Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (4): 926-935.doi: 10.12307/2026.532

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Cartilage degeneration in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: mechanisms and regenerative challenges

Yang Xiao, Bai Yuehui, Zhao Tiantian, Wang Donghao, Zhao Chen, Yuan Shuo   

  1. Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Provincial Oral Health Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China 
  • Received:2024-11-27 Accepted:2025-01-25 Online:2026-02-08 Published:2025-05-20
  • Contact: Zhao Chen, PhD, Chief physician, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Provincial Oral Health Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China Co-corresponding author: Yuan Shuo, Master, Associate chief physician, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Provincial Oral Health Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
  • About author:Yang Xiao, Master candidate, Physician, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Provincial Oral Health Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
  • Supported by:
    2022 Hebei Provincial Government Subsidized Clinical Medicine Outstanding Talent Training and Basic Topics Research Project, No. 361029 (to ZC); Directive Subjects for Medical Science Research in Hebei Province in 2023, No. 20230184 (to ZC); 2024 Government-funded Clinical Excellence Program of Hebei Provincial Department of Finance/Hebei Provincial Health and Health Commission, No. ZF2024154 (to YS)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The exact pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis is currently unclear. Traditional clinical treatment strategies for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis are symptomatic treatments such as pain relief and reduction of inflammation, which can stop the progression of the disease to a certain degree but cannot reverse the destruction of the cartilage. Cartilage degeneration, as one of the most prominent pathologic features in the development of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis, has been the subject of an increasing number of studies that focus on its pathogenesis. Consequently, we hope to provide an ideal radical solution for the regeneration of the temporomandibular joint.
OBJECTIVE: To review the progress of research on cartilage degeneration in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis.
METHODS: The search terms were “temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis, degradation of cartilage matrix, synovitis, oxidative stress, chondrocyte hypertrophy, chondrocyte apoptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, extracellular vesicles” in Chinese and English. Literature search was conducted in PubMed database and CNKI, and the time limit for the search was from January 2004 to October 2024. Screening was performed by analyzing and reading the literature, and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 81 papers were finally included for review. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Increased secretion of cartilage matrix degrading enzymes causes degradation of the cartilage matrix, leading to cartilage degeneration. (2) Synovitis promotes cartilage degeneration through macrophage M1-type polarization and production of inflammatory mediators. (3) Oxidative stress promotes cartilage degeneration by exacerbating the inflammatory response through overproduction of reactive oxygen species. (4) Chondrocyte phenotypic changes and death lead to the decrease of cartilage matrix synthesis, resulting in cartilage degeneration. (5) Blood vessels of subchondral bone penetrate the calcified cartilage layer to reach the superficial cartilage layer, which destroys the cartilage structure and leads to cartilage degeneration. (6) Bioactive substances carried by serum-derived extracellular vesicles in inflammatory states also promote cartilage degeneration in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis.

Key words: temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis, degradation of the cartilage matrix, synovitis, oxidative stress, chondrocyte hypertrophy, chondrocyte apoptosis, ferroptosis, angiogenesis, extracellular vesicles, engineered tissue construction

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