Exercise intensity exerts a two-way regulatory role in the immune response

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.025

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that high-intensity exercise has immunosuppressive effect, while low- and medium-intensity exercises have anti-inflammatory effect, both of which offer protection against many chronic diseases.
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between immune system and exercise so as to explore the relevant mechanism underlying immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects.
METHODS: CNKI, Wanfang, and PubMed databases were retrieved for articles related to exercise immunology published from January 1990 to April 2015. Relevant mechanisms of action and research prospects were analyzed and expected.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Sixty articles related to sports and immune were included. High-intensity exercise has been proved to have a inhibitory effect on the immune function, and theories about immunosuppressive effect after high-intensity exercise is elementarily systemized. How to reduce and avoid immunosuppression impact of high-intensity exercise is still worth exploring. Anti-inflammatory effect of low- and medium-intensity exercises is becoming more and more popular. Especially, the endocrine effects of the skeletal muscle and the two-way regulatory role of interleukin-6 in the effects of different intensity exercise on the immune response are worthy of further exploration.
中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程

Key words: Sports, Immune Tolerance, Inflammation

Yi Xue. Exercise intensity exerts a two-way regulatory role in the immune response[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2015, 19(46): 7517-7522.

Figures/Tables 1

References

[1] Nieman DC. Exercise, infection, and immunity. Int J Sports Med. 1994;15 Suppl 3:S131-141.

[2] 刘花层.运动性免疫抑制的开窗理论探析[J].安阳师范学院学报,2007,(2):126-128.

[3] Kohut ML, Martin AE, Senchina DS, et al. Glucocorticoids produced during exercise may be necessary for optimal virus-induced IL-2 and cell proliferation whereas both catecholamines and glucocorticoids may be required for adequate immune defense to viral infection. Brain Behav Immun. 2005;19(5):423-435.

[4] Bracken RM, Linnane DM, Brooks S. Alkalosis and the plasma catecholamine response to high-intensity exercise in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(2):227-233.

[5] Vincent S, Berthon P, Zouhal H, et al. Plasma glucose, insulin and catecholamine responses to a Wingate test in physically active women and men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(1):15-21.

[6] 王瑾.抗β1-肾上腺素受体自身抗体对T淋巴细胞增殖和分泌功能的影响[D].太原:山西医科大学,2011.

[7] Okutsu M, Ishii K, Niu KJ, et al. Cortisol-induced CXCR4 augmentation mobilizes T lymphocytes after acute physical stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;288(3): R591-599.

[8] Krüger K, Lechtermann A, Fobker M, et al. Exercise-induced redistribution of T lymphocytes is regulated by adrenergic mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(3):324-338.

[9] Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Effects of exercise and training on natural killer cell counts and cytolytic activity: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 1999;28(3):177-195.

[10] 何伟.运动应激对Th1和Th2偏移的影响及其与Cor、BLA和BUN的关系[J].体育学刊,2009,16(5):95-99.

[11] Lancaster GI, Halson SL, Khan Q, et al. Effects of acute exhaustive exercise and chronic exercise training on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocytes. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2004;10:91-106.

[12] Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Asp S, et al. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans. J Physiol. 1999;515 ( Pt 1):287-291.

[13] Gleeson M, Bishop N, Oliveira M, et al. Respiratory infection risk in athletes: association with antigen-stimulated IL-10 production and salivary IgA secretion. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;22(3):410-417.

[14] Aguiló A, Monjo M, Moreno C, et al. Vitamin C supplementation does not influence plasma and blood mononuclear cell IL-6 and IL-10 levels after exercise. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(17):1659-1669.

[15] 周义义,傅博,朱荣,等.男子田径运动员负重运动后外周血淋巴细胞凋亡的变化及其机制分析[J].中国运动医学杂志,2011,30(11): 992-996.

[16] Tuan TC, Hsu TG, Fong MC, et al. Deleterious effects of short-term, high-intensity exercise on immune function: evidence from leucocyte mitochondrial alterations and apoptosis. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(1):11-15.

[17] Krüger K, Agnischock S, Lechtermann A, et al. Intensive resistance exercise induces lymphocyte apoptosis via cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor-dependent pathways. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;110(5):1226-1232.

[18] 覃飞,郝选明.长期递增负荷运动对小肠集合淋巴结结构及淋巴细胞凋亡的影响[J].体育学刊,2012,19(1):134-138.

[19] 汤静.大强度运动对青年男子淋巴细胞凋亡的影响[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2014,44(2):208-212.

[20] 汪亚群,楼青青,嵇加佳,等.抗阻运动对糖尿病前期患者糖脂代谢的影响[J].中华物理医学与康复杂志,2015,37(4):294-297.

[21] 李玉峰,杨学东,万龙.有氧运动对冠状动脉慢血流患者的疗效及血小板功能的影响[J].中国康复医学杂志,2010,25(11): 1071-1073.

[22] 柏海平,高前进.游泳运动对2型糖尿病大鼠炎症和氧化应激状态的影响[J].中国康复医学杂志,2013,28(8):708-713.

[23] Saghizadeh M, Ong JM, Garvey WT, et al. The expression of TNF alpha by human muscle. Relationship to insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 1996;97(4):1111-1116.

[24] Mishima Y, Kuyama A, Tada A, et al. Relationship between serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and insulin resistance in obese men with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001;52(2):119-123.

[25] Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, et al. Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-alpha function. Nature. 1997;389(6651):610-614.

[26] Borst SE, Bagby GJ. Neutralization of tumor necrosis factor reverses age-induced impairment of insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats. Metabolism. 2002; 51(8):1061-1064.

[27] 王淑艳,唐与晓,孟晓梅,等.肥胖患者血清内脂素和白介素6的变化及相关因素分析[J].中国全科医学,2011,14(18):2072-2073.

[28] 孙蓓,王宝利,梁东春,等.IL-6与肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的关系[J].天津医药,2007,35(4):244-246.

[29] Petersen EW, Carey AL, Sacchetti M, et al. Acute IL-6 treatment increases fatty acid turnover in elderly humans in vivo and in tissue culture in vitro. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 288(1):E155-162.

[30] Weigert C, Brodbeck K, Staiger H, et al. Palmitate, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induces the expression of interleukin-6 in human myotubes through proteasome-dependent activation of nuclear factor-kappaB. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(23):23942-23952.

[31] Wallenius V, Wallenius K, Ahrén B, et al. Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity. Nat Med. 2002;8(1):75-79.

[32] 焦亚斌,芮耀诚,杨鹏远,等.动脉粥样硬化大鼠主动脉IL-1β、TNFα、IL-10及IL-10R的表达及银杏叶提取物的作用[J].第二军医大学学报,2005,26(2):158-160.

[33] 白图雅.血清MMP-2和IL-6及TNF-α在动脉粥样硬化患者中的表达水平及其与疾病相关性研究[J].内蒙古医学杂志,2013,45(7): 776-778.

[34] 赵凯,钱月慧,程晓东.TNF-α、NF-κB在动脉粥样硬化闭塞症兔动脉中的表达变化[J].宁夏医科大学学报,2012,34(1):14-16.

[35] 张丽,王江,王秀艳,等.动脉粥样硬化大鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6以及冠状动脉巨噬细胞CD68的变化[J].中国老年学杂志,2013,33(21): 5391-5393.

[36] Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor: effector cytokines in autoimmune diseases. Semin Immunol. 1992; 4(3):133-145.

[37] 张春强,黄河,唐锡章,等.创伤性深静脉血栓形成中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10的变化和作用[J].昆明医学院学报,2007,28(3):30-34.

[38] Drenth JP, Van Uum SH, Van Deuren M, et al. Endurance run increases circulating IL-6 and IL-1ra but downregulates ex vivo TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta production. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1995;79(5):1497-1503.

[39] Schindler R, Mancilla J, Endres S, et al. Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses IL-1 and TNF. Blood. 1990;75(1):40-47.

[40] 唐晖,雷雨,张雪林,等.低肌糖原含量促进运动诱导大鼠骨骼肌IL-6基因转录的可能信号通路[J].中国运动医学杂志,2011, 30(3): 257-264.

[41] 焦广发,何玉秀,陈玉娟.长期有氧游泳运动对大鼠脂肪组织TNF-α含量和PPARγ蛋白表达量的影响[J].中国康复医学杂志,2007, 22(9): 779-781.

[42] 徐唯.长期中小运动量运动对大鼠外周血IL-6和TNF-α的影响[J].中国康复医学杂志,2012,27(9):837-838.

[43] Wang P, Wu P, Anthes JC, et al. Interleukin-10 inhibits interleukin-8 production in human neutrophils. Blood. 1994; 83(9):2678-2683.

[44] Pretolani M. Interleukin-10: an anti-inflammatory cytokine with therapeutic potential. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29(9):1164-1171.

[45] Wang P, Wu P, Siegel MI, et al. IL-10 inhibits transcription of cytokine genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol. 1994;153(2):811-816.

[46] Bogdan C, Paik J, Vodovotz Y, et al. Contrasting mechanisms for suppression of macrophage cytokine release by transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10. J Biol Chem. 1992; 267(32): 23301-23308.

[47] Gabay C, Smith MF, Eidlen D, et al. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an acute-phase protein. J Clin Invest. 1997;99(12):2930-2940.

[48] 石珊,张援,廖红娟,等.长期大强度运动人群机体炎症水平及其影响因素分析[J].中国热带医学,2014,14(1):20-22,44.

[49] 刘玉倩,王海涛,赵斌,等.不同强度运动对大鼠肝hepcidin mRNA表达和血清IL-6、铜蓝蛋白(CP)含量的影响[J].体育科学,2009,29(5): 66-69.

[50] Steensberg A, Keller C, Starkie RL, et al. IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression in, and release from, contracting human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;283(6): E1272-1278.

[51] Hiscock N, Chan MH, Bisucci T, et al. Skeletal myocytes are a source of interleukin-6 mRNA expression and protein release during contraction: evidence of fiber type specificity. FASEB J. 2004;18(9):992-994.

[52] Mizuhara H, O'Neill E, Seki N, et al. T cell activation-associated hepatic injury: mediation by tumor necrosis factors and protection by interleukin 6. J Exp Med. 1994;179(5):1529-1537.

[53] Matthys P, Mitera T, Heremans H, et al. Anti-gamma interferon and anti-interleukin-6 antibodies affect staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced weight loss, hypoglycemia, and cytokine release in D-galactosamine-sensitized and unsensitized mice. Infect Immun. 1995;63(4):1158-1164.

[54] Starkie R, Ostrowski SR, Jauffred S, et al. Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans. FASEB J. 2003;17(8):884-886.

[55] Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Keller C, et al. IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003;285(2):E433-437.

[56] Majtan J. Pleuran (β-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus ): an effective nutritional supplement against upper respiratory tract infections? Med Sport Sci. 2012;59:57-61.

[57] Scherr J, Nieman DC, Schuster T, et al. Nonalcoholic beer reduces inflammation and incidence of respiratory tract illness. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(1):18-26.

[58] Samut G, Dinçer F, Özdemir O. The effect of isokinetic and aerobic exercises on serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels, pain, and functional activity in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2015:1-6.

[59] Rethorst CD, Toups MS, Greer TL, et al. Pro-inflammatory cytokines as predictors of antidepressant effects of exercise in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(10): 1119-1124.

[60] Welc SS, Clanton TL. The regulation of interleukin-6 implicates skeletal muscle as an integrative stress sensor and endocrine organ. Exp Physiol. 2013;98(2):359-371.