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18 March 2017, Volume 21 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effects of low-frequency ultrasound combined with Tongluo Zhitong herbs on urokinase-type plasminogen activator system and inflammatory cytokines in knee osteoarthritis Zhang Hong, Ren Dong-sheng, Tao Ya-fei 2017, 21 (8):  1149-1154.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.001 Abstract ( 287 )   PDF (1198KB) ( 353 )   Save BACKGROUND: Low-frequency ultrasound combined with Tongluo Zhitong herbs can effectively relieve pain and improve joint function of patients with osteoarthritis, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of low-frequency ultrasound combined with Tongluo Zhitong herbs on urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and inflammatory cytokines of osteoarthritis rabbits and the related mechanisms. METHODS: Forty rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: normal, model, control, and experimental groups. The normal group was treated with normal feeding, not for any processing. For the other three groups, papain was injected into the rabbit knee articular cavity to establish osteoarthritis models. One week later, the experimental group was treated with low frequency ultrasound combined with Tongluo Zhitong herbs for 3 weeks, the control group treated with the same volume of normal saline, and the model group received no intervention. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the serum and synovial fluid were measured, the histological changes of synovial tissues and articular cartilage were evaluated using Mankin’s score, and the expression levels of uPA and its receptor were determined by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the model group were significantly higher than those in the normal and experimental groups (P < 0.05). The Mankin’s scores of synovial tissue in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the model and control groups (P < 0.05), while Mankin’s scores of the cartilage tissue had no significant difference between the experimental and model groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the model group, in the experimental group, the expression levels of uPA and its receptor were significantly downregulated, and the expression of uPA inhibitor was notably upregulated. These data show that low-frequency ultrasound combined with Tongluo Zhitong herbs attenuates inflammatory reaction in the synovial tissues, by inhibiting the formation of joint fluid and production of inflammatory cytokines, which is an effective treatment for knee osteoarthritis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differential expression of integrin alpha5beta1 in the degenerated articular cartilage after knee osteoarthritis Liu Jun-cai1, Chen You-xia2, Li Zhong1, Wu Shao-jun1, Zuo Yin-long1, Li Wen1, He Ke1, Zhang Zhi-wei1, Li Ren-ming1 2017, 21 (8):  1155-1160.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.002 Abstract ( 289 )   PDF (1269KB) ( 369 )   Save BACKGROUND: Integrin α5β1 has been shown to be related to acetabular cartilage degeneration due to developmental dysplasia of the hip. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of integrin α5β1 in differently degenerated cartilage tissues of the knee after knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Seventy-five degenerated articular cartilage specimens at the weight-bearing surface of femoral lateral and medial condyles were removed from patients with knee osteoarthritis who underwent total knee replacement, and were then allotted to four groups based on Mankin’s grading system: normal (n=6), mild degeneration (n=24), moderate degeneration (n=26) and severe degeneration (n=19) groups. The expression of integrin α5β1 in each group was detected using real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The detected results were consistent in the three kinds of assays, and the expression level of integrin α5β1 was ranked as follows: severe degeneration group > moderate degeneration group > mild degeneration group > normal group (P < 0.05). To conclude, differential expression levels of integrin α5β1 are found in different degenerative degrees of articular cartilage in knee osteoarthritis. Furthermore, the expression level of integrin α5β1 is increased with the degenerative severity. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue-engineered bone with vascular bundles or sensory nerve tracts for repairing large bone defects Qin Jun-jun1, Yin Dong1, Pei Guo-xian2, Jiang Shan3, Chen Si-yuan4, Wang Le5, Mu Tian-wang6, Li Ming-dong7 2017, 21 (8):  1161-1166.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.003 Abstract ( 437 )   PDF (4810KB) ( 300 )   Save BACKGROUND: Neuropeptides, a kind of endogenous active substance in nerve tissues, can modulate physiological functions of multiple body systems. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of vascular bundles or sensory nerve tracts implanted into tissue-engineered bone for rabbit large bone defects on the expression levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuropeptide-Y. METHODS: Fifty-four New Zealand rabbits were enrolled to make model of large bone defects, and then, the animal models were randomly divided into three groups, including sensory nerve tract, vascular bundle, and control groups (n=18 per group), followed by implanted with sensory nerve tracts, vascular bundle, and tissue-engineered bone without sensory tracts or vascular bundle, respectively. The defected bone received gross and Masson staining at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after modeling, to compare the expression levels of CGRP and neuropeptide-Y in each group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: mRNA expression levels of CGRP and neuropeptide-Y in the sensory nerve tract and vascular bundle groups were significantly higher than those in the control group at different time points after modeling (P < 0.05). mRNA expression levels of CGRP and neuropeptide-Y in the tissue-engineered bone began to be increased and peaked at the 8th week, and then decreased (P < 0.05), which were the lowest at the 4th week (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining results showed that CGRP was mainly found in the bridge, periosteum of newly born bones and around blood vessels; while neuropeptide-Y mainly localized in the medullary cavity and around blood vessels. These results indicate that the implantation of vascular bundle and sensory nerve tracts for bone defects can upregulate the expression levels of CGRP and neuropeptide-Y, and promote bone repair. However, sensory tract implantation may cause sensory impairment; thereafter, vascular bundle implantation is more suitable for ideal tissue-engineered construction to meet physical requirements. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Halofuginone delays articular cartilage degeneration in early osteoarthritis  Li Jiao, Xu Bo-yong, Guo Wen-tao, Mu Wen-bo, Zhang Zhen-dong, Ji Bao-chao, Cao Li 2017, 21 (8):  1167-1171.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.004 Abstract ( 398 )   PDF (4018KB) ( 280 )   Save BACKGROUND: Halofuginone has been proved to ameliorate the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To further verify the protective effect of halofuginone on early osteoarthritis. METHODS: Forty-five healthy male C57BL6J mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=15 per group): the mice in sham operation group were only subjected to right knee capsulotomy; in the other two groups, animal models of osteoarthritis were established by cutting off the right anterior cruciate ligament, followed by treated with distilled water (placebo group) or 0.5 mg/kg halofuginone (halofuginone group) via gavage, once daily beginning at 3 days after modeling. Twenty-eight days after treatment, all mice were sacrificed and the right knee was removed. The morphology and structure of the joint tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and safranin fast green staining; the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The structure of articular cartilage in the sham operation group was normal, the cells arranged in neat rows, and the articular surface was not worn. In the placebo group, the articular cartilage layer became thinner, the cartilage surface was worn and even fragmented, and cells arranged in disorder. In the halofuginone group, the cartilage cell layer was clear and tidy, with regular cell morphology. The hyaline cartilage thickness and hyaline cartilage thickness/calcified cartilage thickness were ranked as follows: sham operation group > halofuginone group > placebo group. The calcified cartilage thickness was the highest in the placebo group, followed by halofuginone group, and lowest in the sham operation group. Osteoarthritis Research Society International scores and TGF-β1 positive cells/chondrocytes in the halofuginone group were significantly lower than those in the placebo group, and all above indices showed significant differences among groups (P < 0.05). These results suggest that halofuginone via gavage can partially prevent articular cartilage degeneration in early osteoarthritis mice probably by downregulating the expression of TGF-β1, thus delaying the progression of osteoarthritis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of concentrated growth factor fibrin membrane during distraction osteogenesis of the rabbit mandible Tian Lu-ming1, Xin Zeng-xi1, Ma Yun-sheng2 2017, 21 (8):  1172-1177.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.005 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (5723KB) ( 279 )   Save BACKGROUND: Concentrated growth factor (CGF) fibrin membrane is involved in metabolism regulation, which has been applied in bone remodeling. Previous Studies have found that the cytoplasts of osteoblasts, interstitial cells and osteocytes in distraction osteogenesis are positive for osteoprotegerin and receptor activator nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL). OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of bone orthopedic effect and the promotion effect of CGF fibrin membrane on the distraction osteogenesis of the rabbit mandible. METHODS: Twenty-four white rabbits were randomly selected. Distraction osteogenesis was performed unilaterally in the rabbit left mandible (control group); CGF fibrin membrane was fixed on the inner surface of distractor, and the distraction gap was then completely wrapped prior to distraction osteogenesis in the right mandible (experimental group). At 1, 7, 14 and 28 days of consolidation period, the rabbits were sacrificed and the bilateral mandibles were taken for hematoxylin-eosin staining, western blot assay and immunohistochemical staining to detect the expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in the newborn bones; the osteogenesis in the distraction gap was observed and compared between two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The osteoprotegerin positive cells and positive area percentage in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 1, 7 and 14 days after distraction osteogenesis (P < 0.01). The RANKL positive rate and positive area percentage in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 1 and 14 days after distraction osteogenesis (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Western blot assay showed a higher ratio of RANKL/osteoprotegerin in the control group than the experimental group (P < 0.01). Our findings indicate that CGF fibrin membrane can promote osteogenesis and mineralization in the distraction gap of the rabbit mandible, which is beneficial for distraction osteogenesis in the mandible. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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SMAD7 prevents heterotopic ossification by regulating endothelial-mesenchymal transition after Achilles tendon imjury Zhang Chi1, 2, Ji Fang1 2017, 21 (8):  1178-1185.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.006 Abstract ( 379 )   PDF (5981KB) ( 469 )   Save BACKGROUND: The endothelial-mesenchymal transition is known to play a central role in the pathological process of heterotopic ossification. OBJECTIVE: To verify the inhibitory effect of SMAD7 on endothelial-mesenchymal transition such as myofibroblast transformation and to explore whether it is a potential target for heterotopic ossification. METHODS: A lentivirus overexpressing SMAD7 was contructed and the optimal titre and transfection efficiency in rat aortic endothelial cells were determined. The lentivirus was then injected into a rat model of Achilles tendon injury, while the controls were given the injection of normal saline. Expressions of endothelial and mesenchymal markers at the injured site were analyzed by quantitative PCR and western blot assay. The heterotopic ossification was observed radiologically and histologically. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Local injection of SMAD7-delivering lentivirus resulted in an upregulation of CD31 and VE-cadherin, and a downregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin, suggesting that the endothelial-mesenchymal transition is blocked due to local SMAD7 overexpression. The inhibitory effect became more evident at 10 weeks than at 6 weeks after modeling. Radiology and histological staining further confirmed that the ossified structures in the tendon tissue disappeared after injection of SMAD7-delivering lentivirus, as opposed to the control group. These data suggest that local overexpression of SMAD7 can prevent postoperative heterotopic ossification with no effect on wound healing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of bone mass after concentrated growth factor liquid applied in dental implant surgery with guided bone regeneration Zhang Lu1, 2, Wang Pin2, Guo Ling2, Liu Min2 2017, 21 (8):  1186-1191.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.007 Abstract ( 396 )   PDF (5598KB) ( 355 )   Save BACKGROUND: The osteogenesis effects of concentrated growth factors (CGF) gel have been studied, butlittle has been reported on CGF liquid. OBJECTIVE: To explore the bone mass changes after CGF is used in the dental implant surgery with guided bone regeneration (GBR) in patients with upper anterior tooth labial bone defect, and to evaluate the effect of CGF liquid combined with Bio-Oss bone meal on bone augmentation. METHODS: Fifty patients with single anterior tooth labial bone defect were enrolled and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=25 per group). Patients in both groups underwent dental implant surgery with GBR. CGF liqiud, Bio-Oss bone meal and biological membrane were used in the experimental group, and Bio-Oss bone meal and biological membrane used in the control group. RESULTS AND CONCLSUION: All patients healed well according to the successful criteria. Six months postoperatively, there was no significant difference in the thickness changes of labial bone between two groups (P > 0.05). From 6 months to 12 months after operation, the thickness changes of labial bone in the experimental group was significantly less than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that CGF liquid combined with Bio-Oss bone meal makes good effect on dental implantation of patients with anterior tooth labial bone defect. CGF liquid also contributes to reduce the labial bone resorption of the implant after functional loading. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone affinity fluorescein indirectly marks early angiogenesis during endochondral ossification Wu Tao, Liu Ying-chao, Guo Zhi-wang, Lv Jun, Xing Jian-zhou, Hou Bing 2017, 21 (8):  1192-1196.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.008 Abstract ( 473 )   PDF (4109KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are various methods to observe and detect early angiogenesis in the process of entochondrostosis, but each holds certain deficiencies. OBJECTIVE: To explore the possibility of tetracycline and alizarin complexone as an indirect marker of angiogenesis in the process of entochondrostosis. METHODS: New Zealand white rabbit models of bilateral radial bone defects were prepared, followed by β-tricalcium phosphate implantation, and then given the injection of tetracycline and alizarin complexone at 1 and 15 days, respectively. Samples were collected at 28 days, some of which were observed using fluorescence/light microscope after ink perfusion and hard tissue slicing, and the others were decalcified and observed using immunohistochemistry. The uniformity between lumen structures labeled with bone affinity fluorescein and vascular structures marked by immunohistochemistry and ink perfusion was compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The lumen structure labeled with bone affinity fluorescein was confirmed to be a CD34 positive vascular structure. Under the fluorescence microscope, the bone affinity fluorescein labeled vascular morphology was consistent with ink perfusion-labeled, and black ink lines could be observed in the lumen structures labeled with bone affinity fluorescein after ink perfusion. In addition, the color of the lumen labeled with fluorescein was more gorgeous, three-dimensional structure more vivid, and the vascular evolution process distinguished more easily by different fluorescein colors, exhibiting unique advantages. Therefore, it is available to detect the early angiogenesis in the process of entochondrostosis 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of heat shock protein 27 in the periodontium on the tension side during orthodontic tooth movement Nie Jing1, Li Ze-hui2, Jiang Han2, Pan Xu1, Li Chun-Xia1 2017, 21 (8):  1197-1201.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.009 Abstract ( 399 )   PDF (3342KB) ( 255 )   Save BACKGROUND: A large number of cytokines produce in the periodontium on the tension side during orthodontic tooth movement, participate in periodontal remodeling, and make the tooth move to its normal position, thus achieving alveolar remodeling. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is reported to be involved in the periodontal remodeling. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of HSP27 in the rat periodontium on the tension side during the orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS: The rat models of orthodontic tooth movement were constructed using NiTi coil spring with the force value of 50 g. The periodontal samples were collected at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days after exerting force to detect the expression level of HSP27 in the periodontium on the tension side. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Immunofluorescence staining results revealed that the expression level of HSP27 in the periodontal tissues began to increase at the 1st day after exerting force, reached the highest level at the 3rd day, and then fell to the initial level at the 5th day. To conclude, HSP27 is evoked by orthodontic force early, and it may play a role in periodontal remodeling. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Insulin-like growth factor-1 upregulates the expression of aggrecan and collagen type II in nucleus pulposus cells via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway  Li Da-peng1, Wu Yan2, Yue Jia-wei2, Wang Jia-lun2, Hu Lang1, Huang Yong-hui1 2017, 21 (8):  1202-1208.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.010 Abstract ( 437 )   PDF (5659KB) ( 448 )   Save BACKGROUND: Growth factors and other biological methods have become very popular in the repair of degenerative interevrtebral disc. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) can promote the proliferation of nucleus pulposus cells, and synthesis of functional extracellular matrix, but the mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of IGF-I on the expressions of aggrecan and collagen type II in nucleus pulposus cells, and to explore its signal transduction mechanism. METHODS: The human nucleus pulposus cells were isolated and cultured. Passage 3 nucleus pulposus cells were induced in different concentrations of IGF-1 (0, 20, 50, 100 and 200 μg/L), respectively. The expressions of aggrecan and collagen type II were detected by reverse transcription PCR and western blot assay. Western blot assay was adopted to observe the effect of 100 μg/L IGF-1 on the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in nucleus pulposus cells, and the expression of aggrecan and collagen type II was detected after the inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway by LY294002. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the increase of IGF concentration, the expression levels of aggrecan and collagen type II were increased gradually. 100 μg/L IGF-1 could significantly promote the expressions of p-PI3K and p-Akt (P < 0.01), while LY294002 reversed this effcet (P < 0.01). 100 μg/L IGF-1 significantly upregulated the expression levels of aggrecan and collagen type II in nucleus pulposus cells (P < 0.01); in contrast, LY294002 significantly downregulated the expression levels of aggrecan and collagen type II promoted by IGF-1(P < 0.01). These results indicate that IGF-1 can promote the expression levels of aggrecan and collagen type II in nucleus pulposus cells via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of the upper airway growth in class III malocclusion patients Qi Yi-zhe, Zhang Ya-qiu, Liu Ke, Li Yong-ming 2017, 21 (8):  1209-1214.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.011 Abstract ( 393 )   PDF (1220KB) ( 283 )   Save BACKGROUND: Class II malocclusion has been found to be associated with the morphology of upper airway, but development of upper airway in patients with class III malocclusion, and its correlation with the craniofacial morphology have not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of the upper airway growth in patients with class III malocclusion according to quantitative cervical vertebral maturation (QCVM), thus providing references for the upper airway construction and studies on the craniofacial development. METHODS: 368 patients with class III malocclusion aged 4-39 years old were enrolled and allocated to four groups according to QCVM (QCVM I, II, III and IV). The lateral cephalometric radiographs were measured, and then the sagittal depth of upper airway was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All measurements showed no significant differences in QCVM I. In QCVM II, III and IV, only the distance of epiglottic vallecula and posterior pharyngeal wall showed significant difference. The PNS-R, PNS-AD2, V-LPW of upper airway in male increased from QCVM I to QCVM III, and SPP-SPPW, U-MPW, TB-TPPW increased from QCVM II, and the increase of PNS-UPW made a significance from QCVM I to QCVM II. In female, the PNS-R, PNS-AD2 of upper airway increased from QCVM I to QCVM III, and SPP-SPPW, U-MPW, TB-TPPW, V-LPW increased from QCVM II, and the increase of PNS-UPW made a significant difference from QCVM I to QCVM II. While from QCVM III to QCVM IV, the changes made no significance. There was a correlation between the sagittal depth of upper airway and craniofacial structure. Different vertical facial types exposed influence on the sagittal depth of upper airway. To conclude, the upper airway is related to the craniofacial development in class III malocclusion patients, paving the way for the future study on the correlation between the upper airway and class III malocclusion. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fixed bite plate combined with intermaxillary traction screw for free fibula flap repair of mandibular defects Zhou He-jie, Xu Xiao-mei, Mao Jie, Zhou Yi-fei 2017, 21 (8):  1215-1220.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.012 Abstract ( 512 )   PDF (1092KB) ( 350 )   Save BACKGROUND: Surgeries on maxillary sinus carcinoma, soft palate carcinoma, tonsillar cancer and other malignant tumors and surgical trauma are known to cause mandibular defects. Patients with mandibular defects usually present with chewing, swallowing and speech dysfunction and imperfect facial appearance. It is difficult to repair mandibular defects in the maxillofacial surgery. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of fixed bite plate combined with intermaxillary traction screw in the repair of mandibular defects with free fibular flap. METHODS: Seventy-five patients with mandibular defects reconstructed using free fibular flap in the Affiliated Stomatological Medical Hospital of Southwest University of Medical Sciences from June 2014 to December 2015 were enrolled, and were than randomized to two groups: 44 patients subjected to the bite plate combined with intermaxillary traction screw served as experimental group, and the others received intermaxillary traction using dental arch splint as control group. The operation time, wound healing at donor and accepting site, the survival rate of fibular flap, facial appearance, occlusion, functional speech and complications were compared between two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The mean operation time showed significant difference between the experimental ((9.1±1.7) hours) and control ((10.2±2.1) hours) groups (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the facial appearance (38 vs. 20), occlusion (41 vs. 22), and functional speech (39 vs. 21) between experimental and control groups (P < 0.05). The all-complication rate and the rate of maxillofacial wound dehiscence in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the bite plate combined with intermaxillary traction screw is simple and effective accompanied by less complications in the repair of mandibular defects. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Paracrine effect of endothelial colony-forming cells on biological functions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells  Wang Bu-lin1, 2, Guo Xiao-rui3, Li Qin2 2017, 21 (8):  1221-1228.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.013 Abstract ( 466 )   PDF (9371KB) ( 222 )   Save BACKGROUND: Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) transplantation exerts beneficial impact on angiogenesis of impaired tissues caused by ischemia. However, whether this impact is related to the paracrine effect of ECFCs needs to be studied further.  OBJECTIVE: To detect the cytokine secretion profile of human umbilical cord blood derived-ECFCs conditioned medium (ECFCs-CM) and explore the effect of ECFCs-CM on the proliferation, migration and tube formation ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS: Human cord blood derived-ECFCs were isolated, cultured in vitro, and then identified based on the previous studies. The cytokines in serum free ECFCs-CM were detected using a cytokines antibody array. HUVECs were cultured with ECFCs-CM, serum free EBM-2 as control. The proliferation, migration and tube formation abilities of HUVECs were examined by cell counting kit-8, scratch test and Matrigel assay, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cultured cells demonstrated typical characteristics of ECFCs, which showed cobblestone appearance and were positive for CD34, KDR and CD144, but not CD45 or CD133, uptook Dil-acLDL and bond FITC-UEA-I, and tube-like structures were formed on Matrigel. The cytokine antibody array showed that ECFCs-CM significantly upregulated the expressions of 30 kinds of angiogenic factors. Compared with the control group, the HUVECs cultured with ECFCs-CM showed significantly improved proliferation ability at 24, 48 and 72 hours (P < 0.01). The migration rate of HUVECs in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 12 and 24 hours (P < 0.01). There were more tubular structures in the experimental group than those in the control group (P < 0.05). These results indicate that ECFCs can promote the bioactivity of mature endothelial cells through paracrine action. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of a rabbit model of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by combining different concentrations of glucocorticoids with horse serum Cao Liang-quan1, Du Bin2, Sun Guang-quan2, Liu Xin2, Chen Guo-qing3, Gu Lei1, Liu Bing4 2017, 21 (8):  1229-1235.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.014 Abstract ( 437 )   PDF (4813KB) ( 301 )   Save BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoid has been shown to be a major factor of osteonecrosis of the femoral head  (ONFH), so constructing a reliable, effective and low mortality ONFH model will be helpful for searching for a better treatment strategy of ONFH. OBJECTIVE: To construct a rabbit model of early ONFH by intravenous injection of different concentrations of glucocorticoids and horse serum. METHODS: Thirty healthy male New Zealand rabbits were randomly allotted to six groups, followed by given the injection of 10 mg/kg horse serum combined with 5 mg/kg dexamethasone (group A), 10 mg/kg horse serum combined with 10 mg/kg dexamethasone (group B), 20 mg/kg horse serum combined with 5 mg/kg dexamethasone (group C), 20 mg/kg horse serum combined with 10 mg/kg dexamethasone (group D), 10 mg/kg dexamethasone (group E), and      2 mL/kg normal saline (control group) via ear veins, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Abnormal MRI signal of the femoral head appeared in the group D at postoperative 2 weeks, while abnormal signal was seen at postoperative 4 weeks in the other groups except the controls. Six weeks postoperatively, 80% rabbits in the group D showed abnormal signals, which were significantly more than those in the groups C (50%), B (40%), A (25%), and E (20%) (P < 0.05). The serum levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol in the groups A, B, C, D were significantly higher than those in the control group at 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after injection (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the ratio of empty lacuna sigmificantly increased in the group D (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the injection of high concentration of horse serum combined with the high concentration of dexamethasone is successful and safe to make an animal model of early ONFH. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishing a rat model of osteoporosis with critical-size calvarial defects Huang Kui1, Luo Dao-wen1, Wang Lei1, Luo Shi-hong1, Yao Zhi-hao1, Li Yong1, Xiao Jin-gang1, 2 2017, 21 (8):  1236-1240.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.015 Abstract ( 580 )   PDF (5080KB) ( 319 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis with bone defects is becoming a devastating problem. To establish an animal model is the basis of studying this disease, but how to establish the animal model is not yet reported. OBJECTIVE: To establish a Sprague-Dawley rat model of osteoporosis accompanied with critical-size calvarial defects. METHODS: Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups, followed by bilateral ovariectomy, and 8 mm critical-size calvarial defects were established 12 weeks later (experimental group) or followed by removal of the same quality of adipose tissues around bilateral ovaries and 8 mm critical-size calvarial defects were established 12 weeks later (control group). Twelve weeks after modeling, the three-dimensional bone mineral content and bone mineral density of the isolated proximal femur and distal tibial, as well as the level of serum alkaline phosphatase were detected; at the same time, the histological morphology of the skull was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The skull defects in both two groups were not completely healed and the repair outcome was not significant. The new bone formation in the control group was significantly more remarkable than that in the experimental group. Compared with the control group, the three-dimensional bone mineral content and bone mineral density of the proximal femur and distal tibial were significantly decreased, and the level of serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly increased in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the experimental group, the trabecular bone became smaller and thinner, the bone marrow cavity was obviously increased, the cortical bone appeared to be markedly thinner, and the formation of new bone matrix was significantly decreased. To conclude, the Sprague-Dawley rat model of osteoporosis with critical-size calvarial defects is successfully established. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Therapeutic efficacy of moxibustion at different distances on type II collagen-induced arthritis Wang Yang, Wu Xin-yu, Sun Zhi-ling, Zhang Yong-yi, Xue Lian, Qin Xue 2017, 21 (8):  1241-1245.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.016 Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (1183KB) ( 413 )   Save BACKGROUND: Moxibustion can improve the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and reduce inflammation, but there are no uniform operation standards. The moxibustion distance becomes one of factor influencing the therapeutic efficacy. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of different moxibustion distances on rheumatoid arthritis, and to explore the optimal distance. METHODS: The 8 of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly selected as controls. The other 32 were used to make animal modes of collagen type II-induced ankle arthritis, and then given moxibustion at Shenshu (BL23) and Zusanli (ST36) at an interval of 1, 2 and 3 cm, respectively, once daily, 10 minutes at each point, 6 days per course for three courses, with a course interval of 1 day. Model rats with no treatment acted as model group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the toe volume, arthritis index and serum levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α except the body mass were significantly increased in the model group (P < 0.01). After moxibustion treatment, these indexes were significantly decreased in the three treatment groups (P < 0.01), especially in the 1 and 2 cm groups (P < 0.01). Narrowed articular cavity, intra-articular inflammation and pannus formation were observed in the model group, while only moderate inflammatory cell infiltration and few pannus formation were found in the 1, 2, 3 cm groups. These results indicate that moxibustion improves joint functions and regulates immune reaction by downregulating the levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as reducing synovial hyperplasia. In addition, the optimal distance for moxibustion is 1 or 2 cm, which is a momentous proposition to improve therapeutic efficacy. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes in upper lip height and nostril sill after alveolar bone grafting in congenital unilateral cleft lip and alveolus patients Jiao Jian-jun, Chai Cong-na, Jin Shu-bin, Zhang Xue-qiang, Ma Chao, Li Hui-min 2017, 21 (8):  1246-1250.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.017 Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (1660KB) ( 293 )   Save BACKGROUND: Alveolar bone grafting is known to reduce nasal asymmetry by supporting a defective alar base and a sunken nostril. However, there are no studies on details of changes in the upper lip with appropriate measurements. OBJECTIVE: To measure the change in the upper lip height and nostril sill after alveolar bone grafting. METHODS: Forty-six congenital unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA) patients (mean age 9.85 years). The patients underwent alveolar bone grafting with autogenous iliac bone grafts. The average bone graft volume was 2.98 cm3. Photographs of the frontal, lateral and basal views were obtained using standardized photographic techniques. The fixed position points on the patients’ faces were measured. Preoperative and postoperative upper lip height and projection, the proportion indexes of the nostril sill were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The 6-month follow-up results showed that the height of the upper lip was increased, but no significant difference was found. The projection of the upper lip was more prominent, but there was not statistically significant difference bbetween pre- and post-operation. The nostril sill was significantly elevated in three of four distance items. In conclusion, the height of the upper lip is elongated and the nostril sill is elevated after alveolar bone grafting in UCLA patients. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overuse-induced patella-patellar tendon junction injuries: histological characteristics and growth factor expression levels Liang Xiao-tian1, Zeng Xiao-hui1, Wang Bo1, 2, Tang Yi-ni1, Hao Zhi-teng1, Wang Lin2 2017, 21 (8):  1251-1256.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.018 Abstract ( 349 )   PDF (1250KB) ( 267 )   Save BACKGROUND: Although overuse-induced patella-patellar tendon junction injury is a common disease, its pathogenesis and healing mechanism remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To establish an overuse-induced injury animal model by a repetitive traction at the patellar tendon insertion, and to explore its pathogenesis and healing mechanism based on histomorphology and growth factor expression levels. METHODS: Twenty-eight New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: the rabbit left and right posterior limbs without any intervention as controls (n=4); cyclic loading training targeting the left posterior limb was done in model, healing and training groups (n=8 per group) for 4 weeks. Afterwards, the rabbits in the model group were killed immediately, rabbits in the healing group relaxed for another 4 weeks and then were killed, while rabbits in the training group were subjected to 4-week low-intensity training. The histological changes and growth factor expression levels during patella-patellar tendon junction injury and healing after load training were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, in the model group, the cells and collagenous fibers arranged in disorder, and the tidemark disappeared. The healing and training groups healed incompletely, but showed better histological changes than the model group. The thickness of fibrocartilage and basic fibroblast growth factor level in the control group were significantly lower than those in the other three groups (P < 0.05). The cell density and vascular endothelial growth factor level in the model group were significantly higher than those in the control and healing groups (P < 0.05). These results show that the animal model of overuse-induced patella-patellar tendon junction injury cannot return to normal after 4 weeks of rest, but the low-intensity training is conductive to healing quality. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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High-frequency ultrasound in the assessment of tendon injury and repair: study protocol for a self-controlled animal trial Liu Zhuang, Li Hua-guang, Zhang Hai-feng, Li Xiao-dan, Han Shao-guang 2017, 21 (8):  1257-1261.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.019 Abstract ( 326 )   PDF (1024KB) ( 283 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tendon injury is common in clinic, which is mainly treated by surgical anastomosis. Postoperative tendon healing is usually assessed through surgeons’ experience due to high cost and application restrictions of MRI examination. Thus there is still a lack of a convenient and objective imaging support. With the advancement and widespread application of high-frequency ultrasound, the diagnosis rate of tendon injury has been improved remarkably; thereafter, high-frequency ultrasound used for assessing tendon injury and repair has become an issue of concern. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the ultrasonic imaging features of tendon repair through high-frequency ultrasound scan combined with histological examination. METHODS: This was a single-central, preoperative and self-controlled animal experiment and finished in the Central People’s Hospital of Siping, China. 130 adult male Highbrow chickens were selected and were then randomized into 13 groups (n=10 per group). One side of each chicken hind foot was randomly selected as experimental limb to undergo achillotomy followed by repair using the modified Kessler method (groups 2-13) or no treatment (group 1); the contralateral limb served as control. Moreover, passive flexion-extension functional training targeting the experimental limbs was performed in the groups 8-13 beginning at the 1st day after surgical anastomosis, several times a day. The high-frequency ultrasound and hematoxylin- eosin staining were conducted before and after chillotomy (group 1), and at 3 (groups 2 and 8), 7 (groups 3 and 9), 14 (groups 4 and 10), 21 (groups 5 and 11), 35 (groups 6 and 12) and 42 (groups 7 and 13) days after surgical anastomosis, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The primary measurement outcomes were the repair and healing of the injured tendon as assessed by high-frequency ultrasound; the secondary outcomes were the pathological manifestations of the injured tendon detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Our findings will provide preclinical proof for high-frequency ultrasound use in the assessment of tendon injury, repair and healing as well as for the rehabilitation therapy that promotes function recovery in the future. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of microglia on iron metabolism in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and the underlying mechanism: study protocol for an in vitro cellular experiment Shi Cheng-kui, Chen Zhi-qiang 2017, 21 (8):  1262-1267.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.020 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (888KB) ( 367 )   Save BACKGROUND: Iron metabolism disorder has been proved to be a key factor of Parkinson’s disease, but research on brain iron metabolism is still immature, and the role of glial cells in the brain iron metabolism remains unclear. Many studies have pointed that microglia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, which closely related to iron. OBJECTIVE: To further explore the relationship between microglia and neurons in iron metabolism based on our previous study, and to clarify the role of microglia in iron-induced selective damaged dopaminergic neurons of Parkinson’s disease. METHODS: This was an in vitro cellular experiment, which was finished in the Medical College of Qingdao University, Shandong Province, China. The effects of conditioned medium of microglia on the survival rate of mesencephalic neurons and iron metabolism were observed by changing the iron levels in microglia. Lipopolysaccharide was used to activate different iron-loaded microglia, and then the effects of conditioned medium on the survival rate of mesencephalic neurons and iron metabolism were determined. The effects of different iron levels in microglia on microglia and inflammatory factors and lactoferrin released from the activated microglia were detected by siRNA and ELISA. The effects of these inflammatory factors and lactoferrin on the survival of mesencephalic neurons and iron metabolism were observed. The iron levels in mesencephalic neurons were changed, and then added into the above conditioned medium to observe the survival of neurons and iron metabolism. This experimental protocol was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee (No. 01482 311234). All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals issued by the United States National Institutes of Health. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Our study results show that the function of microglia is closely related to the iron metabolism in nigra dopaminergic neurons. Research on the rational use of microglia to prevent neuronal degeneration gives a strong impetus to the prevention and treatment of Parkinson’s disease. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Combined use of RT-PCR and gel electrophoresis to detect expression of transforming growth factor beta1 in mouse lung fibroblasts in vitro Yu Wei-tao, Wang Dong-jian, Ai Ling-yan 2017, 21 (8):  1268-1272.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.021 Abstract ( 338 )   PDF (1426KB) ( 264 )   Save BACKGROUND: As a combination of reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RT-PCR has been used to detect gene expression levels in cells and tissues, RNA virus contents in cells and specific gene cloned cDNA sequences. OBJECTIVE: To detect the inhibitory effcet of Stealth siRNAs on the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). METHODS: There were blank control, empty vector transfection, stealth_48, stealth_166, and stealth_594 groups. Three stealth siRNAs aimed at different sequences in TGF-β1 mRNA were made, and were then transfected into BALB/c mouse lung fibroblasts in vitro. The expressions of TGF-β1 and connective tissue growth factor were detected by RT-PCR.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In different time periods, the TGF-β1 expression was differentially depressed by three stealth siRNAs, especially stealth_166. The inhibitory effects varied with time, which could be detective at 48 hours, reached the peak at 72 hours and then began to attenuate at 96 hours. Our findings show that the inhibitory effect of stealth siRNAs on the TGF-β1 expression in mouse lung fibroblasts can be detected by RT-PCR. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue-engineered nerve conduits with internal structure in the repair of peripheral nerve defects Chen Jun, Shen Hua 2017, 21 (8):  1273-1279.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.022 Abstract ( 420 )   PDF (1018KB) ( 332 )   Save BACKGROUND: To enhance peripheral nerve regeneration, the focus on the development of nerve conduits has been shifted from conventional conduits without internal structure to novel conduits with internal stuucture. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the internal structure of nerve conduits is necessary. OBJECTIVE: To review the application of tissue-engineered nerve conduits with internal structure in nerve regeneration. METHODS: A computer-based research of CNKI, WanFang, SinoMed and PubMed databases was performed to retrieve relevant literatures about the tissue-engineered nerve conduits with internal structure published from January 2009 to December 2015, using the keywords of “nerve conduit/conduits/scaffolds/scaffold/channel/channels, internal scaffolds/scaffold, nerve regeneration/repair, hydrogel, acellularized/decellularized nerve” in Chinese and English, respectively. Forty-seven eligible literatures were included for overview. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The novel nerve conduits with internal structure have many advantages over conventional conduits without internal structure, which can support, guide, promote peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery, especially, when modified with seed cells, neurotrophic factors or extracellular matrix, can achieve more effective results comparable to autologous nerve grafts. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cell autophagy is involved in steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head Meng Chen-yang1, Liu Wan-lin2, Bai Rui2, Zhao Zhen-qun2 2017, 21 (8):  1280-1287.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.023 Abstract ( 342 )   PDF (1062KB) ( 417 )   Save BACKGROUND: Autophagy of osteocytes has been found to be implicated in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head and closely related to apoptosis. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress of autophagy in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head by studying the interaction between cell autophagy and cell apoptosis as well as osteocytes. METHODS: A computer-based online retrieval of PubMed, Embase and CNKI databases was performed for relevant literatures published from October 1996 to October 2016 with the keywords of “steroid, necrosis of the femoral head, cell apoptosis, cell autophagy, osteocyte” in Chinese and English, respectively. The articles concerning steroid-induced necrosis of femoral head and cell autophagy were collected, and the redundant and old researches or Meta analysis were removed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Mammalian target of rapamycin, Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, bone morphogenetic proteins, fork box protein and transcription gene family and transcription factor 4 are closely related to autophagy. The interaction between autophagy and osteocytes is correlated with steroid dose: the autophagy shows protective factor under the low dose corticosteroids; however, with the increase of the dosage, a large number of apoptotic cells, and the phenomenon of bone loss can been observed. Furthermore, the relationship of cell autophagy with apoptosis and bone mass maintenance is still controversial, which needs to be explored in depth via a series of rational experiments. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of whole body vibration on low extremity functions and chronic diseases in the elderly Tan Jing-wang, Wu Xue-ping 2017, 21 (8):  1288-1293.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.024 Abstract ( 537 )   PDF (1079KB) ( 320 )   Save BACKGROUND: Whole body vibration (WBV) training has gained increased attention at the beginning of 21st century as a sort of exercise. WBV instruments are popularized gradually; in the meanwhile, WBV training has showed its values especially for people who are too feeble to attend conventional exercises, among whom, the elderly accounts a lot. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the effects of WBV training on low extremity functions and chronic diseases in older individuals, and to explore the underlying mechanism, thus providing reference for the study on WBV training. METHODS: Web of Science, PubMed and CNKI databases were searched for the literatures addressing WBV training published between 1998 and 2015 with the subject word of “whole body vibration” and the keywords of “older adult, elderly, seniors, aging” in English and Chinese, respectively. The articles related to the lung diseases were excluded. The subjects were more than 60 years old, the low extremity functions included neuromuscular function, balance and walking abilities, and the chronic diseases included stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and Parkinson disease. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: WBV training is likely to increase muscle strength, body balance and functional mobility. In terms of chronic diseases, WBV training contributes to muscle strength, relieving muscle stiffness, amyostasia, enancing improving some indexes of chronic diseases. WBV training is a safe and feasible exercising way for elderly people scheduled for improving the muscle strength, balance and walking abilities. Considering the existed evidences, WBV cannot replace the conventional therapy to treat chronic diseases in the elderly. Furthermore, a large number of high quality trials should be conducted in the future to clarify its effectiveness and application values. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of Hedgehog signaling pathway regulating RANKL expression in osteoblasts Wu Xiu-tuan, Li Wen-liang, Xie Liu-rong, Liao Hong-bing 2017, 21 (8):  1294-1300.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.025 Abstract ( 522 )   PDF (1050KB) ( 305 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hedgehog signaling pathway is shown to contribute to the osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and to play an important role in regulating the expression of RANKL in osteoblasts. Nowadays, the definite signal transduction pathway has been revealed gradually. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of RANKL in osteoblasts that regulated by hedgehog signaling pathway. METHODS: A computer-based online search in CNKI, Google Scholar and PubMed databases was performed with the key words of “Hedgehog, osteoblast, BMSCs, PTHrP, CREB, NFAT, RANKL” in English and Chinese, respectively. Literatures related to the expression of RANKL in osteoblasts that regulated by the Hedgehog signaling pathway were included initially and 37 eligible articles were extensively summarized for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an advanced role in the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and also upregulates intracellular parathyroid hormone related protein, which activates its downstream signaling molecules cAMP response element binding protein and nuclear factor of activated T cells ulteriorly, to promote the expression of RANKL in osteoblasts and increase the differentiation and formation from osteoclast precursor cells to mature osteoclasts. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Generation and application of three-dimensional cell traction force Liu Chen, Chen Wei-yi, Li Xiao-na, Wang Xiao-jun 2017, 21 (8):  1301-1306.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.026 Abstract ( 556 )   PDF (2113KB) ( 299 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traction force generated by adherent cells exerts on the extracellular matrix or cell substrate through the interaction between actin and myosin, which involves a variety of physiological and pathological processes. OBJECTIVE: To review the fundamental principles and application of several traction force techniques. METHODS: The first author retrieved the databases of CNKI, WanFang, PubMed and SpringerLink for the research addressing the measurements of traction force using the keywords of “cell traction force, biomechanics” in Chinese and English, respectively. Repetitive articles were excluded, and 30 literatures were enrolled for analysis, including 1 Chinese and 29 English articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There are three kinds of measurements of traction force, such as silica gel membrane, traction force microscopy, and micromachined levers. The precise measurement of traction force contributes to further understand the cell-cell and cell-microenvironment mechanical interactions. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advancement of tissue engineering in urology Sun Heng1, Zhao Zhan-kui2, Meng Lin2, Yu Hong-lian1, Kong Qing-sheng1 2017, 21 (8):  1306-1312.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.08.027 Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (1014KB) ( 253 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tissue engineering provides a new way for the repair of urinary tissue and organ defects. Urinary tissue engineering has shown a bright prospect. OBJECTIVE: To review the latest research on urinary tissue engineering at national and international level. METHODS: With the keywords of “tissue engineering, urology, scaffold, vascularization” in Chinese and in English, respectively, a computer-based search for articles published from January 2000 to January 2016 was performed in CNKI and PubMed databases. The articles addressing urology tissue engineering, scaffolds and vascularization were collected, summarized and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The selection and cultivation of seed cells, scaffold material performance, tissue construction in vitro, and degree of vascularization all make an important influence on the repair of urinary injuries. As different seed cells hold different biological characteristics, we should make full consideration prior to choosing an appropriate seed cell, so as to pave a good foundation for urinary tissue engineering. Scaffolds with good three-dimensional structure can promote the cell growth and proliferation, tissue in-growth and vascularization. Tissue-engineered materials are superior to traditional repair materials, but still on initial stage, and further large scale trials will be necessary. Moreover, some problems needed to be solved, such as the regenerated tissue with incomplete function different from natural tissues, and regeneration failure caused by biological stent rejection. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics