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12 February 2010, Volume 14 Issue 7 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Bone regeneration and maturation in a rabbit tibia lengthening model under low-intensity purse ultrasound stimulation Zhou Jia-hui, Lü Hong-bin, Hu Jian-zhong, Yang Ying, Zeng Chi, Qin Ling 2010, 14 (7):  1141-1145.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.001 Abstract ( 321 )   PDF (417KB) ( 424 )   Save BACKGROUND: Experiments has demonstrated that low-intensity pulse ultrasound stimulations (LIPUS) can accelerate bone healing. However, its affect mechanisms on maturation of regenerated bone remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: The hypothesis that LIPUS has positive effect on maturation of regenerate bone was put forward creatively, and wants to verify the hypothesis by compare the difference between LIPUS intervention and no intervention. METHODS: Thirty-six adult, healthy, New Zealand White rabbits were randomly assigned to LIPUS treatment group and control group, with 18 animals in each group. All animals were undergone mid-diaphyseal tibia osteotomy and were immobilized in Orthofix M103 Mini lengtheners. After a seven-day latency period, gradual distraction of 0.5 mm per twelve hours for 10 days to produce 10 mm distraction. A 4-weeks course of LIPUS treatment was applied over the distraction site for twenty minutes daily starting immediately after the completion of distraction. At weeks 4, 8, 12 after distraction, the bone healing was evaluated by X-ray film, and total mineralized areas were measured by Image J software. The newly formed bone in the lengthening field was harvested and stained with haematoxylin-eosin, Masson’s trichrome and VG. The areas of newly formed bone were measured to calculate a percentage of the total callus area. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Thirty-six rabbits were included in the final analysis. At week 4 after distraction, the maturation of newly formed bone in LIPUS treatment group appeared earlier than that in the control groups. The bone callus image presented in the marginal and center region of experimental defect, increased greatly and had higher density until filled of the lengthening fields. Many bone-like masses appeared in the newly formed tissues and the tissues surrounding the bone granules partially changed into bone-like tissues, and the rate of callus production was increased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between two groups at weeks 8 and 12 after distraction. Histological results showed that that new bone formation of the LIPUS group was earlier than the control group at weeks 4, 8, and 12 after distraction. The percentage of new bone on total callus area of the LIPUS group was greater than that of the control group at week 4, but there was no obvious difference at weeks 8 and 12 after distraction. LIPUS accelerates new bone formation, increases the size of the distraction callus, exhibits highly effective in achieving maturation of bone in the animal model with distraction osteogenesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Repair of beagle canine defects with fascia-encapsulated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells/poly-lactone complex Liu Wei, Aihemaitijiang•Yusufu, Chen Yong-feng 2010, 14 (7):  1146-1151.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.002 Abstract ( 332 )   PDF (425KB) ( 653 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone tissue engineering materials/cell complex has been able to live in the muscle, subcutaneous tissue, and other heterotopic bones, or in small mammals to repair bone defect. However, there is still much practical and clinical gap, such as bone tissue engineering and technical ability to repair large bone defects in big mammals, as well as how to promote the in vivo tissue-engineered bone revascularization process. OBJECTIVE: To observe the bone formation using beagle deep fascia pedicled flap and tissue-engineered bone. METHODS: Beagle bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated, cultured, and inoculated on poly-lactone (PCL). Bone/bone membrane defect was induced in middle tibia on the left side of beagle. Then, the defect was implanted with fascia-encapsulated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), considering as experimental group. The second defect was induced in the middle tibia on the right side of beagle and implanted with BMSCs/PCL, considering as control group. The third defect was induced in 2 additional beagles without any implantation, considering as blank control group. Gross observation, X-ray test, histology, and magnetic resonance perfusion imaging were performed on the models to observe growth and osteoblasts and vascularization. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no new bone formation and blood vessels growth in the blank control group, and the defect was filled by fiber scar tissues finally. After 8-16 weeks, the bone defect was gradually filled by bony tissue, and more calluses which grew in implants were observed. The broken ends of fractured bone were not intact, and pulp cavity was sclerotic. Bone formation in the experimental group was rapid than in the control group. After 6 weeks, a great quantity of calluses was observed; after 8 weeks, stent materials were completely degraded; after 12 weeks, bone defect was successfully repaired. A great quantity of cancellated bones was observed, the newborn cavitas medullaris was smooth, and cortical bone was successive and stable. The amount, pore diameter, and distribution of formed blood vessels in the experimental group were superior to those in the control group, suggesting that tissue-engineered bone was able to effectively and rapidly repair bone defect in some animal. Fascia flap could promote the revascularization in vivo of tissue-engineered bone. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of simvastatin on bone formation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in young rats Liu Xiao-ning, Zhang Liu, Tian Fa-ming, Zhang Hui, Han Da-cheng, Niu Jun-qiang, Zhang Lei 2010, 14 (7):  1152-1156.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.003 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (383KB) ( 350 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recently simvastatin has been shown to stimulate osteogenic differentiation and bone formation, but there is no report about the effect of simvastatin on the bone development of young rats. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of simvastatin on osteogenic relative genes of proximal tibia trabecular bone and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). METHODS: Twenty 1-week-old Sprague-Dawley young rats were randomly and equally divided into simvastatin and control groups. Rats in the simvastatin group were treated with a subcutaneous injection of simvastatin [5 mg/(kg•d)] for 2 weeks, while rats in the control group were treated with placebo for 2 weeks. The expressions of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of trabecular bone in the tibia were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. BMSCs harvested from the rat femur were osteogenic-differentiation cultured. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining was performed on day 14, real-time PCR analysis was applied to investigate the BMP2, RUNX2, Osterix, MSX2, DLX3, DLX5 mRNA expressions during osteogenic differentiation in vitro on day 21, and von Kossa staining was detected on day 28.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:  ① There was no significant difference in the expressions of BMP-2, MMP-13, and VEGF between simvastatin and control groups. ② The percentages of ALP positive-stained cells were about 30% and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). ③ There was no significant difference in the expressions of BMP-2, RUNX2, Osterix, MSX2, DLX3, DLX5 mRNA in osteogenic differentiation-induced BMSCs. ④ von Kossa staining demonstrated that dark brown calcified spots in various sizes were observed, but there was no significant difference in size and density between simvastatin and control groups. A subcutaneous injection of simvastatin [5 mg/(kg•d)] for 2 weeks could not remarkably affect osteogenic relative genes of bone trabecula and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of estrogen versus letrozole on chicken embryo frontal bone osteoblast Deng Yi-feng, Chen Xiu-xia, Hu Yun-feng, Hou Jia-fa 2010, 14 (7):  1157-1161.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.004 Abstract ( 295 )   PDF (299KB) ( 438 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are plenty of studies of estrogen effects on mammalian osteoblast, but the studies of estrogen effects on bird osteoblast cannot be found. There are many reports about the side effects of letrozole on bone metabolism, but there are no reports about the effect of letrozole on osteoblast. OBJECTIVE: The effects of estrogen and letrozole on the proliferation, cell cycle, estrogen receptor mRNA expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of chicken osteoblast in vitro were studied in order to illustrate the mechanism of medullary bone osteogenesis. METHODS: The osteoblasts were harvested from the frontal bone of 15-day SPF chicken embryos by the enzyme digestion, and treated with various mass concentrations of estrogen (0, 5, 10, 20, 100, 200, 400, 800, 2 000, 20 000 ng/L) and letrozole (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1 000, 5 000 μg /L). The proliferation rates of the osteoblast treated with estrogen or letrozole were measured through the MTT method. The ALP activities of osteoblast were measured by the pNPP method. The cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. The expression of estrogen receptor mRNA was detected using real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The estrogen could promote proliferation of osteoblast in concentration- and time-dependent fashion. Estrogen could increase the expression of estrogen receptor mRNA, impulse cell cycle, and elevate ALP activities. Letrozole could increase the cell population, impulse cell cycle, inhibit estrogen receptor mRNA expression, but letrozole has no effects on ALP synthesis and secretion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta-analysis of curative effect of distraction osteogenesis surgery on craniofacial deformity secondary to cleft lip and palate Zhuge Xu-qing, Zheng Qian, Xu Xue 2010, 14 (7):  1162-1165.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.005 Abstract ( 400 )   PDF (492KB) ( 489 )   Save BACKGROUND: The repairing effect of distraction osteogenesis surgery in patients with craniofacial deformity secondary to cleft lip and palate remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluating the repairing effect of distraction osteogenesis surgery in patients with craniofacial deformity secondary to cleft lip and palate. METHODS: Databases of CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, Medline(ovid), science direct, ISI, as well as hand working were retrieved for the literatures about the curative effect of distraction osteogenesis on clef lip and palate patents with secondary craniofacial deformity which have been published. Clinical research about distraction osteogenesis used in clef lip and palate patents with secondary craniofacial deformity must have the same assignment style of investigation method and measurement indicators that include objective, design and detailed statistical method of the research. All of the findings can provide elementary data for weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) or odd ratio and 95% CI. There are at least three patients included in the research and controlled by changes after operation. Meta-analysis was used to make a comprehensive quantitative analysis of ANB, the labial teeth overjet, SNA and nasolabial angle which are the soft or hard tissue measured by X-ray cephalometry for the forward-backward and perpendicular direction of the maxillafacial region. According to homogeneity tests, researches about ANB and overjet of the labial teeth adopted random effect model while SNA and nasolabial angle adopted fixed effect model. So total pooling weighted mean difference and its corresponding 95%CI for the models were calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 9 references and 123 patients were involved. Homogeneity test showed that, researches about ANB and overjet of the labial teeth are heterogeneous while SNA and nasolabial angle are homoeonomous. Conus arteriosus maps showed no publication bias was observed in all the literature that used in this article. Meta-analysis results showed that, the total pooled weighted mean difference of ANB, overjet of the labial teeth, SNA and nasolabial angle were below zero, all showed significant statistical difference. Meta-analysis can prove the curative effect of extraoral support-type distraction on the craniofacial deformity secondary to cleft lip and palate. To some extent, this research will provide guidance for choosing therapeutic regimen by the clinicians. After rigid external distraction by Le Fort Ⅰostetomy, most of the patients show great changes such as the increased SNA and ANB angle, the flatter of the upper lip curvature followed by the increased nosolabial angle, cured reverse overjet and returned normal occlusion relations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of chondrocytes, collagen fibers and proteoglycan during articular cartilage degeneration in rabbits with knee joint instability Xu Bin, Liu Tao, Xu Hong-gang 2010, 14 (7):  1166-1169.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.006 Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (241KB) ( 479 )   Save BACKGROUND: Knee joint trauma results in knee instability and movement track changes, which lead to the degradation of articular cartilages. The main component of articular cartilages, such as chondrocytes, collagen and proteoglycan, are also change during this process. OBJECTIVE: To compare the content changes of collagen, proteoglycan and the apoptosis of chondrocytes on two model groups of knee joint instability, additionally, to investigate the occurrence mechanism of early articular cartilages changes in rabbits with knee joint instability. METHODS: A total of 50 white rabbits were randomly divided into anterior cruciate ligament transection group, medial collateral ligament transection + meniscectomy group and normal control group. The specimens were harvested at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 after operation. The osteocartilaginous section of the medial femur condyles were observed by gross observation, histological examination, and Markin scores. The contents of proteoglycan and collagen fiber were also measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Chondrocytes apoptosis were found with certain degrees at different stages of knee joint instability models. The Mankin score of the anterior cruciate ligament transection group was greater than the medial collateral ligament transection + meniscectomy group at each time point except the 1st week (P < 0.05), which was notably greater in the 5th week. At weeks 3 and 4 after operation, the chondrocytes degenerated with proteoglycan lost in the anterior cruciate ligament transection group, and the chondrocytes degeneration was predominant at 5th week. The changes were more seriously in the medial collateral ligament transection + meniscectomy group. Meantime, the collagen fiber content of two experimental groups were less than the normal control group at weeks 3, 4, 5 after operation (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that at early knee joint instability, the articular cartilages degenerated extent is related to the number of chondrocytes, the collagen network disrupts and lost of proteoglycan. During chondrocytes degeneration, cartilage repair simultaneously occurred. Related Articles | Metrics

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Long-term effects of meniscal allograft transplantation to repair rabbit knee cartilage by different methods Li Xue-jin, Li Qun, Zhang Zhi-bo, Yan Hong-jian 2010, 14 (7):  1170-1173.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.007 Abstract ( 304 )   PDF (337KB) ( 470 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are no ideal substitutes for meniscus. Meniscal allograft transplantation has become a feasible method to retain meniscal function following injury. Currently, the meniscus conservancy methods include fresh meniscus, low temperature preserved meniscus; freeze-dried meniscus. OBJECTIVE: To observe the long-term effects of meniscus allograft transplantation by different methods. METHODS: A total of 70 adult New Zealand rabbits were used, and 30 were selected as meniscus donors. The remaining 40 rabbits were divided into 4 groups (n=10): after meniscectomy, control group was not treated; fresh group underwent fresh meniscus allograft transplantation; low temperature group underwent low temperature preserved meniscus allograft transplantation; freeze-dried group underwent freeze-dried meniscus allograft transplantation. Of 30 donors, 10 received fresh meniscus transplantation, and the other received temperature preserved meniscus and freeze-dried meniscus transplantation 1 week after low temperature and freeze dried preservation. The rabbits were sacrificed 12 months after surgery for gross and histological observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The meniscus allografts of rabbits healed well, and no rabbits died. Gross observation showed that the appearance and elasticity of fresh meniscus group was similar to normal meniscus; tibial plateau was covered well, with no additional wearing in the cartilage of tibial plateau or condyles of femur. In low temperature and freeze-dried preservation groups, the meniscus grafts healed well, but their volume was small and the elasticity was poor; tibial plateau was only partially covered. Pathological observation suggested that fresh meniscus group had orderly arranged collage fiber and similar chondrocyte appearance, number and distribution to normal meniscus, while sparse collagen fiber and small number of meniscus grafts were observed in the other groups. Results show that meniscal allografting can survive, retain certain function and structure and prevent the degenerative changes of the knee joint. Moreover, fresh meniscal grafts exhibit best effects, as the grafts following low temperature or freeze-dried preservation degenerate and their volume diminish 1 year following meniscectomy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of tissue-engineered skin using basic fibroblast growth factor gene transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with small intestinal submucosa Wang Shao-yun, Yang Hao, Zhu Xiao-song, Li Qing, Li Shi-he, Dong Jian, Wu Di 2010, 14 (7):  1174-1178.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.008 Abstract ( 274 )   PDF (469KB) ( 406 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies demonstrated that small intestinal submucosa (SIS) had no immunogenicity, which can not lead to rejection following transplantation, thus, this is an ideal skin substitutes for natural skin.   OBJECTIVE: Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) gene was transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and combined the cells with SIS to construct tissue-engineered skin.  METHODS: BMSCs were obtained from Japanese big-eared rabbits, and in vitro cultured. Then the subcultured BMSCs were transfected by pCDNA3.1 plasmid, followed by incubation on swine SIS to construct the tissue-engineered skin. The growth of cells and phenotype of BMSCs were detected by flow cytometry. In addition, the result of transfecting BMSCs with pCDNA-bFGF vector was measured by Western blot, and the structure of tissue-engineered skin was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After passaged, BMSCs were grown quickly with long-fusiform shape. The cells were positive expressed CD90 and CD44, but negative expressed CD45. bFGF had been transfected into BMSCs, and stable expressed. The transfected BMSCs grew well in SIS. By this method, tissue-engineered skin can be constructed in vitro. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of tissue-engineered artificial nerve with the compound of acellular nerve graft and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to treat sciatic nerve defect Zhang Cai-shun, Lü Gang, Zhang Ji-ren 2010, 14 (7):  1179-1182.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.009 Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (337KB) ( 551 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tissue-engineered artificial nerve was successfully constructed with the compound of acellular nerve graft and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, suggesting that it could promote peripheral neural regeneration. OBJECTIVE: To construct tissue-engineered artificial nerve, and to verify neural functional recovery of bridging rats following sciatic nerve defect. METHODS: A total of 60 adult male SD rats were used to induce sciatic nerve defect models (15 mm in length), and they were then randomly divided into three groups, with 20 rats in each group. Sciatic nerve defect group was treated with tissue-engineered artificial nerve; blank control group was treated with tissue-engineered nerve stent; autoallergic neural control group was treated with autoallergic neural transplantation. Twelve weeks after bridging, histology of sciatic nerve and neural functional recovery were detected via gross observation, wet mass of tibialis anterior muscle, and histological analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 12 weeks after bridging surgery, rats in experimental group were able to stand on the floor, and withdrawal reflex was detected at plantar skin on the surgical side. S-100 protein of plantar skin was positive. There was no significant difference in wet mass of tibialis anterior muscle between experimental and autoallergic neural transplantation group (P > 0.05). HRP retrograde tracing in the experimental group demonstrated that HRP-positive cells were observed in both spinal cord and posterior root ganglion. There was no significant difference in number of myelinated nerve fiber, thickness of myelin sheath, and area of nerve tissue between experimental and autoallergic neural transplantation group. The results demonstrated that the compound of acellular nerve graft and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could successfully construct tissue-engineered artificial nerve to repair sciatic nerve defect and promote neurohistological reconstruction and functional recovery. Related Articles | Metrics

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Autologous intercostal nerve plus acidic fibroblast growth factor transplantation for the treatment of high-level spinal cord injury Guo Mian, Zheng Yong-ri, Li Qing-song, Wang Jian-jiao, Sun Jia-xing, Ge Yun-long, Zhao Yan 2010, 14 (7):  1183-1186.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.010 Abstract ( 330 )   PDF (247KB) ( 459 )   Save BACKGROUND: Acidic fibroblast growth factor can regulate cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival, also can down-regulate the known inhibitor of axon regeneration, such as proteoglycan, help axons overcome these inhibitory factors, and have significant role on the regeneration of nerve fibers. OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility and effect of the acidic fibroblast growth factor combined with peripheral nerve transplantation in the treatment of high-level spinal cord injury in rats. METHODS: A total of adult 108 female SD rats were randomly divided into autologous nerve group, autologous nerve combined with acidic fibroblast growth factor group, and high-level spinal cord injury group. The rat T8-10 spinous process and lamina were bite, revealing dural sac, high-level spinal cord was resected at a horizon level, cutting 3 mm, no nerve fibers were confirmed to be attached under the microscope. In the autogenous nerve group and autologous nerve combined with acidic fibroblast growth factor group, bilateral the 8th to 10th pairs of intercostal nerves were harvested 2 cm, then cross-transplanted into high-level spinal cord defect (proximal white matter and distal gray matter, distal white matter and proximal gray matter), fibrin gel and fibrin gel containing acidic fibroblast growth factor were used respectively to fix the implanted intercostal nerve, followed by dural suture. High-level spinal cord transection group was subjected to exclusion between stumps. At 90 days postoperation, somatosensory evoked potential and motor evoked potential were used to test nerve electrophysiological recovery. At 76 days postoperation, biotinylated dextran amine anterograde tracing was applied to observe the motor conduction bundle recovery. At 60 days postoperation, hindlimb motor function recovery was assessed by BBB score. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The somatosensory and motor evoked potential waveforms were not elicited in rats of high-level spinal cord transection group, but did elicit in autogenous nerve group and autologous nerve combined acidic fibroblast growth factor group. The average latency and amplitude of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials, as well as BBB scores in autologous nerve combined acidic fibroblast growth factor group were significantly superior to autologous nerve group (P < 0.01). In the autogenous nerve group and autologous nerve combined acidic fibroblast growth factor group, many more biotinylated dextran amine-positive nerve fibers passed in the damage zone, compared with high-level spinal cord transection group (P < 0.01), the autologous nerve combined acidic fibroblast growth factor group was more than autogenous nerve group (P < 0.01). It is indicated that autologous peripheral nerve graft acidic fibroblast growth factor can better restore the limb motor functions of rats after high-level spinal cord injury.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of continuous passive motion on early healing of rabbit rotator cuff bone-tendon junction: MRI verification at varied time points Fu Guo-jian, Jin An-min, Li Sen, Wang Peng-cheng 2010, 14 (7):  1187-1190.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.011 Abstract ( 304 )   PDF (300KB) ( 465 )   Save BACKGROUND: Supraspinatus tendon injury is common in rotator cuff injury, the repair difficulty of which is reconstructing the bone-tendon interface. Currently, there are no effective therapeutics and suitable experimental animal models.  OBJECTIVE: To establish rabbit rotator cuff injury prosthetic experimental animal model and to observe the effect of continuous passive motion (CPM) on early healing of rabbit rotator cuff bone-tendon interface by MRI, which can provide guidance for preparing an optimal rehabilitation strategy after rotator cuff injury. METHODS: Sixteen male New Zealand rabbits, aged 8 months, were received a rotator cuff acute injury and reconstructing insertion of supraspinatus tendon on greater tuberosity of humerus. The rabbits were randomly divided into cage activity group (n=4) and CPM group (n=12). At 2 days after operation, rabbits were treated by rabbit shoulder joint continuous passive motion apparatus of 75°-75° flexion-extension with various CPM speeds[2 (°)/s, 4 (°)/s, and 10 (°)/s)]. General state and MRI changes of rabbit rotator cuff bone-tendon interface was observed prior to and at weeks 1, 2, and 4 after operation.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Gross observation showed that the incisions healed very well at 2 weeks after operation. There was no infection, haematoma or disruption after removing the suture. Compared to the cage activity group, the tendon-bone interface of CPM group healed better at weeks 1, 2 and 4, especially at the speed of 4°/s with 75°-75° flexion-extension. Results demonstrated that this animal model can be satisfied to experimental study. From the following day after operation, various CPM speeds can accelerate the healing of tendon-bone interface, and the optimal speed of CPM was 4 (°)/s. Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of flexor-extensor strength during trunk isokinetic exercise: Angle ranges easily lead to spinal injury Wang Cui-xia, Zhou Kai 2010, 14 (7):  1191-1195.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.012 Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (320KB) ( 477 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies concerning trunk muscles mainly focus on muscle strength changes in patients with low back pain, which is rare regarding angle ranges that easily lead to spinal injury. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanics characteristic of flexor-extensor and angle ranges easily lead to spinal injury. METHODS: Fourteen healthy, male, post-graduates of Soochow University were selected. Flexor-extensor strength and spinal angle of participants were measured using CON-TREX isokinetic testing system. All participants took isokinetic centrifugal exercise maximally at the speeds of 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 (°)/s, respectively, with a 5 minutes interval. Main outcome measures: ①Lumbar range of motion; ②Peak torque, flexor/extensor, the angle at peak torque at isokinetic centripetal exercise; ③Average power and total work at isokinetic centripetal exercise. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:  ①During isokinetic centripetal exercise, the peak torque of extensor were decreased as the geniovelocity increased (P < 0.05), however, no inerratic changes could be found in flexor peak torque. Though the flexor/extensor was increased with geniovelocity increased, the difference had no significance (P > 0.05). ②During slow isokinetic centripetal exercise underwent different geniovelocity, the angle at peak torque of flexor and extensor distributed discretely, -48.56° at 30 (°)/s; -46.18° at 90 (°)/s; when underwent fast isokinetic exercise, the angles at peak torque of flexor and extensor were very close, which were -48.71° and -51.61° at 120 (°)/s, and -54.86° and -53.11° at 180 (°)/s. ③During isokinetic centripetal exercise, when underwent different geniovelocity, total work of flexor and extensor was reduced with geniovelocity expedited, extensor total work was more than that of flexor (P < 0.05); the average power of flexor and extensor was increased linearly with geniovelocity expedited, and the average power of flexor was less than that of extensor all along (P < 0.01). During isokinetic centripetal exercise, trunk muscle strength descended with the geniovelocity expedited, and the stability of trunk is preferable in slow exercise. During fast isokinetic centripetal exercise, angles at flexor and extensor peak torque are more discrete, which easily result in muscle damages and spine unstable when suffered a suddenly outside attack. Total work of flexor and extensor are descended with the geniovelocity expediting during isokinetic exercise, but the intramuscular eruption increased. Related Articles | Metrics

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Micro-CT experimental study concerning movement characteristics of sublimation interface in freeze-drying preservation of the artery Wu Jian-qing, Tao Le-ren, Liu Meng-fang, Yin Meng 2010, 14 (7):  1196-1199.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.013 Abstract ( 301 )   PDF (364KB) ( 483 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies demonstrated that freeze-drying had great influence on internal heat transfer, such as pore distribution and void connectivity, however, the mechanisms involved in heat and mass transfer during drying is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: Based on the previous studies, micro CT was served as analytical tool, to observe the movement characteristics of sublimation interface in freeze-drying process.  METHODS: With aorta of pig, micro-CT scanning, image reconstruction and the technique of grey value analysis were used to observe and analyze the sublimation process in freeze-drying. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The slope of freeze-drying temperature curve was large at first, causing quick sublimation rate. The grey value of freeze-drying and ice crystal area was very different in second-dimensional cross-sectional reconstructed image. Sublimation interface was clear and sublimation took place simultaneously both in the outer surface and inner surface. The movement of sublimation interface was obvious at this time. Along with the time, the slope of freeze-drying temperature curve became small, leading to slow sublimation rate. The movement of sublimation interface turned unclearly. For the vertically placed artery, when heated at the bottom, the sublimation takes place both in the outer surface and inner surface at the same time. The sublimation interface slowly approaches to the middle of vessel wall. With time prolonged, resistance for heat and mass transfer in freeze-drying is increased, and the sublimation rate becomes slowly.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between hyperalgesia and nuclear factor-kappa B expression in spinal dorsal cord of rats with complete Freurd’s adjuvant arthritis Wan Li, Huang Huan-sen, Gao Chong-rong, Luo Ai-lin, Tian Yu-ke 2010, 14 (7):  1200-1203.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.014 Abstract ( 379 )   PDF (351KB) ( 375 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), as a promoter of inflammatory reaction, stimulates injured parts or transcription of local inflammatory gene, promotes generation of inflammatory factors, and induces pain onset; however, the mechanism on chronic inflammatory pained spinal cord has been less reported. OBJECTIVE: To explore the NF-κB expression in spinal dorsal horn and behavioral hyperalgesia by preparing rat models of complete Freurd’s adjuvant arthritis. METHODS: A total of 24 SD rats were randomly divides into sham-surgery group and complete Freund’s adjuvant group, with 12 rats in each group. Adjuvant arthritis model was produced by injection of 50 μL complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) to the right ankle joint after anesthesia. The same volume saline was injected to the rat right ankle joint in sham-surgery group. The mechanical pain threshold, paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL), the diameter of ankle, and NF-κB expression in spinal dorsal horn were investigated 2 days before and 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after CFA injection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:  ① Three hours after CFA injection, the ankle joint appeared edema, but local inflamed and thermal symptoms were not obvious. The inflamed symptoms significantly appeared on right ankle joint and developed to food surface at 24 hours after CFA injection, while the symptoms lasted for 4 weeks. ② Diameter of right ankle was significantly increased at 4 days-4 weeks after CFA injection compared to intralateral ankle and before CFA injection (P < 0.01). ③ Compared to before injection and sham-surgery group, the mechanical pain threshold was significantly decreased at 4 days after CFA injection, and reached the lowest value at 21 days (P < 0.01). The PWTL was significantly decreased at 4 days after CFA injection and reached at the lowest level at 7 days, while the lowest level lasted for 4 weeks (P < 0.01). ④ The expression of NF-κB was significantly increased in I-VI in spinal dorsal horn in the complete Freund’s adjuvant group, which was higher than sham-surgery group (P < 0.01). The results indicated that we could gain stable monoarthritis model by injecting CFA with oil-contained water into rat ankle joint space, and the model shown prolong and significant hyperalgesia to radial thermal and mechanical pressure; meanwhile, the NF-κB expression increased significantly in lamber I-VI in spinal dorsal horn after the ankle joint arthritis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Changing characteristics of vascular endothelial growth factors in glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis Wu Yong-gang, Duan Li-jun, Wang Kun-zheng 2010, 14 (7):  1204-1207.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.015 Abstract ( 383 )   PDF (276KB) ( 338 )   Save BACKGROUND: Animal experiments show that hormone can induce femoral capillaries poor filling, decrease capillaries density in unit area, and reduce capillaries in cancellous bone inferior to cartilage. However, the involved mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during the progress of glucocorticoid induced osteonecrosis. METHODS: The Chinese white rabbits were randomly divided into horse serum plus prednisone group and prednisone alone group. Typical osteonecrosis model was established by Matsui Method. 10 mL/kg horse serum was injected into horse serum plus prednisone group through the ear margin veins, followed by additional injection after 2 weeks and intraperitoneal injection of prednisone, 45 mg/kg per day for 5 consecutive days. The control group was only subjected to prednisone, 45 mg/kg per day for 5 consecutive days. The VEGF expression was observed by means of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) before, 7, 14 days after administration, 1, 3, 7, 21, 35 and 49 days following the first application of hormone. The capillaries were quantified. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The VEGF was significantly increased 7 days following horse serum, and gradually decreased to levels before treatment 1 days following hormone. The VEGF mRNA expression decreased with increasing hormone treatment, in particular at  7 and 21 days (P < 0.05), but cannot restore to normal level. Microvascular count was decreased gradually, and at 21 days decreased to the minimum, positively correlated with VEGF expression. Results show that adrenal glucocorticoid inhibited VEGF expression in bone tissue and restrained angiogenesis, resulting in ischemia and hypoxia of the local environment in bone tissue. VEGF expression highly correlates with microvascular count and osteonecrosis degree. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of nerve growth factor on biological characteristics of scar fibroblasts Yuan Rui-hong, Liu Liu, Zhao De-ping, Xu Hong-hui, Sun Jia-ping, Wang Fu-ke, Ma Jing 2010, 14 (7):  1208-1212.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.016 Abstract ( 308 )   PDF (330KB) ( 550 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nerve growth factor is secreted and synthetized by a variety of cells, such as inflammatory cells and repairing cells, its biological effects are diverse and closely related to the process of wound repair, but its mechanism is not yet clear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of nerve growth factor on the biological characteristics of scar fibroblasts. METHODS: Eight clinical surgical resection specimens, including 5 face and neck hyperplastic scar or keloid specimens, did not receive any treatment; three were prepuce specimens following circumcision (normal tissue). By use of tissue block method, the scar and normal skin fibroblasts were cultured, followed by digestion passage. The scar tissue and normal tissue fibroblasts at 3-6 passages in the logarithmic phase were seeded in 96-well plate and divided into the experimental group (scar fibroblast group) and the control group (normal skin fibroblasts group), with two parallel holes in each group were added with 3.33, 0.33 mg/L nerve growth factor, 50 μL. Inverted microscope was used to observe fibroblast morphology. At 24, 48, 72 hours after culture, the absorbance value was measured using MTT. Fibroblast DNA content and cell apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fibroblasts were adherent cells, the scar and normal skin tissues were shown to cell free out of tissue block and gradual expansion at 4-6 days after incubation. Compared with normal skin fibroblasts, the pathological scar fibroblasts became larger, irregular shape and arrangement. MTT results showed that nerve growth factor could promote the normal and hypertrophic scar fibroblasts growth, which becomes more apparent. Flow cytometry results showed that by adding nerve growth factor, the percentage of scar fibroblasts at proliferating S-G2-M phase was higher than that in the control group, with a lower level of apoptosis. It is indicated that nerve growth factor plays an obviously promoting role on normal and scar skin fibroblasts growth and proliferation, especially on the scar skin. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of insulin combined with selenium on PI3K and GLUT4 expression in cellular signal transduction of skeletal muscle in diabetic rats Xu Tian-jiao, Yuan Bing-xiang 2010, 14 (7):  1213-1217.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.017 Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (519KB) ( 551 )   Save BACKGROUND: PI3K is a family of enzymes involved in insulin signal transduction pathway, the abnormal expression of which would affect synthesis, secretion, and migration of GLUT4, therefore, results in increased blood sugar, eventually, leads to diabetes.   OBJECTIVE: To discuss the effects of insulin combined with selenium on PI3K and GLUT4 expression in cellular signal transduction of skeletal muscle in diabetic rats. METHODS: Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the control, diabetic, insulin-treated diabetic, selenium-treated diabetic and combination administration groups. All rats were prepared for diabetic models by injecting 50 mg/kg Streptozocin exception of the control group. Rats in the control and diabetic groups were free to food and water; in the insulin treatment group, rats were subcutaneous injected 1 U/(kg•d) insulin. Rats in the selenium treatment group were treated with a dose of 180 µg/kg per day of sodium selenite dissolved in redistilled water by gavage; and in the combination administration were given both treatments for 4 successive weeks. The levels PI3K and GLUT4 in skeletal muscle were estimated using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry techniques. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Immunohistochemistral results were accordance to Western blotting results, which showed the combination of insulin and selenium can remarkable increase the levels of PI3K in skeletal muscle and GLUT4 in skeletal muscle membrane fraction, therefore, enhance the insulin signal transduction pathway.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and pathological features of a rabbit osteoarthritis model in early, middle, and later phases Fang Rui, Ailijiang•Asila, Lu Yong, Meng Qing-cai, Zhang Kai, Lu Yan-li 2010, 14 (7):  1218-1222.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.018 Abstract ( 410 )   PDF (494KB) ( 701 )   Save BACKGROUND: Application of traditional osteoarthritis animal models was limited by long duplicated time, poor stability, different successful rate, and rough analysis of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To observe clinical and pathological features of osteoarthritis by modified Hulth modeling way and to determine the stages of osteoarthritis.  METHODS: A 2-cm medial longitudinal incision was resected to expose knee joint. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament were cut off, and medial meniscus was fully cut to reserve articular cartilage. The injured limb was not fixed postoperatively. Animals were allowed to move freely. At one week after surgery, 800 000 U penicillin was used to avoid from infection, 30 min/d, twice per day, for 12 successive weeks. The normal group was treated without any treatments. Pathological features were observed using Mankin scores under electron and optic microscope at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Changes of osteoarthritis were observed in the model group at 4 and 6 weeks after operation, showing synovial hyperemia and hyperplasia, increased synovial fluid effusion, cartilage surface roughness, matrix stained tinge, and Mankin score of 3.5-3.8. Intermediate stage changes of osteoarthritis were found in the model group at 8 weeks after operation, showing synovial hyperplasia, less synovial fluid, fissuration reaching cartilage surface, cartilage cells with tangled and uneven staining matrix, Mankins score of 8-9. Advanced osteoarthritis changes were observed in the model group at 12 weeks after operation, showing severe nodular synovial hyperplasia, less and turbid synovial fluid, osteophyte formation of serious exposure of subchondral bone, cartilage cells reducing the majority of loss of matrix staining, and Mankin score of 12-14. Electron microscopy indicated a coincidence with the histological observation of cell mutation. The rabbit model by Hulth suggested that early change of osteoarthritis occurred at 6 weeks after operation, intermediate stage at 8 weeks, and advanced stage at 12 weeks. This model could be more comprehensive response to osteoarthritis cartilage degeneration from early compensatory hypertrophy to decompensation after the cartilage cells and matrix reduction, cartilage softened to endarterectomy missing characterized the late changes in the entire process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and establishment of a rat model of experimental local muscular atrophy Ma Yong-cheng, Hao Yong-qiang 2010, 14 (7):  1223-1226.  doi: :10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.019 Abstract ( 364 )   PDF (378KB) ( 535 )   Save BACKGROUND: There were disadvantages of animal models in the study of the relationship of muscle and skeleton. Recent study has been demonstrated the effect of Botulinum toxin type A to atrophy local muscle without influencing the surrounding muscle. OBJECTIVE: To construct a reasonable animal model of local muscle atrophy by local injection of Botulinum toxin type A. METHODS: Totally 25 male Wistar rats of 4 months were subjected to ketamine (0.2 mL/kg) and Sumianxin (0.2 mL/kg) by intramuscular injection. A 0.5-cm incision was made on the middle of dorsal femur to expose quadriceps femoris. Right quadriceps femoris was injected with 2 Units (0.2 mL) of Botulinum toxin type A, and left quadriceps femoris of the same rat with the same amount of saline as controls. At 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks after injection, 5 rats were used to take gross observation and histological examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Gross observation of the muscle tissue showed that, compared with self-controlled group, the volume and weight of the quadriceps femoris were decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The histological examination of muscle tissue showed the atrophy of the quadriceps femoris from experimental group was more obvious, the muscle fiber become thin, and the nuclei of the muscle fiber assemble together, with small distance between muscle fibers. Weight of the quadriceps femoris treated with Botulinum toxin type A was decreased at 1 and 2 weeks. The increase in weight of muscle was slow among muscle at 4, 6 and 8 weeks. The muscle weight showed an increased tendency in the saline side at various time points. Injecting Botulinum toxin type A into local muscle is a reasonable way to set up an experimental model of the atrophy of a destination muscle with strong practice, good repeatability, high stability, and may be used to examine the relationship of muscle and skeleton. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and activity identification of recombinant retroviral vector expressing bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene Liao Qing, Tang Ying, Chi Ren-jie, Chen Xiao-chun, Guan Jing-yu, Duan You-wen　 2010, 14 (7):  1227-1230.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.020 Abstract ( 338 )   PDF (331KB) ( 366 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a protein possesses potential activity, which can increase and enhance its activity when the bone issues are damaged, so it can be used to repair the bone defects when combined with carrier. However, there are few reports concerning it as gene therapy. OBJECTIVE: To construct recombinant retroviral vector expressing human BMP2 gene and to discuss its biological function in osteoblasts. METHODS: BMP2-specific primers were designed and synthesized according gene sequence of human BMP2 gene in Genbank，then BMP2 gene was amplified by Hifi PCR, which was recombined with cloning vector pDNR-CMV homologously into pDNR-CMV-BMP2 plasmid identified by BMP2 PCR and enzyme digestion of SalI and EcoRI as well as gene sequencing; recombinant plasmid pDNR-CMV-BMP2 and retroviral plasmid pLP-LNCX were recombined homologously in loxP sites into pLP-LNCX-BMP2 plasmid transferred into packing cell line PT67 and the supernatant was collected to assay viral titre. Human osteoblast was infected with retrovirus, then the growth of cells were observed by MTT, and the expression of BMP2 protein was detected by Western blotting at 48 hours transfection RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Digestion, BMP2 PCR and gene sequencing of pDNR-CMV-BMP2 were coincided with expected. After transfected with plasmid pLP-LNCX-BMP2, PT67 cells could be screened with G418 only to get stably integrated in BMP2, of whose supernanant viral titre amounted to 5×108 pfu/mL. MTT assay showed that there had no evident difference in cellular inhibition between the normal and retrovirus groups at 72 hours after transfection (P > 0.05); Western blotting showed that the BMP2 was strong expressed at 48 hours after transfection. It demonstrated that BMP2 gene was successful cloned and its retrovirus vector was constructed.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Bioinformatic analysis of streptococcus mutans thrS gene and construction of homologous recombinant plasmids Liu Xiao-di, Duan Jin, Guo Li-hong 2010, 14 (7):  1231-1234.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.021 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (324KB) ( 429 )   Save BACKGROUND: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is generally considered to be the principal aetiological agent for dental caries. thrS gene may relate to the virulence of S. mutans involved in the adherence, acidogenicity and acidodurance. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the conservation status of the thrS gene of S. mutans and to construct the homologous recombinant plasmid. METHODS: Southern Blot was used to analyze the distribution of thrS gene in S. mutans. The upstream and downstream sequences of thrS gene were cloned respectively into multiple cloning sites of suicide plasmid pFW5 to construct the recombinant plasmid. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The thrS gene was conserved in 6 strains of S. mutans in this test. By PCR analysis and enzyme digesting, it was confirmed that S. mutans thrS gene homologous recombinant plasmid was successfully constructed, which can be used in future research of construction of thrS -negative mutans of S. mutans strain UA159 Related Articles | Metrics

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Volumetric and functional changes of skeletal muscles following microwave coagulation Zhang Xiao-min, Wu He-ming, Xing Shu-zhong 2010, 14 (7):  1235-1238.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.022 Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (996KB) ( 328 )   Save BACKGROUND: Microwave had been widely used in medical field, which can lead to local coagulation necrosis and repair the necrosis with fibrous tissue. However, whether microwave coagulation can be used in stomatology is poorly understood.  OBJECTIVE: To observe the functional and volumetric changes of skeletal muscles following microwave coagulation, and to explore the possibility of microwave coagulation for volumetric reduction of skeletal muscle. METHODS: Both sides of tibialis anterior muscle of 20 New Zealand rabbits were exposed; one side was coagulated by 2 450 MHz microwave therapeutic instrument at 70 W for 20 seconds. No treatment was performed at the other side. Rabbits were sacrificed at hours 24, 48, weeks 1 and 8 after microwave coagulation. The volumetric changes of the ablated tibialis anterior muscle were measured, and electricitic physiology observations were conducted on the ablated muscle at 8 weeks after microwave coagulation before being sacrificed. 　 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The volume of ablated muscle increased at hours 24 and 48, which was (5.82±0.93) and (6.04±0.47) mL, especially greater at hour 48 after microwave coagulation. After 1 week, the muscle volume began to decrease to (4.90±0.80) mL, reduced to (4.27±0.67) mL at week 8, which was 23.6% volumetric loss. However, the electrophysiologic observation showed that the latent periods were (1.765±0.393) and (1.760±0.394) ms, and the wave width was (6.273±0.808) and (6.259±0.773) ms of the control group and experimental group, respectively, without apparent differences (P > 0.05). The volume of the skeleton muscle increased at hour 48 after microwave coagulation, and then decreased, but the muscle function of the skeleton muscle can be preserved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Liposomes-mediated chemosynthesis siRNA transfection to primary cardiomyocytes: Selection of an ideal concentration Li Jie, Jia Yu-hua, Yang Ping, Zhou Feng-hua, Li Li-jun 2010, 14 (7):  1239-1243.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.023 Abstract ( 386 )   PDF (390KB) ( 687 )   Save BACKGROUND: siRNA transfection is a key step in RNA interference. The methods of cardiomyocytes transfection were most use of plasmids as vector to transfect long-chain shRNA. However, the processes were complex. It was a simple efficient and low-toxic method that liposomes-mediated chemosynthesis siRNA transfection. It was useful for expanding RNA interference application. OBJECTIVE: To choice the optimal concentration of liposomes-mediated chemosynthesis siRNA transfection, and to discover a simple efficient RNA interference application. METHODS: CY3-Negative siRNA was mediated by lipid-based agent siPORTTM NeoFXTM to transfect cardiomyocytes. A blank control group was set. After 24 hours, the transfection efficiency and apoptotic rate were evaluated by fluorescent microscope and flow cytometer to select an optimal concentration. Based the best concentration, siRNA PHB was transfected to cardiomyocytes. 48 hours later, the expression of PHB was tested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the increased concentration of CY3-Negative siRNA, the number of cells emitted red fluorescence grew under fluorescence microscope, and the transfection efficiency was also increased (P < 0.05). The best concentration was 30 nmol/L (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in apoptotic rate between transfected groups and the control group (P > 0.05). The PHB expression of cardiomyocytes transfected siRNA PHB was dropped by 74.11% on average (P < 0.05). The results indicated that lipid based agent siPORTTM NeoFXTM was suitable to transfect chemosynthesis siRNA to cardiomyocytes，and the best transfection concentration of siRNA was 30 nmol/L. Related Articles | Metrics

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Significance and expression of soluble CD146 in peripheral blood from patients with ankylosing spondlitis Xue Qin, Wang Nian-song, Gao Xu-ping, Fan Ying, Zhang Xiao-guang, Tang Ling-quan 2010, 14 (7):  1244-1247.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.024 Abstract ( 291 )   PDF (272KB) ( 458 )   Save BACKGROUND: Research has been reported that serum soluble CD146 (sCD146) expression was improved on the surface of endothelial cells and activated T cells by the stimulation of inflammatory factor. Therefore, it predicts that CD146 may participate in inflammatory reaction of tissue. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of serum sCD146 in peripheral blood from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. METHODS: A total of 62 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were selected from the Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University. All patients were divided into two groups: active group (n=46) and inactive group (n=16); while, 20 healthy subjects were selected as the control group. Indicators including Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), patient's global assessment (PGA), night pain, visual analogue scale (VAS), morning stiffness time, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in all patients. The serum concentration of sCD146 from 62 patients with ankylosing spondlitis and 20 healthy controls was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Westergren method was used to measure ESR and immunoturbidimetry for CRP. Clinical data of the patients were collected as well.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: sCD146 levels of patients with ankylosing spondlitis were significantly higher than normal control group (P < 0.05). The sCD146 expression in the active group was significantly higher than inactive and normal control groups (P < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between sCD146 and BASDAI index of patients with ankylosing spondlitis (P < 0.05). The sCD146 levels of ankylosing spondlitis patients with peripheral joint involvement were significantly higher than the patients with axial involvement alone or the normal controls (P < 0.05). The expression level of sCD146 in peripheral blood was positively correlated with disease activities of patients with ankylosing spondlitis. It may play important roles in the pathogenesis in ankylosing spondlitis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Differential expression of OX40L in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse tissues Han Xue-fu, Wang Fei, Zhu Shu-shu, Xu Jin-dan, Zhang Ji-nan, Yang Di 2010, 14 (7):  1248-1252.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.025 Abstract ( 247 )   PDF (367KB) ( 408 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies found that C57BL/6 mouse was susceptible to atherosclerosis, while BALB/c mouse was resistant to atherosclerosis. The stenosis of the culprit vessel and the severity of myocardial infarction were correlated to the levels of OX40L expression. Whether OX40L has differential expression between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse was not identified. OBJECTIVE: To observe the differential expression of OX40L mRNA and protein in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse. METHODS: Total RNA and protein were extracted by Trizol and RIPA Buffer from heart, brain, kidney, skeletal muscle and spleen tissues of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. RT-PCR and Western Blot were used to detect OX40L mRNA and protein expression in heart, brain, kidney, spleen and skeletal muscle of two kinds of mice. The differential expression of OX40L mRNA and protein between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA expression level of OX40L in heart of C57BL/6 mice mouse was significantly higher than BALB/c mice (P < 0.05); the mRNA expression level of OX40L in spleen of BALB/c mice was significantly higher than C57BL/6 mice (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the brain, kidney and skeletal muscle between these two strains. The results of Western Blot showed that the protein expression level of OX40L in heart, brain and kidney of C57BL/6 mice were significantly higher than BALB/c mice (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in skeletal muscle and spleen between these two strains. The OX40L mRNA transcription level in heart was higher in C57BL/6 mouse than BALB/c mouse, while the expression in spleen was lower than the latter. The OX40L protein levels in C57BL/6 mouse heart, brain and kidney were higher than BALB/c mouse. The differences of OX40L expression between the two strains of mice indicated that OX40L may promote to C57BL/6 mouse susceptible to atherosclerosis.　 Related Articles | Metrics

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Radioimmunoimaging of 131 I-labelled anti-alveolar hydatid polyclonal antibodies in rats with Echinococcus multilocularis in vivo Sun Xiao-yan, Qin Yong-de, Wang Xin, Wang Sai-gang, Lü Jie, Xie Bin, Liu Li-shui, Li Xiao-hong 2010, 14 (7):  1253-1256.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.026 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (329KB) ( 365 )   Save BACKGROUND: Echinococcosis alveolaris were not easily discovered in prophase. Although used various kinds of imaging and immunity test, misdiagnosis rate of echinococcosis alveolaris was still high. OBJECTIVE: To study radioimmunoimaging of 131 I-labelled anti-alveolar hydatid polyclonal antibody in the rat model with Echinococcus multilocularis in vivo. METHODS: Totally 36 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. A group included 12 alveolar echinococcosis rats, B group included 12 normal rats, C group included 12 alveolar echinococcosis rats. Rats in the A and B group were injected intraperitoneally 1 mL 131 I-labelled anti-alveolar echinococcosis polyclonal antibodies (37 MBq), those in the C group were injected intraperitoneally 1 mL 131 I (37 MBq). All rats were imaged 24, 48, 72, 96 hours later with ECT to measure region of interest (ROI) of alveolar hydatid. The unit weight radioactive counts per minute of three group rats organs were measured after 96 hours, and the targetto-nontarget (T/NT) ratios were calculated in A group rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In A group rat inoculated right lobe of liver alveolar echinococcosis, radioactive parts of the distribution could be seen. And ROI of alveolar echinococcosis were the highest at 72 hours. After dissection the locations were in line, and it was no significant radioactive liver distribution in B and C group. Rats were sacrified after 96 hours, in vitro determination of radioactive counts show that A group echinococcus multilocularis was (18.610±3.401)×103 cpm/g, which was greater than organs except thyroid and gastric tissues (P < 0.001). The rest of organize T/NT ratios were greater than 1.28 apart from the thyroid and gastric tissues. The difference of unit weight radioactive counts per minute of three group had no obviously significance except the polypide tissues (P > 0.05). This proves that 131 I-labelled anti-alveolar echinococcosis polyclonal antibody successfully combinated with alveolar echinococcosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Astragalus root injection regulates type Ⅰ collagen expression of rat osteoblasts in vitro Guo Hai-ling, Wang Xiang, Xu Yu, Zhan Hong-sheng, Zhao Yong-fang 2010, 14 (7):  1257-1261.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.027 Abstract ( 282 )   PDF (687KB) ( 670 )   Save BACKGROUND: Type Ⅰ collagen is a specific collagen secreted by in vitro cultured osteoblast, and the formed network is the basis of bone mineralization, which also reflects the ability of osteoblast bone formation. Studies have shown astragalus root increased osteoblast proliferation. However, the effect of astragalus root on improving type Ⅰ collagen expression of osteoblast remains poorly understood.  OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of astragalus root injection on the abilities of rat cranium-derived osteoblast proliferation and type Ⅰ collagen expression. METHODS: Rat osteoblast was cultured in vitro and divided into control group (MEM culture solution containing calf serum) and astragalus root groups (different concentrations). The effect on osteoblast proliferation was evaluated on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 by MTT method. Moreover, the expression of type Ⅰ collagen protein was observed after 6 hours of treatment with astragalus root injection using in cell western-blot method. In addition, the gene expression of COLLα1 was investigated by real-time PCR method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: From days 3 to 9, the different concentrations of astragalus root injection improved osteoblast proliferation, respectively compared with control group (P < 0.05), and this ascending trend peaked on day 7. Different concentrations of astragalus root injection improved COLLα1mRNA expression, especially 15% astragalus root injection was the most effective. The type Ⅰ collagen protein expression of 15% and 10% astragalus root injection were significantly greater compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Astragalus root injection improved in vitro cultured osteoblast proliferation and type Ⅰ collagen secretion in a certain dose-effect manner. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of puerariae radix on bone density and bone microarchitecture in castrated mice with osteoporosis Wang Xin-xiang, Zhang Yun-ling, Wu Jian, Chiba Hiroshige, Kazuhiko Yamada, Ishimi Yoshiko　 2010, 14 (7):  1262-1266.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.028 Abstract ( 364 )   PDF (692KB) ( 659 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies confirmed that pueraria can not only prevent the reduced bone mineral density and bone mass in the ovariectomy-caused estrogen deficiency mice with osteoporosis model, also improve bone micro-structure, it can be used for osteoporosis prevention and treatment in women after menopause. Does it exhibit a similar effect fpr the treatment of male osteoporosis? OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of puerariae Radix (PR) crude drug on the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone micro-architecture in androgen-deficiency mice with osteoporosis model.  METHODS: A total of 48 ddY male mice, aged 8 weeks and weighing 32-35 g, were randomly divided into 6 groups: sham group, orchidectomized group, PR with low, middle and high dose group, 17β-estradiol group. Each group contained 8 mice. In sham group, mice were sham operated to expose testis and epididymis, removing surrounding fat tissue; in other groups, mice were orchidectomized. After operation, sham group and model group were fed normal diet, while PR with low, middle and high dose groups were fed a diet containing 5%, 10% and 20% PR, and 17β-estradiol group was fed a normal diet with subcutaneous administration of 17β-estradiol 0.03 µg/d. The diet dosage was all 4.0 g/d. Four weeks after experiment, the mice were anesthetized and killed, and the weight of the seminal vesicle was measured. Dual-energy X-ray was used to detect BMD in femurs, and micro-CT analysis for distal femur metaphysis sponge bone microstructure. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The whole femoral BMD was significantly decreased by 10.9% in the model group, and the decrease in BMD was completely prevented by intake of the diet with the low dose of PR. Intake of the diet with the middle dose of PR further increased BMD in the model group, but no significant differences were observed. Furthermore, the high dose of PR administration significantly increased BMD by 26.1% and 12.4% respectively compared with model group and sham operated group, and the potency was similar to that of 17β-estradiol. Intake of the diet with the low dose of PR completely prevented the decrease in trabecular bone volume and trabecular number, and restored the increase in trabecular separation in mice caused by androgen deficiency. Intake of the diet with the middle dose of PR could enhance the inhibition effect, but there was no significant difference; intake of the diet with the high dose of PR exhibited the strongest effect on the inhibition, it further significantly increased trabecular bone volume and trabecular number compared with sham operated group. The seminal vesicle was not affected by the administration of any doses of PR. Without influence on the seminal vesicle, the low and middle dose of PR can completely inhibit the decreasing BMD and bone mass caused by androgen deficiency in mice, as well as improve bone structure, high dose of PR exhibits a significant effect and similar to 17β-estradiol. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Chinese medicine of Jiangzhi Zhuanggu on bone morphogenetic protein and estrogen receptor expression in bone tissue of hyperlipidemia-induced osteoporosis rats Ge Quan-sheng, Zhu Ying-hui, Wang Shou-yu, Zhang Wei-guo 2010, 14 (7):  1267-1271.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.029 Abstract ( 381 )   PDF (1077KB) ( 410 )   Save BACKGROUND: Active bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) reduction can cause severe symptoms like osteoporosis. In addition, there is estrogen receptor (ER) in osteoblast, osteoclast and bone marrow stromal cells, indicating a direct effect of estrogen on bone tissues. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Chinese medicine of Jiangzhi Zhuanggu on BMP-2 and ER expression in rats with prey hyperlipidemia induced osteoporosis. METHODS: A total of 27 adult SD rats, of either gender, weighing 180-230 g, were randomly divided into three groups. In the normal control group, rats were intragastrically infused with 5 mL/kg normal saline every morning and afternoon. In the model group, the rats were infused with 5 mL/kg high-fat diet in the morning and 5 mL/kg normal saline in the afternoon. In the Chinese medicine group, 5 mL/kg high-fat diet was infused in the morning and 5 mL/kg Chinese medicine of Jiangzhi Zhuanggu water extract in the afternoon. After 8 weeks, expression levels of BMP-2 and ER in bone tissue was detected with immunohistological methods, and ER mRNA level of bone tissue in rats was detected by in situ hybridization. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model group, the BMP-2 and ER expression in the bone tissue was significantly increased (P < 0.01), and ER mRNA level increased following Chinese medicine treatment. Results show that Chinese medicine of Jiangzhi Zhuanggu could increase BMP-2 and ER expression in the osteoporosis bone tissue, and improve osteoporosis effectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of adipose tissue-derived stem cells in tissue engineering Li Jian-xin, Yang Liang, Wang Wen-liang 2010, 14 (7):  1274-1277.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.031 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF (272KB) ( 518 )   Save BACKGROUND: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells have similar morphological and biological characteristics to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, which can be used as sources of seed cells for tissue engineering. OBJECTIVE: To understand the biological characteristics of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and to explore its clinical application and prospects in tissue engineering field. METHODS: The databases of PubMed and CNKI were searched with key words of “adipose tissue-derived stem cell, tissue engineering, and stem cells”. Literature search was limited to English and Chinese languages. The ossification potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and the outcomes combined adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells with gene transfection to treat diseases were served as evaluative indicators. The in vitro study of comparison between bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in ossification was included, and irrelative or repetitive papers were excluded.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Adipose tissue-derived stem cells can be obtained in large numbers from adipose tissue, and stably proliferate and differentiated in vitro, which possess the similar characteristics to bone marrow-derived menchymal stem cell in morphology and biology. Under certain induction, the adipose tissue-derived stem cells can directional differentiated into all three germ layers of cells. Combined adipose tissue-derived stem cells with tissue engineering scaffold could be used to repair bone and articular cartilage defects, but the quality and the surrounding cartilage connecting cartilage, bio-mechanical strength, and future normal cartilage degradation have a certain gap to normal cartilage. With the understanding of adult mesenchymal stem cell research, it found that the self-amplification and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells can effective disused the import of “exogenous gene”, thus, it is easy to in vitro genetic modification. Therefore, the adipose-derived stem cells can be combined with genetic engineering, and applied to gene therapy. However, in the present research, the remaining potential carcinogenicity in the gene vector and the negative impact after transfection has not been clarified. Related Articles | Metrics

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Target gene study in gene transfer technology of cartilage tissue engineering Yang Liang, Li Jian-xin, Wang Wen-liang 2010, 14 (7):  1278-1281.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.032 Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (329KB) ( 358 )   Save OBJECTIVE: To elaborate cartilage tissue engineering in the gene transfer technology and its application, in addition, to make a prospects for its further application. METHODS: The database of Science Direct database (2003-01/2009-04) and CNKI (2003-01/2009-04) were retrieved with key words of “cartilage tissue engineering, gene transfer”. The literature was limited to English and Chinese languages. Literatures concerning cartilage tissue engineering in the gene transfer technology were selected, including clinical research and basic research. Other unrelated papers were excluded. Chondrocyte differentiation and gene expression were observed. RESULTS: A total of 90 literatures were searched by computer, according to inclusive and exclusive criteria, the papers regarding cartilage tissue engineering in the gene transfection and gene types and options were analyzed. Gene transfer technology in the field of cartilage tissue engineering has broad application prospects. How to select genes associated with cartilage repair as the transfected gene need urgent solution. Currently, the used target gene can be divided into following categories, including stimulated cartilage cell proliferation and differentiation, matrix formation, inhibit chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoblast differentiation, anti-inflammatory response, inhibit senescence and inhibit apoptosis. CONCLUSION: It has a special significance to select the appropriate target genes, and to use a safe gene transfer method to repair cartilage. The clinical application of gene transfer technology is depended on the construction of safe and effective carriers, target genes, as well as transfection systems. Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatments of articular cartilage defects: Autologous chondrocyte implantation, matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation, in vivo scaffolds and related tissue engineering technologies Yang Xiao-jie, Xia Chang-suo 2010, 14 (7):  1282-1285.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.033 Abstract ( 352 )   PDF (278KB) ( 505 )   Save BACKGROUND: Self-repairing capability of articular cartilage tissue is poor, due to lack of the distribution of vessels and lymph. OBJECTIVE: To concisely describe the research progress of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), including matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI), in vivo scaffolds, and related tissue engineering technologies, and to prospect the future developments. METHODS: A search across the databases of ISI Web of Knowledge and PubMed (1979 to February 2009) was performed, with key words of “articular cartilage, transplantation, stem cells, tissue engineering”. As well, a search in the database of CNKI (1979 to Febraruy 2009) was performed with the key words of “articular cartilage, repair, tissue engineering”. Contents referring to ACI, MACI, in vivo scaffolds and related tissue engineering technologies were included, while contents regarding to the clinical imaging of articular cartilage defects, intracellular signaling pathways in chondrocytes, or gene therapy for articular cartilage defects were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 824 articles were obtained from the preliminary search across the databases. Based on the nominated evaluation criterions to the outcome, analysis focusing on ACI, MACI, in vivo scaffolds and related tissue engineering technologies was performed. As the most successful treatment for articular cartilage defects in the past decade, ACI has undergone a significant development. Recent improvements of ACI include MACI, in vivo scaffolds and related tissue engineering technologies, which exhibit relatively more success in engineering and clinical practice. Nonetheless, limitations still exist and therefore, further researches are required. As a promising alternative of ACI, MACI is more and more widely used in clinical practice for treating articular cartilage defects these years. The long-term curative effect of MACI, however, requires further clinical data to confirm. In addition, other improvements of ACI, in terms of material science, cytology and molecular biology, have been also provided by the developments of in vivo scaffolds and related tissue engineering technologies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of osteogenic factors in bone disease and formation Liao Jia-cheng, Bei Kang-sheng 2010, 14 (7):  1286-1290.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.034 Abstract ( 481 )   PDF (345KB) ( 503 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many factors are expressed during bone formation and osteonosus, which can induce cartilage to transformed into bone, or induce periosteal cells to transform into chondrocytes. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the osteogenic factors in recent years, and explore the important roles of these factors in bone formation and osteonosus. METHODS: A computer-based online search of Medline database (2008-01/2009-07) and CNKI (2008-01/2009-07) was performed using the key words of “osteogenic factors, bone disease, bone formation, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, osteogenesis” in English and “osteogenic factors, bone formation, bone disease, cytokine, stimulating factor” in Chinese. All the articles were limited to the English and Chinese languages. The content about the bone factors, bone formation or osteonosus was included. Repeated or old studies were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to the exclusion criteria, 158 literatures were collected and the roles of osteogenic factors in bone formation and osteonosus were analyzed. Bone formation and osteonosus are complex processes, influenced by many hormones and systemic or local growth factors. A variety of bone growth factors participate in process of bone healing and bone metabolism-related disease, which act on the target cells through local autocrine/paracrine mode and influence the distant target cells through blood circulation mode. A great number of factors are involved in the process of bone cell proliferation, differentiation, matrix synthesis and osteonosus metabolism, such as the fibroblast growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor, interleukin-1, insulin-like growth factor, growth hormone etc.  Osteogenic factors play an important role in the process of bone formation and bone-related diseases. More and more factors have been used in clinical therapy and bone tissue engineering research, and their effects have been clinically proven. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in the anthropology Pei Lin-guo, Xi Huan-jiu, Liu Hai-dong 2010, 14 (7):  1291-1294.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.035 Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (276KB) ( 498 )   Save BACKGROUND: The mitochondrial DNA with multiple copy number, maternal inheritance, high mutation rate, restructuring and other rare features, has important significance at levels of molecular ecology, molecular genetics, forensic and anthropological research. OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively analyze mitochondrial DNA in the development of research methods, and to explore the application of anthropological research. METHODS: With the key words of mitochondrial DNA, polymorphism, and haplogroup in English, a computer-based online search was conducted in Pubmed database from January 1999 to April 2009. Anthropology relevant articles were included, but animal experiments were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among the first inspection of 235 documents, 33 met the inclusion criteria. Mitochondrial DNA characterized by multiple copy number, maternal inheritance, high mutation rate, and very few re-occurring features, thus by analyzing the scope and frequency of information, it could be used to infer the relationship between the different populations, as well as the reconstruction of mass incidents. Mitochondrial DNA variation information extraction method had experienced low RFLP, high-resolution RFLP, sequencing and RFLP and sequencing of hypervariable region. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms played an important role in interfering phylogenetic relationships, different groups of national origin and migration routes. Mitochondrial DNA database of various groups around the world did not restrict the full application in anthropology. Mathematical statistical model which was used to improve existing, build and enrich various groups of mitochondrial DNA database all over the world is the main direction for future research. Mitochondrial DNA is significance in molecular ecology, molecular genetics, forensic science and anthropology, as well as the study of tissue engineering, especially in the study of human origins and comparative phylogenetic relationships of different populations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of hypoxic training on skeletal muscle structure and function Jia Hua, Wang Yan-hong, Liu Feng-bin, Li Ning-ning, Wang Feng, Zhao Bin 2010, 14 (7):  1295-1298.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.036 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (319KB) ( 497 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hypoxic training in combined with exercise training can increase the hypoxia levels of the body to mobilize the potentials of the body, resist to and actively adapt physiological responses resulted from hypoxia, so as to improve athletic performance. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the influence of hypoxic training on skeletal muscle structure and function, to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for hypoxic training. METHODS: Using “hypoxic training, skeletal muscle, function, structure” in English as the search terms, PubMed database was retrieved from 1990 to March 2009; Using “hypoxic training, skeletal muscle, function and structure” in Chinese as the search terms, CNKI database was searched from 2000 to May 2009. Literatures are limited to English and Chinese languages. The content related to the effect of hypoxic training on skeletal muscle structure and function was selected, and repetitive researches were eliminated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 144 literatures were obtained from computer screening, and then analyzed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Hypoxic training could avoid the disadvantages caused by conventional altitude training, the hypoxia environment is regulated according to the body's ability to adapt hypoxia, the normal training is ensured, so that skeletal muscle obtains beneficial physiological adaptation. Compared with pure hypoxia stimulation, different forms of hypoxia and different training methods may integrate into different modes of hypoxic training, which makes skeletal muscle function and structure more complex. The combination form of hypoxia and training is the main factor of the effect of hypoxia training on skeletal muscle function and structure. Different objects of experiments and test methods are likely to interfere with the conclusions, which also affect the mechanism of the role of hypoxic training on skeletal muscle. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of insulin-like growth factor on exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy Wu Wei, Li Xin1 2010, 14 (7):  1299-1302.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.037 Abstract ( 287 )   PDF (262KB) ( 433 )   Save BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has important biological effects on the heart, it can promote cardiac and vascular smooth muscle growth and metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the biological effects of IGF-1, to clarify the mechanism of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy, and make better use of the exercise influence on IGF1 to achieve adaptive cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS: With exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy, insulin-like growth factor, exercise in English for the search terms, Pubmed database from January 1990 to April 2009 was retrieved; With exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy, insulin-like growth factor, exercise in Chinese for the search terms, CNKI database from January 1990 to April 2009 was searched. Literatures were limited to English and Chinese languages. Inclusive criteria: animal experimental study and clinical application research closely linked to IGF-1; exclusive criteria: the old literatures and Meta analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 41 literatures were screened out by computers, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 31 documents of which were involved for analysis. The IGF coordinates with other growth factors to promote differentiations and maturity of a variety of cells. The current data indicate that the blood serum and the cardiac local IGF-1 play an important role on cardiac hypertrophy. This study used the method of literature to analyze the production and action mechanism of the circulatory and cardiac IGF, discuss the functions of cardiac local IGF and the effect of exercise on it, and bring forward that exercise can alter the IGF expressions, IGF is related to the formation of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomechanical characteristics of root resorption during orthodontic treatment Tu Ling-li 2010, 14 (7):  1303-1306.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.038 Abstract ( 257 )   PDF (317KB) ( 658 )   Save BACKGROUND: Root resorption is the treatment of malocclusion deformity correction in a common adverse reaction, and associated factors can be divided into biological and mechanical factors. OBJECTIVE: To explore the biological and mechanical factors of the root resorption caused by orthodontic treatment, so as to reduce the treatment risks. METHODS: With key words “root resorption, biomechanics”, a computer-based online search of PubMed database (1990-01/2009-05) and CNKI database (1990-01/2009-05) was performed for articles published in English and Chinese. Root resorption in Levander & Malmgren rating system was used as the evaluation index. The orthodontic treatment-related content was included, and other aspects of research were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 72 articles were collected, and according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 31 were included for analysis. Root resorption is a common phenomenon associated with orthodontic treatment. The factors relevant to root resorption can be divided into biological and mechanical factors, which are associated with an increased or decreased risk of root resorption during orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic therapy of patients with increased risk of root resorption should be carefully planned. Medical history, medication intake, family history, tooth and root morphology, oral health and habits must be considerate. The standard procedure to monitor apical root resorption is a radiographic examination after 6 months of treatment. In teeth with enhanced risk, a 3-month radiographic follow-up is recommended. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs might suppress root resorption induced by orthodontic therapy, although no study is conclusive enough to indicate a protocol for patients with enhanced risk. In the event of multiple external root resorption, the diagnostic procedure should focus on the exclusion of the local factors and its associations (such as magnitude, duration and type of orthodontic force, periodontal disease, root form) that might lead to external root resorption. Systemic disorders associated with phosphorus-calcium metabolic alterations are also suspected. Orthodontic treatment may cause a certain degree of root resorption, especially in patients with high-risk factors, but this risk can be minimized by the control of force and the close monitor of treatment process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation of bone mineral density changes withvertebral deformation and clinical manifestations in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy Yang Jin-fa, Chen Hui-de, Wu Yi-wen, Tang Jian 2010, 14 (7):  1307-1310.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.039 Abstract ( 263 )   PDF (275KB) ( 458 )   Save OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of bone mineral density changes with vertebral deformation and clinical manifestations in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. METHODS: A total of 42 cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients who received treatment at the Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January to June 2009 were selected and randomly divided into the normal (n=20) and lower bone density (n=22) groups. The cervical lateral of the C 3-6 spinal canal, sagittal diameter of vertebral body ratio, vertebral body deformation index in all cases was measured, and the clinical manifestations between two groups were compared.  RESULTS: The cervical (C3, C4, C5, C6) sagittal diameter of vertebral body ratios of lower bone density group were significantly decreased than those of the normal group (P < 0.05, or P < 0.01), and the cervical (C3, C4, C5, C6) vertebral body deformation indexes of the two groups showed no significant difference (P > 0.05); While the clinical manifestations (symptoms and physical signs) was significantly greater in the lower bone density group than the normal group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Cervical myelopathy can cause osteoporosis in patients with vertebral bone hyperplasia, spinal stenosis, in particular, the clinical manifestations are more obviously in lower bone density patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tibial-Inlay technique for reconstructing posterior cruciate ligament of knee joint with allograft tendons in 31 cases Li Zhi-huai, Li Ning, Zhang Yi-long, Liu Jian-feng, Song You-xin, Li Zhe 2010, 14 (7):  1311-1314.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.040 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (272KB) ( 490 )   Save BACKGROUND: Literatures report that double-bundle reconstruction is a better choice for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), but Tibial-inlay technique exhibits no significant difference. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of Tibial-inlay technique used in the PCL reconstruction with allograft tendons. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with PCL rupture were verified by arthroscopy in the Department of Orthopaedics, at the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College between February 2006 and May 2008, including 14 knees caused by traffic accident injury, 9 knees by crashing, and 8 knees by athletic injury. All the damaged PCLs were reconstructed with allograft tendons by Tibial-inlay technique under arthroscopy. During surgery, the remnants of the original PCL were retained as much as possible, PCL femoral tunnel was prepared. By using of allogeneic patella tendon with bone block at both ends or achilles tendon allograft with bone block at one side, the lateral bone block was chipped into trapezoidal block at a width of 1.0-1.5 cm and a length of    2 cm, that is, in addition to relying on friction force to fix between bone groove and bone graft, it can also generate compressive stress and increase its stability. The PCL tibial attached point was stripped, the trapezoid bone groove was prepared according to the size of bone block at the insertion site, and allogeneic bone block was embedded into bone groove, then the other end was introduced to femoral tunnel using pulling wire through the joint, after tensed at anterior drawer site, the extrusion screw was twisted forward to fix the tendon or bone. Before operation and during follow-ups, the posterior drawer test knee instability, joint activity, Lysholm knee function scores were recorded.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No severe complications, such as vascular nerve injury, rejection or infection, occurred in early stage after operations in 31 patients. All of them were followed up for 12-24 months. Posterior drawer test of all the subjects were above 2+ before operation, of which, 3+ and 4+ were 84%; the posterior drawer test results were as the following after operation: 4 cases of 0+ (normal), 17 cases of 1+, 9 cases of 2+ and 1 case of 3+, which shows the improvement of retroposition (P < 0. 05); Lysholm score was remarkably improved at follow-up compared with preoperation (P < 0.05), and there were significant improvements in the joint range of motion (P < 0.05). The reconstruction of PCL by Tibial-inlay technique with allograft tendons has advantages of minimal trauma in surgery, reliable fixation and satisfactory outcome. Related Articles | Metrics

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FHL1 gene expression and idiopathic congenital clubfoot: Comparative analysis of 15 patients and 3 normal controls Wang Li-li, Xin Na, Sun Kai-lai 2010, 14 (7):  1315-1318.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.041 Abstract ( 437 )   PDF (305KB) ( 367 )   Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and clinical significance of cathepsin K in intervertebral disk degeneration in humans Liu Ya, Wang Zong-liang, Cai Ming, Wang Min, Wang Shang 2010, 14 (7):  1319-1321.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.042 Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (202KB) ( 475 )   Save BACKGROUND: Several studies have confirmed that activation of intervertebral disc enzymes is closely related to matrix degradation. Matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase have been shown to exert important roles in the process of extracellular matrix degeneration in intervertebral disk. Besides these two enzyme systems, whether other proteases that exhibit degrading effects on extracellular matrix are involved in the intervertebral disk degeneration remains poorly understood.  OBJECTIVE: To detect the cathepsin K expression in normal and degenerated human intervertebral disc cells and investigate the correlation between cathepsin K and intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS: Cathepsin K expression was detected in intervertebral disc tissue from 30 patients with lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion using immunohistochemistry SP method and ELISA. At the same time, the intervertebral disc tissue from 15 healthy adult cadavers and/or spine fracture patients was taken as control. Cathepsin K protein expression in normal and degenerated human intervertebral disc tissues were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cathepsin K expression was observed in normal and degenerated intervertebral disc tissues. The expression level was significantly higher in degenerated tissue than normal tissue (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that Cathepsin K possibly participates in the intervertebral disc degeneration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of mitofusin 2 gene with protein kinase A phosphorylation site deletion on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells Zhou Wei, Cao Wen-jin, Chen Li-li, Guo Xiao-mei, Chen Guang-hui 2010, 14 (7):  1322-1326.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.043 Abstract ( 360 )   PDF (549KB) ( 1136 )   Save BACKGROUND: The mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) may affects vascular smooth muscle cell Ras protein and suppress cellular proliferation through inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling pathway, which plays an important role in pathogenesis of vascular disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and post-angioplasty restenosis. Mfn-2 gene amino acid sequence of the first 442 serine serves as protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site, which is closely related to its phosphorylation status and may be involved in its functional regulation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Mfn2 gene with PKA phosphorylation site deletion [Mfn2-PKA (△)] on inhibiting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and related signaling pathway. METHODS: Vascular smooth muscle cells of rats infected by recombinational adenovirus carrying green fluorescent protein, Mfn2 gene and Mfn2-PKA (△), were subcultured for 3-10 passages and randomly divided into 4 groups: ① Control group without intervention. ② Control group infected with adenovirus carrying green fluorescent protein. ③ Experiment group infected with adenovirus carrying Mfn-2 gene. ④ Experiment group infected with adenovirus carrying Mfn2-PKA (△). Laser confocal microscopy was used to observe the locations of Mfn2 gene with and without PKA in cells. The expressions of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, Mfn2 gene and Mfn2-PKA (△) were determined by Western blot analysis. The growth curve of the vascular smooth muscle cells was explored by MTT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Mfn-2 and Mfn2-PKA (△) both expressed protein-specific bands in vascular smooth muscle cells. Two kinds of gene expression products were mainly located at the out membrane of mitochondria. Compared with the control group and adenovirus carrying green fluorescent protein group, the absorbance values at 3, 4, 5, 6 days were significantly reduced in adenovirus carrying Mfn2 group (P < 0.01), and no obvious changes were observed in adenovirus carrying Mfn2-PKA (△) group. Compared with the control group and adenovirus carrying green fluorescent protein group, the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase expression was significantly reduced in adenovirus carrying Mfn2 group (P < 0.01), and no obvious changes were observed in adenovirus carrying Mfn2-PKA (△) group. Mfn2-PKA (△) located at the out membrane of mitochondria, has no effect on suppressing the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and no inhibition effect on extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling pathway. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of heat shock protein 27 in in vitro cultured human lens epithelial cells Zhang Xue-yan, Jia Lin-lin, Zhang Di, Yang Xiao-tian, Liu Yuan-guang 2010, 14 (7):  1327-1330.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.07.044 Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (254KB) ( 392 )   Save BACKGROUND: Special anatomical location makes eye lens expose to stressful situation in a long term. Whether the environmental stress can up-regulate the expression of heat shock proteins in human lens epithelial cells? Whether the synthesis increase occurs in the level of transcription or translation, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression and location of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in human lens epithelial cells under the conditions of high temperature and oxidative stress, and to investigate the pathogenesis of the cataract. METHODS: Human lens epithelial cells cultured in vitro were exposed to heat (45 ℃) and oxidative stress (50 mmol/L H2O2) for 30 minutes, respectively, then allowed to recover normal conditions. At different intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, 16, 24 hours), immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to determine the expression and localization of HSP27. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: HSP27 was shown to express in both physiological and stressful conditions. The expressions of HSP27 mRNA and protein were remarkably increased at 2 hours following heat and oxidative stress, and reached the peak at 6 hours. HSP27 could maintain a high level for 16 hours. The stress-induced HSP27 protein positive particles transferred from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and gradually shift back to the cytoplasm along time. It is proved that HSP27 exists in lens epithelial cells and can be increased after stress. The data suggested it may play an important protective role in lens epithelial cells in respond to cellular stress. Related Articles | Metrics