groups had 26 and 24 hips with bone marrow edema, with the incidence rate of 74.29% and 70.59%, respectively (P > 0.05). After 24-week treatment, the treatment efficiency (subside+improvement) of bone marrow edema in the treatment and control group was 80.77% and 29.17%, respectively (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the visual analogue scale, Harris score, lipid levels, blood rheological parameters, and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, β-Crosslaps, N-osteocalcin and N-terminal peptide of type I procollagen (T-PINP) between groups before treatment (P > 0.05). In the treatment group, the lipid levels and some of the blood rheological parameters after treatment were improved significantly (P < 0.05), and the visual analogue scale, and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, β-Crosslaps, N-osteocalcin and T-PINP were significantly lower than those in the control group and before treatment (P < 0.05), while Harris scores were significantly higher than those before treatment and the control group (P < 0.05). All above indicators showed no significant differences before and after treatment in the control group (P > 0.05). These results suggest that Jiawei Qing’e Wan can effectively improve lipid metabolism, blood viscosity, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and bone turnover markers in patients with early-stage ONFH, thereby improving the blood microcirculation and bone turnover, and relieving the clinical symptoms of bone marrow edema, which heightens the life quality of patients. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Artificial skin preparation using three-dimensional printing in vitro Liu Yu, Shen Chong, Meng Qin 2016, 20 (46):  6915-6921.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.010 Abstract ( 500 )   PDF (939KB) ( 1259 )   Save BACKGROUND: Epidermis is unable to differentiate into stratum corneum and other parts in the previous artificial skin constructed using three-dimensional printing. OBJECTIVE: To optimize the method of artificial skin construction to obtain more feasible artificial skin. METHODS: Type I collagen extracted from rat-tail and bovine tail was purified. Primary dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes were isolated from children’s foreskin, and then embedded in bovine or rat tail collage to construct the dermis; keratinocytes were seeded on the dermis for 7 days, followed by 7-day air liquid interface, and the artificial skin was finally achieved. The contraction and hydrophobicity by water contact angle were detected, as well as the morphology was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, sirius red staining and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Seven days after fibroblasts embedded in collagen, the area of bovine collagen was reduced by 21%, while that of rat tail collagen decreased about a half. The water contact angle of the skin constructed by bovine tail collagen was similar to that of human skin, which was much higher than that of the skin constructed by rat tail collagen. Sirius red staining found that the skin constructed by bovine tail collagen had stronger refractivity, more intact structure and thicker fibers than those of the skin constructed by rat tail collagen. Moreover, more multilayer keratinocytes appeared in the skin constructed by bovine tail collagen through hematoxylin-eosin staining. In conclusion, bovine tail collagen is more available for the artificial skin construction. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isokinetic muscle strength characteristics of the main joints in juvenile male gymnasts Ju Xiu-kui 2016, 20 (46):  6922-6929.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.011 Abstract ( 418 )   PDF (976KB) ( 369 )   Save BACKGROUND: The gymnastic skill training of juveniles tends to be scientific and systematic, such as confirming the strength characteristics of joints and muscles and implementing training program pertinently based on the scientific diagnostic method. OBJECTIVE: To explore the isokinetic muscle strength characteristics of the trunk, hips and knees in juvenile male gymnasts. METHODS: Sixteen juvenile male gymnasts who were active athletes in Liaoning province were enrolled. ISOMED2000 isokinetic muscle strength test system was used to detect the muscle strength, and the test speed of trunk set as 30, 60 and 180 (°)/s, while 60, 180 and 300 (°)/s for the hips and knees. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 30, 60 and 180 (°)/s, the hamstring/quadriceps ratio of trunk were 91.36±1.25, 87.77±3.74 and 78.20±4.70, respectively. At 60, 180 and 300 (°)/s, the hamstring/quadriceps ratio of the left hip was 65.55±4.38, 66.92±3.22 and 68.18±2.82, while that of the right hip were 57.40±4.43, 65.73±1.07 and 64.15±5.55. Additionally, the left flexor strength was significantly higher than that of the right, while the right extensor strength was significantly higher than that of the left at 60 (°)/s (P < 0.05). At 60, 180 and 300 (°)/s, the hamstring/quadriceps ratio was 50.88±4.98, 54.75±4.51 and 58.80±7.93 for the left knee, and 51.55±4.30, 55.20±5.08 and 58.43±5.93 for the right knee. In three test speeds there were no significant differences in flexor and extensor strength between two sides (P > 0.05). These results indicate that the rapid strength of the back especially of the flexor is insufficient markedly, and the basic strength of the extensor is weak. The basic strength of the left flexor in the hip is large, the same as the right extensor; the rapid strength of flexor is weak, and imbalance in the muscle strength between two sides appears. Fortunately, the muscle strength of the knee between two sides achieves balance, but there is still a certain deficiency in the rapid strength of the left flexor and the basic strength of the extensor on both sides. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The clinical value of platelet-rich plasma to C5 cervical nerve palsy after posterior cervical decompression Wang Xing-ping 2016, 20 (46):  6930-6936.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.012 Abstract ( 321 )   PDF (980KB) ( 361 )   Save BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich plasma contains a variety of cytokines in addition to a high level of platelets, which is mostly used to promote repair of bone tissue and cartilage tissue at present. In China, platelet-rich plasma has not been reported in the treatment of C5 nerve palsy after posterior cervical decompression. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical value of platelet-rich plasma to C5 cervical nerve palsy after posterior cervical decompression. METHODS: 108 patients with C5 cervical nerve palsy after posterior cervical decompression were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Fifty-two cases in control group were subjected to conventional symptomatic and supportive treatment, while 56 cases in observation group undwent platelet-rich plasma therapy on the basis of conventional symptomatic and supportive treatment once a week for 4 weeks as a treatment cycle. The Cobb angle, cervical curvature index, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores of sensory and motor function, visual analog scale scores, deltoid muscle strength grade, cervical activity and action potential latency and amplitude of the bilateral cervical nerve roots were compared between control group and observed group before and after treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Six months after treatment, the action potential latency and amplitude of the bilateral cervical nerve roots, JOA scores of sensory and motor function, deltoid muscle strength grade, Cobb angle, cervical curvature index and cervical activity were all improved significantly in the two groups (all P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, all these indexes were better in the observation group (P < 0.05). Consequently, platelet-rich plasma therapy can effectively improve the sensory and motor nerve function of patients with C5 nerve damage after posterior cervical decompression surgery by elevating action potential amplitude of the local nervous system and shortening the latency as well as improve cervical physiological function by reducing pain and increasing limb muscle strength. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of cochlear implantation in speech rehabilitation of children with severe sensorineural deafness: changes in the scores of Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale Man Guo-dong, Xu Bai-cheng, Liu Xiao-wen, Yang Xiao-long, Pu Yu-hong, Chen Xing-jian, 2016, 20 (46):  6937-6942.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.013 Abstract ( 334 )   PDF (778KB) ( 386 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, neither medications nor hearing aids can improve auditory sense of patients with severe sensorineural deafness, and these patients are mostly treated by multi-channel cochlear implantation to restore their auditory sense and promote the development of language ability.   OBJECTIVE: To identify the developmental law and influencing factors related to the rehabilitation of language ability in children with severe sensorineural deafness after cochlear implantation and to analyze the correlation of these influencing factors with speech rehabilitation in children.   METHODS: Totally 138 children under 7 years old suffering from severe sensorineural deafness received cochlear implantation. Their auditory sense were accessed using the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS) before and after implantation, and their age, gender, nature of deafness, presence or absence of pre-operative language intervention, age of cochlear implantation, education level of their parents, family economic status, and post-operative rehabilitation approach were analyzed to find a correlation between these factors and their MAIS scores.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Gender, length of time after implantation, and development of cochlear showed no effect on MAIS scores of these children (P > 0.05); age of the patient was positively correlated with the MAIS score (P=0), and pre-operative single-ear or double-ear language intervention showed beneficial effect on the MAIS score (P=0.018, P=0), but no significant difference was detected between single-ear and double-ear interventions (P > 0.05); higher family income and higher education level of the parents were correlated with higher MAIS score (P=0, P=0); and those receiving professional in-school rehabilitation training got higher scores than those receiving only family rehabilitation training (P=0). These results suggest that the cochlear implantation significantly improves language development of children with severe sensorineural deafness, and better rehabilitation can be achieved if the child is treated at relatively older age, received pre-operative language intervention, and has a family with high income and parents with higher education level. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cortical mechanism underlying aerobic exercise promoting cognitive function of vascular dementia rats: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial Zhang Xin-an 2016, 20 (46):  6943-6949.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.014 Abstract ( 353 )   PDF (841KB) ( 638 )   Save BACKGROUND: Research on the mechanism underlying aerobic exercise improving cognitive function of rats with vascular dementia mainly focuses on behavioral observation and indicator detection in the hippocampus in vitro; however, there is a lack of in vivo experiments in view of the sensory and prefrontal cortex. METHODS/DESIGN: A randomized controlled animal experiment has been designed. Based on the synchronous nerve electrophysiology recording developed by our research group, the experiment is designed as follows: rats are trained firstly to make different reactions to different sounds, and are then modeled into vascular dementia. There are normal, vascular dementia, and vascular dementia undergoing short-, median-, and long-term aerobic exercise (treadmill/wheel) rats. Afterwards, the implantable microelectrodes are implanted into the auditory and prefrontal cortex, followed by the cognitive behavior training. The characters of rat cognitive behavior are observed, the electrical activity of sensory and prefrontal cortical neurons are recorded synchronously, the cortical experiment at molecular level is performed and the ultrastructure of brain tissue is observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This study investigates the cortical mechanism by which aerobic exercise improves the cognitive function of vascular dementia rats utilizing etiology, electrophysiology, molecular biology and histological technologies, aiming at providing feasible ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of relative mental and nervous system diseases. ETHICAL APPROVAL: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shenyang Sport University. The disposal of rats was in line with the Guideline for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the Guideline of USA National Institutes of Health. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-part failure collapse mechanism hypothesis and new concept for preserving hip joint after osteonecrosis of the femoral head Pang Zhi-hui, Tang Li-ming, Fan Yue-guang, Ge Hui, Li Peng-fei, Guo Fu-ming, He Wei, 2016, 20 (46):  6950-6955.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.015 Abstract ( 474 )   PDF (1265KB) ( 340 )   Save BACKGROUND: Unsatisfactory clinical efficacy of hip-preserving treatment after osteonecrosis of the femoral head is unavoidable. OBJECTIVE: To reveal the collapse mechanism of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and then point out the direction for improvement. METHODS: We put up with three-part failure collapse mechanism hypothesis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head for the first time according to a series of studies by our research team in recent 5 years, paralleling with preliminary verification from three aspects of biomechanics, pathology and clinical application. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: New concept of maintaining stability and promoting repair for hip preservation and new surgical procedures aiming at the reconstruction of femoral head anterior lateral columns are well presented, and good short-term effects have been achieved. These results show that the mid-long-term clinical curative effect and mechanism of action are worthy of further study. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mesenchymal stem cells in bone tissue engineering: osteogenic activity, immunogenicity, proangiogensis and osteogenesis Chen Zhen-dong1, Xu Fang-tian2, Gao Hui2 2016, 20 (46):  6956-6956.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.016 Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (814KB) ( 367 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is still a challenge to repair bone defects caused by trauma, infection, tumor and congenital diseases. Bone tissue engineering is a promising method for bone defect repair showing important guiding significance in the clinic. OBJECTIVE: To review the progress of proliferation, osteogenic activity, immunogenicity, proangiogensis and in vivo osteogenic effect of mesenchymal stem cells in bone tissue engineering. METHODS: The first author retrieved Wanfang and PubMed datebase for literatures published from 2008 to 2016, using the keywords of “mesenchymal stem cell, tissue engineering, osteogenesis, immune property, angiogenesis” in Chinese and English, respectively. Articles regarding mesenchymal stem cells, tissue engineering, osteogenesis, immune property and angiogenesis were included, and repetitive and dated studies were excluded. Totally 1 772 articles were retrieved initially, and in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria, 41 eligible articles were included for review analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells are extensively applied in bone tissue engineering. Studies have shown that the osteogenic activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is higher than that of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, but its immune regulation effect is weaker than that of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells hold remarkable immune regulation (immunosuppression and immune enhancement) and tissue repair capacity, which can eliminate inflammatory reactions at injured sites, promoting tissue repair. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured under hypoxia environment can secret more angiogenic cytokines generating more vascular structures. Furthermore, increasing proof have confirmed that porous nano-polylactic acid combined with nano-carbon biological material can significantly promote the proliferation and osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Taking its tumorigenesis into consideration, mesenchymal stem cells should be prudently used in the clinic. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts with alcohol-induced femoral head necrosis: a new strategy of prevention and target therapy Chen Jun-yu, Wang Jian-zhong 2016, 20 (46):  6963-6969.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.017 Abstract ( 305 )   PDF (755KB) ( 483 )   Save BACKGROUND: Alcohol-induced femoral head necrosis is a bone metabolism disease that involves a series of alcoholism-induced pathological changes, including degeneration, necrosis and deposition of adipocytes and osteoporosis, and trabecular collapse in the subchondral bone trabeculae of the femoral head. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the correlation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts with alcohol-induced femoral head necrosis. METHODS: The first author searched relative articles in PubMed and CNKI databases published before May 2016 using the keywords of “osteoblast, osteoclast, alcohol-induced ONFH, bone metabolism” in English and Chinese, respectively. 133 literatures were retrieved and 38 literatures were in accordance with the inclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During the process of bone metabolism, osteoblasts and osteoclasts exhibit interaction in term of cell number and viability. In-depth study on osteoblasts, osteoclasts and their interaction cannot only give insight into the pathogenesis and repair of alcohol-induced femoral head necrosis, but also provide new ideas and strategies for prevention and target treatment of bone metabolic diseases. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vascularized antler cartilage and bone tissue repair Fu Jing, Chu Wen-hui, Sun Hong-mei, Li Chun-yi, Ma Li-juan 2016, 20 (46):  6970-6977.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.018 Abstract ( 417 )   PDF (755KB) ( 430 )   Save BACKGROUND: Deer antlers are the only known mammalian organ that can regenerate periodically, and its cartilage is rich in blood vessels. Study on deer antler vascularized cartilage can uncover the antler biological characteristics and is of vital significance for bone repair and regenerative medicine. OBJECTIVE: To review the distribution of blood vessels in antler cartilage tissue, the generating process and mechanism of blood vessels, cytokines influncing angiogenesis, and to analyze the features of deer antler models in bone tissue engineering, providing medical reference for bone repair. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed and CNKI databases was performed using the keywords of “deer antler, bone tissue engineering, vascularized cartilage” in English and Chinese, respectively. Articles concerning antler histology, morphology, antler cartilage and vascularized cartilage and bone tissue engineering were enrolled and repetitive studies and irrelevant articles were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Fifty-one eligible articles were selected finally. Deer antler is a kind of periodic regenerative bone, and antler cartilage is different from normal cartilage that is rich in blood vessels with the growth speed of 2.7 cm/day. Scholars have studied the vascularization of antler cartilage tissue, and obtained some achievements. Exploring the distribution of antler blood vessels in cartilage tissue, the generating process and mechanism of antler blood vessels, the cytokines acting on antler angiogenesis, as well as analyzing the advantages of deer antler model for bone tissue engineering provide a reference for tissue-engineered cartilage vascularization. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The research progress of clinical rehabilitation after acute Achilles tendon rupture Wang Yu-zhong, Wang Ji-hong, Wen Shu-zheng 2016, 20 (46):  6978-6985.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.019 Abstract ( 542 )   PDF (954KB) ( 390 )   Save BACKGROUND: Achilles tendon is an important structure of the ankle. More and more factors result in an incresing incidence of Achilles tendon rupture. OBJECTIVE: To summarizes the latest research progress in the related factors promoting tendon healing, thus providing a scientific basis for choosing an appropriate treatment strategy. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed and CNKI databases using the keywords of “Achilles tendon injury, union and functional recovery” in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Current studies addressing tendon repair, anti-adhesion of tendon and promoting tendon healing mainly focus on the improvement in the minimally invasive surgery, suture methods and the repair and replacement of tendon sheath. The conservative treatment, traditional surgery, minimally invasive surgery, the suture method, and immobilization have been the most important and direct treatments with new ideas emerging endlessly. Selection of surgical approach and suture method depends on individual physical conditions, age and individual requirements. Repair effect of fixation with short leg plaster cast at plantar flexion position is superior to long legs. Stress stimuli both promote the healing of the Achilles tendon, and reduce tendon adhesion and anchylosis. However, how to effectively promote tendon healing and tendon strength after stress still needs further research. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exercise-induced myocardial stunning: fantasy or reality? Li Shun-chang 2016, 20 (46):  6986-6992.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.46.020 Abstract ( 306 )   PDF (814KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: A series of studies have pointed out that the reversible myocardial dysfunction caused by long-term and high-intensive exercising is similar to the ventricular dysfunction following myocardial stunning.  OBJECTIVE: To review the research of exercise-induced myocardial stunning at home and abroad, and to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for study on the relationship of high-intensive exercising with exercise risks. METHODS: The articles about exercise-induced myocardial stunning published from February 1964 to February 2016, were searched from PubMed and CNKI databases with the keywords of “exercise, myocardial stunning” OR “exercise-induced myocardial stunning” in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally 50 eligible literatures were enrolled for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Myocardial stunning, a symptom of heart dysfunction, is closely linked with ischemia/reperfusion. The present research on the relationship between exercise and myocardial stunning mainly focuses on the protection of exercise against myocardial stunning. It has been confirmed that the myocardial stunning can be induced by exercise in patients with cardiovascular diseases, and myocardial stunning occurs in rats undergoing exhaustive treadmill running. Changes of heart structure and function caused by exercising have been extensively explored, so exercise-induced myocardial stunning should exist in healthy people. To conclude, exercise-induced myocardial stunning does exist, and is an important concept to assess the risk of strenuous exercise. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics