Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (28): 7378-7387.doi: 10.12307/2026.823

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Metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease: pathological mechanisms mediated by common and heterogeneous pathways

Sun Zhiyuan1, Xu Kai2, Tian Xuewen1, Shang Qinghui1     

  1. 1Shandong Scientific Fitness Guidance Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, Shandong Province, China; 2College of Education and Physical Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei Province, China
  • Received:2025-10-15 Revised:2025-12-16 Online:2026-10-08 Published:2026-02-24
  • Contact: Tian Xuewen, PhD, Professor, Shandong Scientific Fitness Guidance Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, Shandong Province, China Corresponding author: Shang Qinghui, PhD, Lecturer, Shandong Scientific Fitness Guidance Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, Shandong Province, China
  • About author:Sun Zhiyuan, PhD, Lecturer, Shandong Scientific Fitness Guidance Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, Shandong Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Science and Technology Major Project - Major Project of Four Major Chronic Diseases, No. 2024ZD0531803 (to TXW)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In recent years, with the continuous maturity of the research system, metabolic dysfunction related fatty liver disease has become independent from traditional non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Its metabolic disorder background and heterogeneous disease progression patterns have updated the academic understanding of this type of disease. However, the relationship between the common occurrence mechanism of this type of disease and the pathological differences between individuals still needs to be further elucidated through systematic research.   
OBJECTIVE: To review the common pathways (such as insulin resistance and oxidative stress) commonly found in the pathological mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction related fatty liver disease, and to explore their heterogeneous regulatory networks (such as genetic variation and adipose tissue dysfunction) in depth so as to analyze the interactive relationship between the them.   
METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on Chinese and English literature from databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP. The search period covered relevant literature published from the database inception to June 2025. The focus was on the common mechanisms of metabolic disorders, genetic/microenvironmental heterogeneity pathways, and clinical phenotype typing in fatty liver disease related to metabolic dysfunction. A narrative review method was used to organize relevant literature in the field and integrate research evidence.   
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The pathological mechanism of fatty liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction revolves around the core of “dynamic interactions of heterogeneous regulation of common pathways.” Among the common pathways, insulin resistance is a key link, activating the production of new fat in the liver, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation, and jointly leading to abnormal lipid deposition in hepatocytes. Activation of the nuclear factor κB inflammatory pathway exacerbates hepatocyte damage, and upregulation of the transforming growth factor β pathway promotes liver fibrosis. The synergistic effect of oxidative stress, redox imbalance, and excessive fatty acid accumulation impairs mitochondrial function, increases reactive oxygen species production, and damages cell structure. Imbalances (such as abnormal β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios) further exacerbate this damage and promote the progression of metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease. Regarding heterogeneous regulation, PNPLA3 I148M inhibits triglyceride hydrolysis, and TM6SF2 E167K reduces very low-density lipoprotein precursor secretion, independently driving the risk of metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, and cancer. Abnormal adipose tissue function is key to metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease, leading to ectopic fat deposition and decreased adiponectin levels. Among the three metabolic subtypes, type A has a lower cardiovascular risk, while types B/C show rapid progression of liver fibrosis. Therefore, the dynamic interactions between genetics, metabolism, and environment influence the disease trajectory. Differential interventions based on metabolic subtypes and genetic metabolic risk scores can provide theoretical support for precise risk stratification and personalized treatment of metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease. 

Key words: metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease, pathological mechanism, insulin resistance, genetic variation, adipose tissue dysfunction, metabolic subtype

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