Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (31): 8253-8263.doi: 10.12307/2026.337

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Synaptic Schwann cells promote neuromuscular junction regeneration and function maintenance

Fu Zhenyi1, Yang Xiao1, He Yunkai1, Zhang Yating1, Liu Jiaxin1, Yao Zhihui2, Yang Junying2, Zhao Yao2   

  1. 1School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China; 2Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 926 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Forces, School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan 661600, Yunnan Province, China
  • Received:2025-05-19 Accepted:2025-08-18 Online:2026-11-08 Published:2026-05-26
  • Contact: Yao Zhihui, PhD, Associate chief physician, Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 926 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Forces, School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan 661600, Yunnan Province, China. Co-corresponding author: Yang Junying, MS, Technologist in charge, Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 926 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Forces, School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan 661600, Yunnan Province, China. Co-corresponding author: Zhao Yao, Attending physician, Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 926 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Forces, School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan 661600, Yunnan Province, China
  • About author:Fu Zhenyi, School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Basic Research Project, No. 202401AT070153 (to YZH); Luo Gaoxing Expert Workstation of Yunnan Province, No. 202405AF140056 (to YZH); Science and Technology Strengthening Project of No. 926 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Forces, No. 926YY22XK02 (to YZH)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: After the denervation of muscles, a series of pathological and physiological changes occur, leading to muscle atrophy and degenerative changes in the neuromuscular junction. Currently, treatment methods such as infusion of neurotrophic factors, supplementation of nicotinamide mononucleotide, and surgical treatment have limited therapeutic effectiveness. Synaptic Schwann cells secrete neurotrophic factors and extracellular matrix proteins that bind to corresponding receptors, activating downstream signaling pathways and promoting the regeneration and functional recovery of neuromuscular junctions. Synaptic Schwann cells have been extensively studied in terms of physiological functions and have good therapeutic potential and clinical application prospects in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, age-related muscle dysfunction, and Guillain-Barré syndrome.
OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role and mechanism of synaptic Schwann cells in neuromuscular junctions, as well as the current research status and challenges in their clinical translation.
METHODS: A computer-based search was conducted in PubMed, CNKI, WanFang, VIP, and Medline. The search terms were “synaptic Schwann cells, terminal Schwann cells, regeneration of neuronal junction, NT-3 signaling pathway, BDNF signaling pathway, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, age-related muscle dysfunction, Guillain-Barré syndrome, extracellular matrix proteins” in English and Chinese. Priority was given to literature published in the last 5 years and in the journals with an impact factor of > 7. A total of 121 papers were included in the review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Synaptic Schwann cells have physiological functions such as sensing action potentials, regulating endplate potential amplitude, and maintaining neuromuscular junctions. They promote neuromuscular junction regeneration by activating downstream signaling pathways such as neurotrophin-3, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-4, and semaphore 3A. Experimental results have shown that synaptic Schwann cells have broad application potential in neuromuscular diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, age-related muscle dysfunction, and Guillain-Barré syndrome, and are expected to become a key therapeutic target for the future treatment of these diseases. However, the clinical application of synaptic Schwann cells still faces challenges such as unclear interaction mechanisms with other cells, difficulties in cell acquisition, and insufficient long-term safety.

Key words: synaptic Schwann cells, neuromuscular junction regeneration, neurotrophic factor-3 signaling pathway, brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, aging-related muscle dysfunction, Guillain-Barré syndrome, extracellular matrix proteins

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