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14 May 2015, Volume 19 Issue 20 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Correlation of serum osteopontin and leptin levels with femoral head necrosis Yan Zhi-kun, Zhao Yu-feng, Yang Shan, Li Hui-jie 2015, 19 (20):  3117-3123.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.001 Abstract ( 498 )   PDF (925KB) ( 409 )   Save BACKGROUND: Both osteopontin and leptin are closely linked to bone metabolism, therefore, which may be related to the attack of femoral head necrosis. OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation of serum osteopontin and leptin in the development of femoral head necrosis. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with femoral head necrosis (case group, including 11 cases of ARCO II, 10 of ARCO III, 10 of ARCO IV) and 10 healthy adults (control group) were selected as the research objects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of osteopontin and leptin in serum followed by statistical analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the case group, the serum levels of osteopontin and leptin were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). But the serum levels of osteopontin and leptin showed no correlation between the two groups. These findings indicate that the serum levels of osteopontin and leptin are both elevated in patients with femoral head necrosis, which maybe play a role in the pathogenesis of femoral head necrosis, but there is no obvious correlation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Degenerative lumbar scoliosis has no correlation with osteoporosis  Pengmao Jiacuo, Gao Qiang 2015, 19 (20):  3124-3128.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.002 Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (761KB) ( 354 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is characterized as bone microstructure damage of the whole body and systemic osteopenia. Some scholars believe that the anterior vertebral height of patients with osteoporosis cannot decrease, but shows a trend of increase.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between degenerative lumbar scoliosis and osteoporosis. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis were selected as observation group and another 37 inpatients with no lumbar scoliosis as control group. Modified Cobb method was used to detect the maximum angle between parallel lines to the endplate on the T12-L5 vertebrae, and the vertebrae with these two parallel lines were regarded as upper and lower vertebrae. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the bone mineral density of L2-L4 segments, femoral neck, Ward’s triangle and femoral trochanter. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between osteoporosis and degenerative lumbar scoliosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were significant differences in the T values in the L2-L4 segments, femoral neck, Ward’s triangle and femoral trochanter between the observation and control groups (P < 0.05), and the bone density of the femoral parts was lower than that of the lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4). The incidence of osteoporosis in the patients with lumbar scoliosis was significantly higher than that in the patients with no lumbar scoliosis (P < 0.05). Osteoporosis was a risk factor for degenerative lumbar scoliosis, and the T values of the lumbar vertebra and proximal femur had no remarkable correlation with Cobb’s angles. These findings indicate that osteoporosis is the risk factor for degenerative lumbar scoliosis, but it has no correlation with the severity of scoliosis. Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Technology improvement in establishing rabbit models of osteonecrosis of the femoral head induced by glucocorticoid and lipopolysaccharide Yu Jun-lun, Luo Tian-you, Wu Shao-ping, Tang Xi2, Xiao Wen 2015, 19 (20):  3129-3133.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.003 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (5045KB) ( 347 )   Save BACKGROUND: The rabbits were widely used as experimental animal models in the research on etiology and pathological mechanism of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. It is still a valuable and realistic research topic to improve and to innovate the modeling technology nowadays. OBJECTIVE: To improve the modeling technology on osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rabbits induced by glucocorticoid combined with lipopolysaccharide, with the focus on its reduced mortality and the guaranteed successful rate of modeling. METHODS: A total of 28 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into the control group (n=10) and improvement group (n=18). Models of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head were established according to different methods. In the improvement group, rabbits were injected with sodium penicillin (5.0 mg/kg) and amikacin sulfate (1.63×104 U/kg) in the left gluteus muscle. Twenty-four hours later, all rabbits were injected with prednisolone acetate (20 mg/kg) in the right gluteus muscle. Forty-eight hours later, 5.0 μg/kg of lipopolysaccharide was intravenously injected via the ear. From then on, two injections of prednisolone acetate (20 mg/kg) were respectively performed alternately in the left and right gluteal muscle at an interval of each 24 hours. Sodium penicillin (5.0 mg/kg) and amikacin sulfate (1.63×104 U/kg) were intraperitoneally injected for 2  consecutive weeks. In the control group, 10 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide was injected via the ear vein of rabbit. From then on, prednisolone acetate (20 mg/kg) was intramuscularly injected at an interval of each 24 hours, totally three times. Benzylpenicillin sodium 20×104 U/rabbit was intramuscularly injected once a week. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Rabbit models of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head were successfully established in both groups. Compared with the control group, the mortality was significantly reduced after model establishment in the improvement group, and the bone lacuna and osteonecrosis of the femoral head were apparent. These findings indicated that the improved technology of model establishment of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head could be used to alleviate the damage degree on the gluteal muscles, to guarantee the successful rate of modeling, and to noticeably reduce the mortality of rabbits. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between subchondral bone mass and cartilage degeneration She Guo-rong, Zha Zhen-gang, Wang Fei, Liu Ning, Pan Xiao-ting, Gong Jian, Yang Yan-ping 2015, 19 (20):  3134-3140.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.004 Abstract ( 508 )   PDF (6092KB) ( 349 )   Save BACKGROUND: Correlation between subchondral bone and articular cartilage in the process of osteoarthritis has not been fully elucidated. Degeneration of cartilage is the focus of attention, and the subchondral bone also plays an important role in the process of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To observe the differences between experimental osteoarthritis models in rabbit knees established by two kinds of surgical methods and two kinds of proteases inducing methods, and to explore the correlation between subchondral bone mass and degeneration of cartilage.  METHODS: Thirty-two New Zealand rabbits were randomly and averagely divided into four groups: Hulth group (group A), anterior cruciate ligament transaction group (group B), collagenase type II group (group C) and papain group (group D). The right knees of rabbits were established as osteoarthritis models, and the left knees served as controls. Bone mineral density of the knee joint was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning at 0, 4 and 8 weeks after modeling. The rabbits were sacrificed at 8 weeks after MRI scanning, bilateral knee joints were harvested for general and histological observation. Quantitative analysis was done according to Mankin scores. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bone mineral density of the right knees decreased at 0, 4 and 8 weeks after modeling, and the rank was as follows: group A > group B > group C > group D. MRI scanning showed that the articular cartilage thickness of the medial and lateral femoral condyle on the right knees became thinner compared with the left side, and the rank was as follows: group A < group B < group C < group D. Observation by specimens and pathological slices showed that the articular cartilage degeneration of the surgery groups worsened, group A was the most serious one, and group 1D was the lightest. Both surgery and proteases inducing methods can successfully establish osteoarthritis models in rabbit knees. Surgery inducing models resemble the advanced or intermediate stage of osteoarthritis, while the proteases inducing models resemble the early stage of osteoarthritis. Degeneration of the articular cartilage and changes of subchondral bone are related in progressive development. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in condylar cartilage of rat models of functional mandibular deviation in puberty Zhang Xiang-feng, Deng Feng, Zhang Yi, Zhang Ding-ming, Wang Hua-qiao 2015, 19 (20):  3141-3146.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.005 Abstract ( 364 )   PDF (5097KB) ( 273 )   Save BACKGROUND: Whether the functional mandibular deviation will cause osteal mandibular deviation and whether the mandibular growth pattern will change are still controversial. Vascular endothelial growth factor can increase the endothelial permeability, stimulate endothelial cell mitosis and promote angiogenesis and regulate the formation of bone. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of functional mandibular deviation on the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in condylar cartilage in growing rats. METHODS: Sixty four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group (n=20) and experimental group (n=40). Each animal in experimental group received a nichrome appliance which was designed by our team. Lower mandible suffered from left functional deviation (2.1±0.3) mm to simulate functional  mandibular asymmetry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The number of vascular endothelial growth factor-positive cells in the sagittal posterior deviation region of rats with functional mandibular deviation was less than that in the non-deviation region at 7-28 days after model establishment. The number of vascular endothelial growth factor-positive cells was less in the sagittal central and coronal central deviation region than in the non-deviation region in rats with functional mandibular deviation at 14-28 days after model establishment, but was close to the control group. The number of vascular endothelial growth factor-positive cells was less in the coronal lateral deviation region than in the non-deviation region and control group in rats with functional mandibular deviation at 14-28 days after model establishment. These results indicated that after the mandible functional lateral deviation in adolescent rats, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was different in bilateral condylar cartilage, caused the alterations in osteoblast activity in cartilage, and possibly affected the normal growth and development of rat mandible, suggesting that functional mandibular deviation should be corrected as early as possible.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue microarray detection for astrocyte elevated gene-1 and its correlation with pathological factors in primary hepatocellular carcinoma  Li Cong, Zhang Wei, Liu Xue-zhi, Liu Bo-jun, Zhang Hong-hai, Yang Geng-xia, Sheng Shou-peng, Sun Yu, Yuan Chun-wang, Zheng Jia-sheng 2015, 19 (20):  3147-3151.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.006 Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (3986KB) ( 296 )   Save BACKGROUND: Astrocytes elevated gene-1 is an important molecular marker for early tumor metastasis, which is likely to become the molecular target in the clinical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the astrocyte elevated gene-1 expression level in the tumor tissues of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and to predict its role in the minimally invasive therapy. METHODS: Tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry methods were applied to detect astrocyte elevated gene-1 protein expression level in the tumor tissues of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and their clinical-pathological data were collected for correlation analysis with the astrocyte elevated gene-1 protein expression level. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The protein expression level of astrocyte elevated gene-1 was closely related to clinical stage and tissue differentiation degree in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, the high expression of astrocyte elevated gene-1 protein was correlated with the positive rate of Ki-67 and tumor micro-vessel density. However, the protein expression had no correlation with gender and age in these patients.  Taken together, the protein expression level of astrocyte elevated gene-1 is correlated with conventional malignant indexes, which is of great significance for the judgment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between blood lipid levels and bone mineral density in men with hypertension in Xinjiang  Li Huan, Da Na, Liang Jie 2015, 19 (20):  3152-3157.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.007 Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (847KB) ( 695 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that there is a certain correlation between blood lipid levels and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, but their correlation in men is an open question, which has been less reported.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between blood lipid levels and bone mineral density in Han and Uygur men with hypertension in Urumqi of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, as well as correlation of blood lipid levels with osteoporosis and osteopenia and difference between ethnics. METHODS: A total of 193 male patients with hypertension were categorized into Uygur (n=73) and Han (n=120) groups. Each group was subdivided into osteoporosis or osteopenia group and non-osteoporosis group. Bone mineral density and blood lipid level were analyzed and compared between groups. The correlation between osteoporosis and risk factors was analyzed using logistic regression method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In Uygur hypertension men with osteoporosis or osteopenia, total cholesterol level was positively correlated with the bone mineral density of the femoral neck (r=0.43, P=0.01) and Ward’s area (r=0.42, P=0.01); while there were no relationships between blood lipid levels and bone mineral density in Han hypertension men. When a Logistic regression analysis was performed, only total cholesterol level was found to be associated with the presence of osteoporosis or osteopenia after adjustment for body mass index, age and ethnics (OR=1.48, P=0.03). The blood lipid level is associated with bone mineral density in Han and Uygur men with hypertension from Urumqi of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which can affect the presence of osteoporosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fasudil inhibits apoptosis of skeletal muscle satellite cells induced by H2O2 Li Jiang-hua, Dong Shao-hong, Xiong Wei, Liu Qi-yun, Liang Xin-jian, Pang Xin-li 2015, 19 (20):  3158-3162.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.008 Abstract ( 507 )   PDF (4517KB) ( 342 )   Save BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle satellite cells are muscle-derived stem cells with proliferation and differentiation potential distributing between the muscle cell membrane and the base film. Studies have shown that skeletal muscle satellite cells are of efficacy and safety, but the survival rate of the transplanted stem cells is very low, which greatly limits the application of skeletal muscle satellite cells. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Fasudil on apoptosis of skeletal muscle satellite cells induced by H2O2. METHODS: Skeletal muscle satellite cells cultured in vitro were randomly divided into three groups including H2O2 group, H2O2+Fasudil group (Fasudil group) and control group. Apoptosis rates were observed by flow cytometry. The concentrations of interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor-a in each group were detected by ELISA. Western blot was employed to measure the protein level of Bax in each group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the H2O2 group, a significant decrease was found in the apoptosis rate of cells, protein level of Bax, and concentrations of interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor-a in the Fasudil group (all P < 0.05). These findings indicate that Fasudil can play anti-apoptosis protection by inhibiting Rho-kinase signaling pathway, which may be related to the reduced expression of Bax. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between phalangeal bone mineral density and radiographic knee osteoarthritis  Deng Zhen-han, Zeng Chao, Li Yu-sheng, Yang Tuo, Li Hui, Lei Guang-hua 2015, 19 (20):  3163-3167.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.009 Abstract ( 400 )   PDF (680KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis are two aging-related degenerative diseases. There are a lot of studies on their correlation, but no consensus has been reached yet. OBJECTIVE: To examine the cross-sectional association between phalangeal bone mineral density and radiographic knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: A total of 2 855 participants were included in this study. Phalangeal bone mineral density and anteroposterior films of the bilateral knees were detected. A multivariable logistic analysis model was applied to test the relationship between phalangeal bone mineral density and radiographic knee osteoarthritis after adjusting a number of potential confounding factors. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A positive association was observed between phalangeal bone mineral density and radiographic knee osteoarthritis in the model that was adjusted for sex, age, bone mass index, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, total energy intake, mean calcium intake, as well as vitamin and Ca supplementation. This association existed in the total sample and the female subgroup, but not in the male. These findings suggest a positive relationship between phalangeal bone mineral density and radiographic knee osteoarthritis in the female subgroup, which means that bone mineral density is a protective factor to knee osteoarthritis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Laryngotracheal reconstruction using autologous cartilage transplantation Wang Jin-ping, Zhao Da-qing, Liu Hui 2015, 19 (20):  3168-3172.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.010 Abstract ( 406 )   PDF (916KB) ( 316 )   Save BACKGROUND: Long-distance, large-range tracheal stenosis or defects are often seen in clinic, and laryngotracheal reconstruction is still a difficult problem. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of animal autologous cartilage transplantation in laryngotracheal reconstruction. METHODS: The cricoid cartilage and partial anterior tracheal wall from New Zealand rabbits were resected to prepare laryngotracheal defect models. Then, autologous costal perichondrium was taken for transplantation. After 8-24 weeks, surviving animals were sacrificed to observe the repair effects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: General observation showed that animals breathed and ate normally, the implanted cartilage bonded tightly with the surrounding tissue, the wound healed well without granulation tissue and scar formation, and there was a smooth inner surface covered by mucosa in the lumen. Under the light microscope, there was some mucosa generating at the wound site, and some fibroblasts and striated muscle cells existed in the outer layer, with a small amount of new cartilage formation. There was also a linking between chondrocytes and muscle cells. These findings indicate that autologous cartilage transplantation can be applied for laryngotracheal reconstruction in animals, which has a good effect. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Craniofacial tissue characteristics in adult Angle class II malocclusions: cephalometric X-ray measurement  Li Xiao-guang, Man Da-peng, Qi Wei-feng, Kong Yu 2015, 19 (20):  3173-3177.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.011 Abstract ( 534 )   PDF (922KB) ( 356 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that there are large differences in the thickness of the soft tissue overlying hard tissue, and the soft tissue does not uniformly overly the hard tissue, indicating simple hard tissue measurement will not harvest ideal facial profile in clinical treatment of malocclusions. OBJECTIVE: To study the craniofacial soft and hard tissue characteristics in the adult Angle class II malocclusion, and then to analyze the relationship between Angle class II1 and class II2 malocclusions. METHODS: Sixty patients with adult Angle II malocclusion who were accepted by the Department of Orthodontics of Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Jiamusi University from 2011 to 2014, on gender parity, aged 18-38 years  (mean age of 26.3 years), including 30 cases of Angle class II1 and 30 cases of Angle class II2. Differences between the adult Angle class II1 and class II2 malocclusion patients were compared by cephalometric analysis based on X-ray measurement. Statistical correlation analysis was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Comparisons of hard tissue measurement of adult Angle class II1 and Angle class II2 malocclusions showed that: SNB, SND, ANB, FH-NP, U1-SN (P < 0.001), LI-NB (P < 0.01), L1-MP (P < 0.01), U1-L1   (P < 0.001) exhibited statistically significant differences between two groups (P < 0.05). (2) Comparisons of soft tissue measurement of adult Angle class II1 and Angle class II2 malocclusions showed that: there were significant differences in the ULA'-FH, LLNs-FH, ULNs-FH, CmSnUL, E-LL (P < 0.05). (3) There was a correlation between the soft and hard tissue of adult Angle class II1 and Angle class II2 malocclusions in all measurement indexes, but the correlativity exists differently. These findings indicate that for Angle class II1 malocclusion, the maxillary and anterior teeth protrusions have a certain influence on the position of the lower lip; for Angle class II2 malocclusion, only maxillary protrusion can impact the position of the soft tissue of the lower lip. Chin soft tissue has no major changes in Angle class II2 malocclusion, but it varies greatly in Angle class II1 malocclusion. Clinical treatment of adult Angle class II malocclusions is developed based on the craniofacial soft and hard tissue characteristics in orthodontic and orthognathic surgeries. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of a finite element model for the maxillary first molar and the periodontal tissue    He Lin, Wang Hai-yan, Xiao Cong, Ge Ling-ling, Li Xin 2015, 19 (20):  3178-3182.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.012 Abstract ( 421 )   PDF (1380KB) ( 337 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that the finite element method could preferably simulate the biomechanical analysis for the object with complicated structures and irregular shapes. The similarities for the finite element model have great influences on the results of the analysis. However, to construct an ideal model is the most time-consuming and complicated portion for the finite element analysis. OBJECTIVE: To construct a finite element model for the maxillary first molar and the periodontal tissue, and to provide a basis of biomechanical researches of the maxillary first molar. METHODS: A volunteer with complete mandibular dentition and healthy periodontal tissue was selected in this study. Cone-beam CT was scanned. The images were saved as DICOM format. These images were imported to the medical modeling software Mimics. The surface model for the maxillary first molar and the alveolar bone was constructed. The model was then imported to GiD for pre-processing. Thus, the complete three-dimensional finite element model for the maxillary first molar and the periodontal tissue was constructed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A finite element model for bilateral maxillary first molar, periodontal ligament and maxillary alveolar bone was constructed, including 896 035 nodes and 4 881 067 elements. This model has restored the geometric shape and the structure of the research object. This study successfully constructed finite element models of maxillary first molar and the periodontal tissue, which can be a basis of biomechanical researches for the maxillary first molar and the periodontal tissue under the effect of different clinical orthodontic forces. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-4 in Skeletal Class II Malocclusion during growth peak Wang Jie, Ma Ce, Wang Yu-rong, Chen De-yu 2015, 19 (20):  3183-3187.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.013 Abstract ( 358 )   PDF (869KB) ( 365 )   Save BACKGROUND: Preliminary studies of our research group have confirmed that bone morphogenetic protein-4 can stimulate the development of mandible in the growth period, but whether bone morphogenetic protein-4 can interact with bone morphogenetic protein-2 to promote the growth of mandible has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-4 in skeletal class II malocclusion during growth peak, and to explore the relationship of the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-4 with mandibular growth. METHODS: Patients with skeletal class I malocclusion in growth peak served as group I, and those with skeletal class II malocclusion in growth peak characterized as mandibular retrognathia acted as group II. There were 18 cases in each group. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-4 in serum was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-4 in the group II was significantly lower than that in the group I (P < 0.05). In the group II, there was a significant correlation between the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-4. These experimental findings confirm that the reduced expression of bone  morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-4 in skeletal class II malocclusion during growth peak has a certain relationship with mandibular deficiency, and moreover, bone morphogenetic protein-2 interacts with bone morphogenetic protein-4 to promote the growth of mandible. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stromal cell-derived factor-1-targeted ultrasound contrast agent tightly binds to vascular endothelial cells Wang Meng, Shi Qi, Mu Yu-ming, Tuerxunnayi Adi 2015, 19 (20):  3188-3194.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.014 Abstract ( 422 )   PDF (1417KB) ( 596 )   Save BACKGROUND: Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is one of the most powerful chemokines in myocardial infarction region and plays a particularly pivotal role in the homing of stem cells to an injured myocardium and promoting angiogenesis. On the other hand the microbubble and acoustics active substances carrying targetable ligands can be prepared into targeted ultrasound contrast agents that can be combined with living cells used for molecular imaging. The key of ultrasonic molecular imaging is to find “imaging targets”, and to successfully prepare targeted ultrasound contrast agent which can be combined with the imaging target specifically and efficiently. OBJECTIVE: To prepare and evaluate targeted microbubble contrast agents with SDF-1 monoclonal antibody. METHODS: Targeted microbubble contrast agent with SDF-1 monoclonal antibody was prepared using the  biotin-streptavidin method. The physiochemical properties of targeted microbubble contrast agent were evaluated by appearance, pH, particle diameter, optical and fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry test. Four minipigs underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to complete the establishment of acute myocardial infarction model, and another two minipigs were subject to thoracotomy but no ligation of the coronary artery. Then, all animals were injected with microbubble contrast agents. The stability of microbubbles was assessed by immunofluorescence test in vivo. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: SDF-1 and microbubbles were combined by biotin-streptavidin method. In vitro appearance of the contrast agent was translucent yellow or green, and stratified after standing. pH vaule was 7.02±0.12 for non-targeted contrast agent and 6.10±0.19 for targeted microbubble contrast agent. Under the fluorescence microscope, the distribution and size of targeted microbubbles were uniform, and the microbubbles were surrounded by bright and ring shaped green fluorescence that had no changes after highly shaking. The diameter of microbubbles was (2 422.62±238.82) nm after carrying the SDF-1 antibody. Flow cytometry results showed that the carrying rate of targeted contrast agents was stable in different periods. In vivo test showed that targeted microbubbles gathered in vascular endothelial cell surface after acute myocardial infarction. These findings indicate that the targeted microbubble contrast agent carrying SDF-1 monoclonal antibody prepared by biotin-streptavidin method can be combined with vascular endothelial cells, and the binding rate is high and stable in vitro. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of mouse CMKLR1 gene knock-down vascular smooth muscle cell lines mediated by lentivirus vector  Xiong Wei, Dong Shao-hong, Zhang Jian, Li Jiang-hua, Wu Mei-shan, Liao Bi-hong, Pang Xin-li,Luo Lin-jie 2015, 19 (20):  3195-3199.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.015 Abstract ( 377 )   PDF (849KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: Levels of chemerin are elevated in arteriosclerosis, indicating chemerin and its receptor (CMKLR1) may participate in the pathological process of arteriosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: To establish the stable CMKLR1 gene knock-down mouse vascular smooth muscle cell lines. METHODS: Three shRNA sequences targeting the coding region of mouse CMKLR1 mRNA were synthesized and employed to construct lentivirus recombinant vectors. The best pLVX-shRNA was picked up to package recombinant lentivirus in 293T cells, which were infected in cultured mouse vascular smooth muscle cells. The CMKLR1 mRNA level of vascular smooth muscle cells was verified by real-time PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The lentiviral vectors were successfully constructed, which was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The titer of lentivirus reached 8.7×106 TU/mL in the packaging cells, and pLVX-shRNA3 showed the most significant interfering effects on CMKLR1 gene (P < 0.001). The pLVX-shRNA3 was chosen to establish the stable CMKLR1 gene knock-down vascular smooth muscle cell lines, in which the expression of CMKLR1 mRNA was also significantly inhibited shown on real-time PCR (P < 0.001). We finally confirmed that the expression of CMKLR1 gene can be effectively silenced by lentivirus-mediated siRNA in mouse mouse vascular smooth muscle cells.   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Different thawing methods for cryopreserved rabbit limbs: activity of Schwann cells after thawing 2015, 19 (20):  3200-3204.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.016 Abstract ( 360 )   PDF (976KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: According to the characteristics of nerve regeneration, the integrity of Schwann cells as regenerative scaffold is very important. Therefore, to save the Schwann cell structure and activity is most important for nerve cryopreservation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the optimal thawing procedures for the survival of peripheral nerves in cryopreserved rabbit limbs. METHODS: Forty hindlimbs from New Zealand White rabbits were randomized into four groups: blank, fast-thawing, slow-thawing and control groups. The control group was subjected to perfusion with protective agent. The severed limbs in fast-thawing and slow-thawing groups were perfused with protective agent followed by gradient cryopreservation and storage in liquid nitrogen for 72 hours. Then, the slow-thawing group was given  gradient thawing procedures, and the fast-thawing group was subjected to fast thawing in 37 ℃ water bath. After thawing, the tibial nerves were harvested for light microscope, electron microscope, immunofluorescence and confocal microscope observation. SPSS17.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found between the blank and control groups. Nerve fiber breakage, axonal damage and mitochondrial swelling were severer in the fast-thawing and slow-thawing groups than the control and blank groups. In addition, the fast-thawing group was superior to the slow-thawing group. These findings indicate that the fast-thawing method has the minimal effects on the survival of nerve fibers in cryopreserved rabbit limbs. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Improvement and observation of an orthotopic allogeneic tracheal transplantation model Zhang Yun-zeng, Wang Cheng, Jin Feng, Chen Chang, Gao Wen3 2015, 19 (20):  3205-3210.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.017 Abstract ( 349 )   PDF (1286KB) ( 316 )   Save BACKGROUND: Airway epithelial regeneration can effectively inhibit submucosal hyperblastosis and the occurrence of obliteration. Studies demonstrated that ventilation could accelerate the regeneration of airway epithelium. OBJECTIVE: To establish and improve an orthotopic tracheal transplantation model and to further observe the effects of ventilation on trachea in allogeneic mice. METHODS: C57BL/6 mouse’s tracheal served as donor, and BALB/c mouse’s tracheal as recipient. This experiment contained two groups. In the experimental group, the membranous part of trachea was longitudinally dissected in two donors and sutured into an enlarged trachea, which was implanted in the recipient. In the control group, donor’s trachea was implanted into the recipient in situ. Samples were obtained and detected at 28 days after surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin staining results demonstrated that compared with the control group, well-differentiated ciliated epithelium was visible in the epithelial lamina of tracheal lumen, accompanying a few non-ciliated single or stratified squamous epithelium, mild submucosal fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Morphological analysis revealed that ciliated epithelial proportion in the experimental group was higher  than in the control group (P < 0.05). The ratio of lamina propria to the tracheal cartilage, submucous fibrous tissue area and the degree of lymphocyte infiltration were lower in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the transplanted tracheal epithelium in both groups was recipient epithelial phenotype. Results verified that a modified orthotopic tracheal transplantation model was successfully established. The increased ventilation of the tracheal allografts can accelerate the differentiation of tracheal epithelium. The well-differentiated airway epithelium inhibited the proliferation of fibroblast. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome Li San-jun, Li Yi-bo, Li Yong-ming 2015, 19 (20):  3211-3215.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.018 Abstract ( 434 )   PDF (812KB) ( 411 )   Save BACKGROUND: The analysis of gas flow in upper respiratory tract of patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome contributes to further understanding the correlation of anatomical structure and function of upper respiratory tract so as to know the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To establish the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, to study the characteristics of airflow dynamics in upper respiratory tract in above patients, and to lay the foundation for further exploring the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. METHODS: CT scan of the upper airway was performed with a moderate obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome patient. Data stored in DICOM format were imported in Mimics 10.01 software, and processed, and then computational fluid dynamics model was built. ANSYS ICEM CFD14.0 was used to perform the grid division of the three-dimensional model. The internal flow of upper respiratory tract was simulated by ANSYS 14.0-Fluid Dynamics, and relevant information on airflow field of upper airway was obtained. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of upper airway was established with 1 751 940 elements and 303 981 nodes of upper airway. The flow rate was 11.087 m/s in the lower bound of pharyngopalatiae, which was the most narrowed areas of upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. The three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of upper airway has accurately simulated biomechanical feature of human, which provides a foundation for further studying the airflow dynamics of upper respiratory tract of patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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JAK2 expression in myocardial tissue of rats after exercise preconditioning and exhaustive exercise injury Sun Xiao-juan, Xue Hai-tao 2015, 19 (20):  3216-3220.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.019 Abstract ( 300 )   PDF (973KB) ( 270 )   Save BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated that JAK2 kinase plays an important role in myocardial protection by ischemic preconditioning and medicine preconditioning. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of exercise preconditioning on JAK2 mRNA and protein expression in the rat heart and the underlying mechanism of action. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into control, exhaustive, exercise preconditioning, and exercise preconditioning + AG490 groups. Rats in the control and exhaustive groups were fed routinely for 3 days. Rats in the exercise preconditioning and exercise preconditioning + AG490 groups were subjected to intermittent treadmill exercise for 3 successive days to establish exercise preconditioning animal models. Rats in the exercise preconditioning + AG490 group were intraperitoneally injected with JAK2 inhibitor AG490 at 10 minutes before exercise preconditioning. After 3 days, rats in the exhaustive, exercise preconditioning, and exercise  preconditioning + AG490 groups were subjected to exhaustive treadmill exercise. Serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzyme were determined. JAK2 mRNA and protein expression in the rat myocardial tissue was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, serum levels of actate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzyme were increased, and JAK2 mRNA and protein expression in the myocardial tissue was significantly increased in the exhaustive group (P < 0.05). Compared with the exhaustive group, serum levels of actate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzyme were decreased (P < 0.05), while JAK2 mRNA and protein expression in the myocardial tissue was increased in the exercise preconditioning group (P < 0.05). Compared with the exercise preconditioning group, serum levels of actate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzyme were increased (P < 0.05), while JAK2 mRNA and protein expression in the myocardial tissue was decreased in the exercise preconditioning + AG490 group (P < 0.05). The results confirm that exercise preconditioning plays its cardioprotective role through activating JAK/STAT signaling pathway, up-regulating the expression of JAK2 mRNA and protein in the cardiac tissue and alleviating myocardial ischemia injury. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and expression of recombinant staphylokinase-hirudin fusion protein  Xu Hua, Dong Yun, Yang Jin, Liu Shao-bang, Liu Shao-hua, Chen Wu 2015, 19 (20):  3221-3225.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.020 Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (775KB) ( 324 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recombinant fusion protein is cascaded by staphylokinase and hirudin according to the thrombin cognition sequence, and has double functions and a molecular weight of 23 ku. The recombinant fusion protein can be highly expressed in the engineering bacteria at high-density fermentation. OBJECTIVE: To construct and purify recombinant staphylokinase-hirudin fusion protein in the engineering bacteria after high-density fermentation, and to explore the feasibility of construction and the expression value. METHODS: The engineering bacteria were cultured at high density and staphylokinase-hirudin fusion protein was induced to express. The bacteria were centrifuged and ultrafiltrated after repeated freezing and thawing. The supernatant was collected with ion exchange chromatography method. The staphylokinase-hirudin fusion protein  was isolated and purified, then the fibrinolytic activity and expression in bacteria were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The engineering bacteria were cultured and the fusion protein was induced at 17 hours. The results showed that, staphylokinase-hirudin fusion protein expression was detected at 0.5 hours after induction, and the expression levels were increased as the fermentation time; at 20 hours, the expression level reached the peak. The dried weight of the bacteria was 32.20 g/L and the expression level of target proteins was 1.48 g/L. After purification, the purity of recombinant staphylokinase-hirudin fusion protein was as high as 98%, fibrinolytic activity was about 2.6×104 IU/mg, the probability of activity recovery was 56%. The purification process of recombinant staphylokinase-hirudin fusion protein is convenient, less time, repeatable and allows large-scale production. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Doppler ultrasound monitoring of complications and callus blood supply at distraction site during distraction osteogenesis  Liang Qiang, Zhang Kai 2015, 19 (20):  3226-3230.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.021 Abstract ( 374 )   PDF (822KB) ( 369 )   Save BACKGROUND: Evaluation of the newly formed bone at the distraction site by the imaging technologies is the cornerstone for terminating the limb lengthening successfully．In the early stages of the distraction, the X-ray cannot detect any evidence of new bone formation within the distraction sites, whereas ultrasound can acquire wealth information about new bone and surrounding soft tissues. OBJECTIVE: To explore the application value of Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of limb lengthening in order to promote its clinical application. METHODS: A computer-based search was performed on the CNKI database and PubMed database for articles related to ultrasound in the evaluation of limb lengthening published from January 1989to October 2014. The keywords of “distraction osteogenesis, ultrasonography, external fixation, fracture healing” in English and Chinese were used to search the articles by title and abstract. Finally, a total of 24 articles were included to review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Ultrasound is an effective method to evaluate the limb lengthening in early stage. It can not only detect the formation and maturation of the new callus, but also can evaluate the forming speed and the quality of the new calls. Moreover, ultrasound can be used to evaluate the situation of the soft tissue near the distraction site. Complications associated with the limb lengthening can be observed timely by the ultrasound. Ultrasound is of great significance in the evaluation of distraction osteogenesis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Autophagy genes associated with chondrocyte apoptosis: protection and balancing effects Liu Li-guo, Xu Chao, Yilihamu Tuoheti 2015, 19 (20):  3231-3235.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.022 Abstract ( 573 )   PDF (693KB) ( 421 )   Save BACKGROUND: Autophagy can occur in chondrocytes under the low supply of nutrients. Different from necrosis and apoptosis, autophagy can make chondrocytes survive in insufficient supply of nutrients, which may be an important mechanism for the self-protection of chondrocytes. OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanism and effect of autophagy gene to protect the articular cartilage and inhibit osteoarthritis. METHODS: A computer-based search was perform in CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed to retrieve articles addressing autophagy gene and osteoarthritis published from January 2000 to January 2015. The keywords were “autophagy, osteoarthritis, articular cartilage, chondrocytes” in Chinese and “autophagy, osteoarthritis, beclin1, LC3” in English. Totally 269 articles were initially searched, and finally, 38 articles were included in result analysis.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Apoptosis of damaged chondrocytes is the main mechanism of articular cartilage degeneration, which can further develop into osteoarthritis. The damage and death of cells is one of the important mechanisms of cartilage degeneration, thus, to prevent damaged chondrocyte apoptosis may help cartilage repair, thus alleviating the progression of osteoarthritis. Autophagy can inhibit damaged chondrocyte apoptosis, which changes the limitations of traditional treatments for osteoarthritis. However, the current research on autophagy genes associated with osteoarthritis is still at the primary stage, and further studies are needed on how to induce authopagy pathway in the cartilage, how to do the signal transduction and how to have an effect on the survival of chondrocytes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Autophagy effects on chondrocyte survival and cartilage damage Zhang Xie-zhuo, Xu Chao, Yilihamu Tuoheti 2015, 19 (20):  3236-3241.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.023 Abstract ( 287 )   PDF (796KB) ( 294 )   Save BACKGROUND: Autophagy is the cellular process of lysosomal pathway processing by endogenous substrates, which exists in the body cells and has been considered as type II programmed cell death. Autophagy may be a protective or balancing mechanism of normal chondrocytes. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the latest research progress in autophagy and cartilage damage aiming to better understanding the role of autophagy in cartilage damage and repair. METHODS: A computer-based search of CNKI, Wanfang database and PubMed database was performed for articles relevant to autophagy and cartilage damage published in recent 20 years with the key words of “autophagy, cartilage, chondrocytes, beclin1, LC3” in Chinese and English. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Intra-articular chondrocytes can response to the changes in the microenvironment so as to adjust the extracellular matrix metabolism and maintain the biological function of   articular cartilage. Hypoxic environment in which chondrocytes eixt is an important factor to causes autophagy. Autophagy is a normal balance or protection mechanism of chondrocytes. Studies on the correlation of autophagy with cartilage damage have made considerable progress in recent years, but still in its infancy. Atg discovery at the molecular level deepens the understanding of autophagy, but the induction of cartilage autophagy pathway, signal transduction, and their effects on the survival of chondrocytes are not clear yet, which need further studies. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A biomechanical progress of lumbar intervertebral disk in terms of structural features, internal pressure and different loads Wei Xiao-ning, Wang Yan, Pei Fei 2015, 19 (20):  3242-3247.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.024 Abstract ( 440 )   PDF (874KB) ( 420 )   Save BACKGROUND: Lumbar disc herniation is the most common cause of lumbago in clinic, which seriously affect the patient’s daily life, study and work. Therefore, studies on biomechanics of lumbar intervertebral disk benefit to prevent and treat the diseases associated with lumbar intervertebral disk. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the biomechanical progress of lumbar intervertebral disk. METHODS: The first author retrieved China National Knowledge Infrastructure and PubMed database for literatures published from 2009 to 2014. The key words were “intervertebral disc, nucleus pulposus, biomechanics, fibrosis annulus, cartilage” in Chinese and English, respectively. Articles regarding biomechanical characteristics of lumbar intervertebral disk, nucleus pulposus, fibrosis annulus and cartilage were included, and repetitive  studies were excluded. Totally 5 072 articles were retrieved initially. In accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria, 41 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We can fully understand the pathogenesis, development and adverse consequences of diseases related to the lumbar intervertebral disk by summarizing the structural features and internal pressure of lumbar intervertebral disk and the effect of different loads, biomechanical characteristics of lumbar intervertebral disk with degenerative changes and establishment of mechanical model of lumbar intervertebral disk. It is of directive significance for daily health care of the lumbar intervertebral disk and how to better use “force”, a physical factor, to solve the lumbar intervertebral disk problems.   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Segmental tendon graft to repair old central tendon injury: a functional evaluation of articular flexion and extension  Feng Zi-ping, Zhu Ju-qing, Qiu Xin, Li Jiang, Tu Qing-hong 2015, 19 (20):  3248-3252.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.025 Abstract ( 387 )   PDF (841KB) ( 304 )   Save BACKGROUND: Common therapies for damage to the central tendon of finger extensor tendon include Matev, Carroll, Fowler methods as well as residual central tendon flipping repair, but the therapeutic effects are no satisfied with bloated appearance, tendon adhesions, limited joint function. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effects of dorsal longitudinal drilling and segmental tendon graft to repair old central tendon injury. METHODS: Eighty patients with old central tendon injury were randomized into treatment group and control group, with 40 cases in each group. In the treatment group, dorsal longitudinal drilling and segmental tendon transplantation were given; while in the control group, Carroll, Matev, Fowler methods were chosen according to the individual conditions. Then, the therapeutic outcomes were compared between two groups.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The excellent and good rate was 85% in the treatment group and 65% in the control group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Results from Valpar Component Work Samples showed that the number of cases adapting to the original work was 30 cases (75%) in the treatment group and 16 (40%) in the control group, and there was also a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). The degree of proximal interphalangeal joint flexion was increased gradually in the two groups at admission, at 15 days after hospitalization, at 1 day before discharge and at 4 months after discharge,  and meanwhile, the degree of proximal interphalangeal joint dorsiflexion was reduced gradually (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the degree of proximal interphalangeal joint flexion and degree of proximal interphalangeal joint dorsiflexion between the two groups at 15 days after hospitalization, 1 day before discharge, and 4 months after discharge (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the dorsal longitudinal drilling and segmental tendon graft for repair of old central tendon injury can play an effective role in the recovery of articular flexion and extension function. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in scar prevention, early intervention and clinical assessment Ma Lin-xiao, Bao Ji-hong, Chen Bin 2015, 19 (20):  3253-3257.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.026 Abstract ( 665 )   PDF (906KB) ( 442 )   Save BACKGROUND: Potential mechanisms of scar formation and scar prevention strategies have become more important in current medical research. Scar assessment scales have the potential to contribute to better evaluation of scar properties in both research and clinical diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the literatures addressing scar prevention and clinical assessment. METHODS: A computer search of CNKI database from 2000 to 2014, PubMed database from 1975 to 2014 and Foreign Medical Journal Full-Text Service Database from 2000 to 2014 was performed using the keywords of “scar, prevention, treat, cicatrix, assessment, measure” in Chinese and English to retrieve articles related to scar prevention strategies and scar assessment scales. Totally 39 articles meeting the inclusive criteria were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During wound healing, the unbalance between collagen anabolism and katabolism can lead to the formation of pathological scar. Prevention and treatment of pathological scars should be combined, and early intervention was used in wound healing. General scar assessment scales include Vancouver Scar Scale, Visual Analog Scale, Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, Manchester Scar Assessment Scale, Stony Brook Scar Assessment Scale, all of which have the potential to contribute to better evaluation of scar properties in both research and clinical diagnosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cytomegalovirus nosocomial infection following organ transplantation: detection and monitoring   Zhang Li-ping, Bai Jian 2015, 19 (20):  3258-3263.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.027 Abstract ( 528 )   PDF (745KB) ( 329 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus is one of the opportunistic infection viruses for organ transplant patients, and it can lead to functional loss of organ grafts and even endanger lives. Therefore, accurate diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection at early phase is the key to clinical treatment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the detection method, accuracy, detection time and clinical significance of cytomegalovirus infection after organ transplantation. METHODS: A computer-based search of VIP, PubMed and CNKI as well as manual search of books were performed for literatures concerning organ transplantation and cytomegalovirus infection published from January 2007 to December 2014. The keywords were “transplantation, cytomegalovirus” in English and Chinese, respectively. Total 1 894 papers in English and 31 articles in Chinese were found. Among them, only 35 papers which were highly representative and published in related authoritative journals were chosen for further analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The main non-invasive detection of cytomegalovirus infection is still the test of CMV-pp65 antigen with good sensitivity and specificity which can accurately reflect the status of cytomegalovirus infection. This method is also the most important clinical diagnostic method. Molecular biological detection of cytomegalovirus can detect potentially infected people, and this method can detect the infection earlier than CMV-pp65 antigen method, which is suitable for the early diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection and early drug treatment. Quantitative nucleic acid test can be used to analyze cytomegalovirus-DNA copies so as to determine the concentrations of the virus in patients, which may provide a more sensitive monitoring way for inapparently infected patients. Cytomegalovirus-IgG and cytomegalovirus-IgM in serum can be used to determine whether organ transplant recipients have been infected by cytomegalovirus. Virus culture and histological examination have been used for several years, both of which are the gold standard for detecting cytomegalovirus. However, these methods cannot be used in early diagnosis and active infection. Immunological detection method provides a new ideal for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection. This method can monitor cytomegalovirus infection from early phase accurately and assess the risk of cytomegalovirus, providing a new way for the development of the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A survey on the quality of life of liver transplant patients in Xinjiang  Zhang Jing, Liu Chang, Wen Hao 2015, 19 (20):  3264-3270.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.028 Abstract ( 404 )   PDF (1037KB) ( 505 )   Save BACKGROUND: Research on liver transplantation has not just focused on survival rate and survival time, and the quality of life has become a new field of study. However, it is still a blank about the quality of life of liver transplant recipients in Xinjiang. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the quality of life of liver transplant recipients in Xinjiang and to explore the main risk factors for the quality of life in patients. METHODS: A Chinese version of the SF-36 health survey was used to retrospectively evaluate the quality of life of liver transplant recipients in Xinjiang. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The scores of all eight dimensions in the patients with liver transplantation ranged from 60.6±18.7 to 93.9±22.1. Primary diseases, operation method, marital status, level of education, occupation, gender and age could influence the quality of life of the liver transplant recipients, but nation, income and the way of medical insurance had no significant effect on the quality of life. These findings indicate that there is no obvious difference in the quality of life between liver transplant recipients and normal population, and the scores in six dimensions are higher in the liver transplant recipients than normal population, which is further confirmed that liver transplantation is an effective way for treatment of advanced liver disease.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Single-and double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under arthroscopy: a prospective cohort study Hou Jun-hu, Wu Gui-you, Wang Xi-shun, Zhang Ya-dong 2015, 19 (20):  3271-3275.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.029 Abstract ( 326 )   PDF (790KB) ( 367 )   Save BACKGROUND: Some studies have shown that the double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is not superior to the single-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and still has some deficiencies difficult to overcome. Which is better, double-bundle reconstruction or single-bundle reconstruction? There is no uniform conclusion. OBJECTIVE: To perform a prospective cohort study on the clinical efficacy and safety of autologous single- and double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS: Totally 81 patients with posterior cruciate ligament injury were randomly divided into single-bundle reconstruction group (n=41) and double-bundle reconstruction group (n=40). The knee stability, Lysholm score, Tegner score, hospital stay, operation time, fever days and number of puncture cases were compared between the two groups before and 24 months after reconstruction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the single-bundle reconstruction group, the knee stability was significantly worse in the double-bundle reconstruction group (F=4.362, P=0.000); the operation time, hospital stay and number of puncture cases were also higher in the double-bundle reconstruction group (P < 0.05). At 24 months after reconstruction, the Lysholm and Tegner scores were both increased significantly in the two groups (P < 0.05), but there was no difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that both single- and double-bundle reconstruction under arthroscopy is safe and effective treatment for posterior cruciate ligament injury, but the double-bundle reconstruction is not recommended as the preferred surgical procedure because of longer time and larger trauma. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early application of examethasone improves the survival of autogenous island flap and prognosis of patients with burn scar after transplantation   Yu Guo-jun, Wang Guang-jun, Zhang Da-wei, Cheng Hong-yu 2015, 19 (20):  3276-3280.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.20.030 Abstract ( 271 )   PDF (824KB) ( 293 )   Save BACKGROUND: Autologous island flap transplantation is the main therapy for burn scars. Floating and necrosis of transplanted flaps mainly impact the therapeutic effects. Dexamethasone has immunoregulatory function during trauma and stress process. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of dexamethasone on immune balance of Th1/Th2 and prognosis in patients with burn scars undergoing autologous island flap transplantation. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients with burn scars undergoing transplantation of pedicled island flap were selected and randomly divided into control group and experimental group. Patients in the two groups were treated with negative pressure drainage under skin flap, infection prevention, improvement of microcirculation. After that, dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.2 mg/kg) was immediately given in the experimental group, and the dose gradually decreased after 3 days until drug withdrawal at 7 days. Levels of Th1, Th2, Th1/Th2 and interferon-γ, interleukin-4 were compared between the two groups before and 1 week after transplantation. In addition, incidence rates of skin flap necrosis, hemodynamic disorder, and effusion were compared between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The levels of Th1, Th2, Th1/Th2, interferon-γ and interleukin-4 had no obvious differences between the two groups before flap transplantation. At 1 week after transplantation, the levels of Th1 and Th1/Th2 were higher, while the levels of Th2, interferon-γ and interleukin-4 were lower in the experimental group than the control group. Moreover, the incidence of complications was also lower in the experimental group  than the control group. In conclude, dexamethasone can decrease the incidence of complications after island flap transplantation, which is maybe the result of adjusting immune balance of Th1/Th2. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics