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16 December 2012, Volume 16 Issue 51 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effects of simvastatin gel on bone regeneration following grade Ⅱ furcation of alveolar defects Chen Shan, Yang Jun-ying, Zhang Sheng-yan, Ren Jing, Zhou Qian-bing 2012, 16 (51):  9501-9506.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.001 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (468KB) ( 508 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that statins can stimulate the bone regeneration. ONJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of simvastatin/methylcellulose gel on bone regeneration after grade Ⅱ furcation of alveolar defects in miniature pigs. METHODS: Grade Ⅱ furcation of alveolar defects model were produced in 32 teeth (the third and fourth premolars) of miniature pigs. The 32 experimental teeth were divided into five groups: the low-, middle- and high-dose simvastatin/methylcellulose gel groups were injected with 0.01, 0.03 and 0.044 g/mL simvastatin/methylcellulose gel 50 μL into the furcation sites; the control group was injected with 50 μL simvastatin/methylcellulose gel into the furcation sites once a week and lasted for 8 weeks; the blank control group had no treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group and blank control group, the height of the alveolar bone in the furcation sites of low-, middle- and high-dose simvastatin/methylcellulose gel groups were increased (P < 0.001), and the furcation sites were filled with the new alveolar bone, the trabecular was in the network structure and the mature Harvard’s system. The maturity of the new alveolar bone in the low-dose simvastatin/methylcellulose gel group was higher than that in the middle- and high-dose simvastatin/methylcellulose gel groups with less inflammatory cell infiltration. Little new alveolar bone could be seen in the control group and blank control group. Local application of simvastatin/methylcellulose gel can stimulate the regeneration of alveolar bone in furcation defect sites and the best dose of simvastatin/methylcellulose gel is 0.01 g/mL. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cellular biocompatibility of a novel strontium incorporated freeze dried bone material   Zhao Yan-tao, Hou Shu-xun, Yan Jun, Huo Na, Zhong Hong-bin, Zhou Ying 2012, 16 (51):  9507-9512.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.002 Abstract ( 312 )   PDF (468KB) ( 481 )   Save BACKGROUND: A strontium incorporated freeze dried bone material has been developed in previous report. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cellular biocompatibility of a novel strontium incorporated freeze dried bone material in comparison with normal material. METHODS: MC-3T3 osteoblasts were inoculated on the surface of strontium incorporated freeze dried bone material and normal freeze dried bone material, and the cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin activity were evaluated and cell micro morphology were observed by scanning electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Osteoblast grew normally on the strontium incorporated freeze dried bone material. On days 3 and 5, cell quantity on the strontium incorporated freeze dried bone material was significantly higher than that on the normal freeze dried bone material (P < 0.05). The alkaline phosphatase activity on the strontium incorporated freeze dried bone material was significantly higher than that on the normal freeze dried bone material (P < 0.05). But there was no significant difference of osteocalcin activity between two groups (P > 0.05). On the surface of strontium incorporated freeze-dried bone material, the osteoblast spread well. Cells were polygonal or spindle-shaped with abundant cytoplasm and the pseudopodia closely attached to the material surface. Some micro filopodia could be observed at the end of cell protrusion. Strontium incorporated freeze dried bone material had excellent cell compatibility, and the growth of osteoblasts on its surface was superior to those on the surface of normal freeze dried bone material. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and properties of xenogeneic biological derived bone scaffold materials Xiao Shi-hui, Wei Qing-jun, Wei Ji-hua, Li Wei-an 2012, 16 (51):  9513-9517.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.003 Abstract ( 336 )   PDF (426KB) ( 689 )   Save BACKGROUND: Xenogeneic bone has the advantages of rich source, inexpensive and relatively simple and easy approach. Bone scaffold after processing can retain the micro-structure of the original bone. It has a good contribute to bone, bone conduction and bone-inducing activity. OBJECTIVE: To detect the physiochemical performance and cells compatibility in vitro of homemade biological derivative bone scaffold materials. METHODS: The pig cancellous scaffold materials were prepared through deproteinization, degrease, decalcification and cryopreservation. The cancellous scaffold materials before and after processed were detected by histological observation. Material structure and pore diameter was observed and calculated under scanning electron microscope. Scaffold materials porosity was calculated by using liquid replacement method, and the degradation speed of scaffolds in vitro was tested. Materials mainly elements were detected by the energy spectrum analysis and the compatibility of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Processed scaffolds had the characteristics of three-dimensional structure. The pore size was 150.8-306.7 μm and the porosity was 84.5%-89.7%. Scaffolds degradation was at a slow pace in the first 6 weeks. After the first 6 weeks, the scaffolds degradation rate curve presented linear curve and the degradation speed was increased significantly. The material was almost completely degraded at 10 weeks and the degradation rate arrived to 92.8%. The pore size of cancellous scaffold was appropriate for the proliferation and adhesion of bone mesenchymal stem cells, it indicated that the biological derivative bone scaffold materials had good performance and compatibility and suitable for building tissue engineering bone. Related Articles | Metrics

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Beta-tricalcium phosphate sintered bone/antibiotics drug delivery systems for treating chronicosteomyelitis Hou Xi-jun, Wang Chun-hua, Lian Hong-xing, Li Lin, Li Yu-qiang, Zhang Lian-qing 2012, 16 (51):  9518-9522.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.004 Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (402KB) ( 561 )   Save BACKGROUND: Biological degradation antibiotics drug delivery systems possess some advantages, such as the biological degradation of the carrying materials, complete delivery of the antibiotics, higher density of part drug, better effectiveness of anti-infection and fewer systemic adverse reactions. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effectiveness of the antibiotics drug delivery systems of the β-tricalcium phosphate sintered bone loading gentamycin for treating chronic osteomyelitis. METHODS: Forty-eight New Zealand white rabbits were selected to make the model of chronic osteomyelitis, and then randomly divided into experimental group and control group. The antibiotics drug delivery systems of the β-tricalcium phosphate sintered bone loading gentamycin was implanted into the experimental group, and the particles of β-tricalcium phosphate sintered bone were implanted into the defect site of the control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The general reactions, wound healing, changing of the white blood cells and C-reactive protein in the venous blood of the experimental group were better than those of the control group. The antibiotics drug concentration in the experimental group could achieve burst release and reach peak at the 1st day postoperation, then maintained a higher concentration that was 10 times higher than its effective bacteriostasis concentration within 4 weeks postoperation; but when there was a higher antibiotics drug concentration in the local tissue, the general drug concentration was lowered. At 3 weeks after operation, the antibiotics drug concentration in the venous blood could not be observed. All of above showed that the antibiotics drug delivery systems of the β-tricalcium phosphate sintered bone loading gentamycin could treat chronic osteomyelitis better. Related Articles | Metrics

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Repair of articular cartilage defects by the compound of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid andallogeneic cells 2012, 16 (51):  9523-9528.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.005 Abstract ( 393 )   PDF (532KB) ( 594 )   Save BACKGROUND: The autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes as seed cells can achieve the ideal effect for repairing the articular cartilage defect, but the shortage of seed cells and secondary trauma are difficult problems for researchers. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility for repairing the articular cartilage defect by co-culture of allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and allogenic chondrocytes mixed with poly lactic-co-glycolic acid. METHODS: Fifteen New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups, including experimental group, control group and blank group, and the articular cartilage defect models were prepared. The articular cartilage defect was filled with allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and the complex of allogenic chondrocytes and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and the complex of autologous chondrocytes and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, and the poly lactic-co-glycolic acid copolymer material. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome staining at 12 weeks after operation showed that the chondrocytes could be seen in the articular cartilage defect of the experimental group with round or polygonal-shaped and in a columnar arrangement. The typical cartilage lacunae were formed and a large number of extracellular matrix depositions could be seen and the repaired tissue showed a hyaline cartilage-like and integrated well with the surrounding tissues and closed well with underlying bone. There was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group; in the blank group, the fiber-like cells could be seen in the articular cartilage defect. It is feasible to repair articular cartilage defect by co-culture of allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and allogenic chondrocytes mixed with poly lactic-co-glycolic acid. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pluronic F127/poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles as drug carriers Li Zi-ling, Huang You-sheng, Xiong Xiang-yuan, Gong Yan-chun, Li Yu-ping 2012, 16 (51):  9529-9532.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.006 Abstract ( 511 )   PDF (238KB) ( 1043 )   Save BACKGROUND: Few reports about the stability of nanoparticles in the water and PBS have been published in China. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the stability of pluronic/poly(lactic acid) nanoparcticles in the water and PBS and feasibility of pluronic F127/poly(lactic acid) block polymer as drug carriers METHODS: Pluronic poly(lactic acid) nanoparcticles were prepared by a dialysis method. In vitro high performance liquid chromatography, and the cytotoxicity of pluronic F127/poly(lactic acid) block polymer was investigated by MTT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pluronic /poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles had better stability in the water than in the PBS. In addition, pluronic /poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles were influenced greatly by the temperature, which had a good stability in low temperature. At 37 ℃, pluronic/poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles had a greater change in the particle size. The release curve of paclitaxel-loaded pluronic F127/poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles showed a rapid release within 20 hours, and then presented with a slow release. Approximately 20% paclitaxel was released from the nanoparticles. MTT test results revealed that pluronic F127/poly(lactic acid) block polymer had a good biocompatibility. These findings indicate that pluronic/poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles can be used as drug carriers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Antimicrobial efficacy of nano-silver endodontic irrigations for an in vitro model infected byEnterococcus faecalis in starvation Chen Jian-hong, Wang Ping, Peng Meng, Tang Qian, Wen Yun-sheng 2012, 16 (51):  9533-9540.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.007 Abstract ( 445 )   PDF (413KB) ( 803 )   Save BACKGROUND: Effective root canal irrigation in root canal treatment can significantly reduce bacteria and their products within the root canal system, improving the treatment effectiveness and prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antimicrobial effects of two kinds of nano-silver endodontic irrigates containing chlorhexidine acetate or triclosan against Entercoccus faecalis in starvation in root canals.  METHODS: Totally 45 infected premolars models used in the experiment were divided into three groups randomly, all of which were prepared with Protaper hand instruments to F3, and were irrigated with irrigations containing chlorhexidine acetate, triclosan and NaClO. Microbial growth was analyzed by turbidity of the culture medium, and then colony-forming units were counted on the plates. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was a statistically significant difference in colony-forming units of Entercoccus faecalis before and after irrigation (P < 0.01). All of the three irrigations were antimicrobial. There was no significant difference in the antimicrobial effect between chlorhexidine acetate nano-silver and NaClO (P > 0.05). Chlorhexidine acetate nano-silver and NaClO showed a better antimicrobial effect than triclosan nano-silver, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that chlorhexidine acetate nano-silver, triclosan nano-silver and NaClO were antimicrobial, which could not eradicate Entercoccus faecalis in the root canals. Antimicrobial effects of chlorhexidine acetate nano-silver and NaClO were similar, which were better than triclosan nano-silver. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cellular biocompatibility of nano-bacterial cellulose Li Yang, Shen Jian-cheng, Xu Feng, Zhang Hua, Chen Lei, Yang Hui-lin, Shi Qin 2012, 16 (51):  9541-9545.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.008 Abstract ( 435 )   PDF (537KB) ( 902 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bacterial cellulose is a new type of biological polymer materials, characterized by the advantages such as three-dimensional structure and high hydrophilicity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biocompatibility of the natural polymer bacterial cellulose by co-cultured with cells in vitro. METHODS: Bacterial cellulose scaffold was prepared with static culture program. Then the C2C12 cells and L929 cells in exponential phase of growth were co-cultured with bacterial cellulose in vitro. The morphology of bacterial cellulose scaffold was observed with scanning electron microscope. The growth and the proliferation of the cells were observed by using phase contrast microscope and the cell proliferation rate was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 colorimetry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bacterial cellulose had a fine three-dimensional structure and the fiber diameter was in the nano-level. The C2C12 cells and L929 cells could in vitro grew and proliferate on the bacterial cellulose scaffold and showed fusiform shape; and their morphology did not changed significantly. The relative proliferation rates of C2C12 cells and L929 cells on the bacterial cellulose scaffold were ≥100%. The cytotoxicity grade of bacterial cellulose was 0. Bacterial cellulose has good biocompatibility which is benefit to cell adhesion and proliferation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Structure and composition of titanium oxidation coating with different micro-arc oxidation time   Wang Lei, Yan Feng-ying, Chen Jian-zhi 2012, 16 (51):  9546-9550.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.009 Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (593KB) ( 560 )   Save BACKGROUND: Electrolyte, electronic parameters and time are three main factors in a micro-arc oxidation experiment, influencing the overall implant properties. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of micro-arc oxidation time on the morphology, structure and composition of implant coating. METHODS: The oxidation coating was prepared on titanium surface by using micro-arc oxidation technique in aqueous electrolyte solution containing calcium acetate monohydrate and sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate. By changing the micro-arc oxidation time, microstructure changes were detected on the surface of titanium. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The coatings were rough and porous. The longer oxidation time, the thicker coating, the larger diameter of porous, but the fewer porous numbers. As the treatment time increased, the surface roughness of micro-arc oxidation specimens increased, meanwhile the content and proportion of elements Ca and P was increased in the coatings. Therefore, the treatment time is an important factor in micro-arc oxidation technology, especially for the microstructure on the coating surface. By controlling oxidation time in a certain value, the ideal oxidation coatings can be acquired easily in the future, with good biological properties. Related Articles | Metrics

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Antimicrobial activity of four kinds of root canal sealers in vitro Chen Yao-zhong, Chen Jian-ming, Liu Gen-di 2012, 16 (51):  9551-9557.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.010 Abstract ( 408 )   PDF (343KB) ( 794 )   Save BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial activity of root canal sealers is an important factor in the prognosis of root canal treatment, which can be helpful in destroying any remaining root canal microbes. OBJECTIVE: To determine in vitro antimicrobial activity of four kinds of root canal sealers (AH plus, Vitapex, Guttaflow and Endomethasone). METHODS: The antimicrobial effects of AH plus, Vitapex, Guttaflow, Endomethasone, the minocycline hydrochloride or miconazole nitrate cream (positive control group) and normal saline (negative control group) against the following microbes: Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were evaluated using the agar diffusion test in vitro. The diameters of the zones of microbial growth inhibition were measured after 24 hours. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Endomethasone demonstrated an antimicrobial activity for all tested microbes. The mean antimicrobial efficacy of Endomethasone against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans was significantly less as compared with that of the positive control group (P < 0.01); however, the inhibition effect on Enterococcus faecalis was more effective than that on the positive control group (P < 0.01). For AH plus, only Candida albicans was inhibited and presented smaller mean zone of microbial growth inhibition than Endomethasone and the positive control group (P < 0.01). No antimicrobial activity was detected for Vitapex and Guttaflow. It indicats that antimicrobial activity of the four kinds of root canal sealers is greatest for Endomethasone, followed by AH-Plus, whilst Vitapex and Guttaflow have no antimicrobial activity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone morphogenic protein slow-release compound materials for repair of radial defects in rabbits Cui Xu, Ma Yuan-zheng, Li Da-wei, Xue Hai-bin 2012, 16 (51):  9558-9562.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.011 Abstract ( 331 )   PDF (498KB) ( 609 )   Save BACKGROUND: The degradation rate and strength of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) can be regulated by the addition of β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and the load of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) can promote the osteoinductive capacity. OBJECTIVE: To test the effect of slow-release PLGA/β-TCP/isoniazid (INH)/BMP material on the repair of segmental radial defects in rabbits. METHODS: Forty New Zealand rabbits were collected and a rabbit model of 12-mm left radial defects was established. The rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: group 1, group 2, group 3 and group 4. The former three groups were implanted PLGA/β-TCP material, PLGA/β-TCP/INH material and PLGA/β-TCP/INH / BMP material, respectively. The group 4 served as the blank control group (without implants). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At week 12 after treatment, radial defects in the former three groups were all repaired well, and the PLGA/β-TCP/INH /BMP group obtained the best results (P < 0.05). The blank control group failed to restore radial defects. These results suggest that the slow-release PLGA/β-TCP/INH/BMP material can effectively repair the 12-mm long radial defects in rabbits. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and bone morphogenetic protein-polyethlenepyrolindone-nano hydroxyapatite/collagen delayed release system Xu Xiao-feng, Chen Jing-jia, Di Dong-hua, Liu Xiao-ping, Wang Ming-wei, Zhang Zhi-jian 2012, 16 (51):  9563-9566.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.012 Abstract ( 413 )   PDF (319KB) ( 620 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is important in bone tissue engineering and it is easily degraded by protainases in the body. According to the related researches, polyethlenepyrolindone (PVP) can effectively make BMP to releases lower and has good biocompatibility with the stent. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of the delayed release system of PVP modified nano-hydroxyapatite, then to cultivate it with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) that have been induced to osteoblasts to prepare a new delayed release system with good biocompatibility. METHODS: The samples were divided into three groups: PVP modified BMP combined with nano-hydroxyapatite; unmodified BMP combined with nano-hydroxyapatite; PVP modified BMP combined with spongy bone from SD rat bone marrows. First, the activity of PVP-BMP microsphere was detected by ELISA. Second, after the BMSCs were induced and proliferated to osteoblasts, they were seeded onto the scaffold. The number of cells on the scaffold was counted at different time points (3, 7, 10, 14 days). The cell growth on scaffold was also observed by scanning electron microscope 14 days later. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression of BMP was still higher after 14 days in the experimental group. The differentiation of BMSCs to osteoblastic phenotype was demonstrated by the positive staining of collagen type Ⅰ. The cast-off cells from the scaffold in the experimental group were obviously more than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Scanning electron microscope observed that the cell grew better in the experimental group than in the control group. PVP-modified BMP-nanohydroxyapatite delayed release system has good effect, it can cause BMSCs to proliferate and differentiate well. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with bladder extracellular matrix Li Xin-hui, Liao Wen-biao, Li Yong-wei, Song Chao, Yang Si-xing 2012, 16 (51):  9567-9573.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.013 Abstract ( 423 )   PDF (609KB) ( 624 )   Save BACKGROUND: In the process of urinary tract defect recondition, the composite of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-bladder extracellular matrix is expected to form the epithelium, muscularis and vascularization. OBJECTIVE: To observe the biocompatibility of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with bladder extracellular matrix. METHODS: Passage 4 rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were seeded into bladder extracellular matrix of allogeneic with a density of 1.0×106/mL. The separated cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were regarded as control. The growth curves of the two groups were drawn and the difference between them was evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could attach, mitosis and growth on the surface of bladder extracellular matrix, and the cell growth curve was similar with that of the control group. This indicated that the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells that grow well on the surface of bladder extracellular matrix. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of chitosan on liver free radical metabolism in anaerobic training rats Shi Ying 2012, 16 (51):  9574-9578.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.014 Abstract ( 330 )   PDF (280KB) ( 565 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chitosan has the function of scavenging the free radicals. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of chitosan on the liver function of rats undergoing glycolysis energy supply following intermittent cycle swimming training. METHODS: Sixty-four adult Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, exercise group, medication group, medication and exercise group, 16 rats in each group. The exercise group and the medication and exercise group performed to glycolysis mainly intermittent cycle training, and after training for 12 days, eight rats were selected randomly in two groups to take the relatively large amount of swimming exercise (i.e., a quantitative load exercise); the rats in the control group and medication group did not underwent the intermittent cycle training, but the rats in the two groups also received the quantitative load exercise at the same time points, i.e. each group was divided into two subgroups of pre-quantitative load exercise group and post-quantitative load exercise group. Rats in the medication and exercise group were gavaged with chitosan at the concentration of 0.3 g/kg at 30 minutes before training; rats in the medication group were gavaged with chitosan at the concentration of 0.3 g/kg at the same time point; rats in the control group and the exercise group were gavaged with the same amount of normal saline. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The superoxide dismutase activity in each group after the quantitative load exercise was decreased significantly when compared with that before quantitative load exercise (P < 0.01), and the malondialdehyde level in each group was significantly increased (P < 0.01). And the superoxide dismutase activity in each group after the quantitative load exercise was significantly lower than that in the control group before quantitative load exercise (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group after quantitative load exercise, the superoxide dismutase activity in the exercise group and the medication and exercise group were increased significantly (P < 0.01), and the malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Compared with the exercise group after quantitative load exercise, the superoxide dismutase activity in the medication group after quantitative load exercise was decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and the malondialdehyde level was increased (P < 0.05); the superoxide dismutase activity inthe exercise group after the quantitative load exercise was increased (P < 0.05), and the malondialdehyde level was decreased (P < 0.05). It shows that chitosan combined with exercise and training can effectively improve the antioxidant ability and the metabolism of free radicals. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chitosan-calcium phosphate/bone morphogenetic protein-2/bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells compound accelerates spinal fusion in rabbits Ding Zhi-yong, Lin Yong-xin, Wu Bo-wen, Sun Guo-dong, Jiao Yan-peng, Li Zhi-zhong, Zhou Chang-ren 2012, 16 (51):  9579-9583.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.015 Abstract ( 249 )   PDF (474KB) ( 521 )   Save BACKGROUND: Preliminary experiments have shown that chitosan-calcium phosphate/bone morphogenetic protein-2/basic fibroblast growth factor (CS-CPC/BMP-2/bFGF) scaffolds can promote the rabbit spinal fusion. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of CS-CPC/BMP-2/bFGF scaffolds on spinal fusion in rabbits. METHODS: The CS-CPC/BMP-2/bFGF scaffolds was produced and co-cultured with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to form the tissue engineered bone in vitro. The intervertebral discs of 40 New Zealand white rabbits were removed, and then randomly divided into four groups: the control group was implanted with autogenous iliac bone, the scaffold group was implanted with CS-CPC/rhBMP-2/bFGF composites; the experimental group was implanted with tissue engineered bone-materials; the blank control group was not implanted with any material. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 12 weeks: ①X-ray examination showed the spinal fusion and the biomechanical strength of the fusion segments in the control group and the experimental group were similar, and the biomechanical strength in the control group and the experimental group was stronger than that in the blank control group and scaffolds group (P < 0.05), and the scaffold group was stronger than the blank control group (P < 0.05). ②Histological paraffin sections showed that the woven bone and new blood capillaries could be seen in the experimental group and the control group, and in the scaffold group, we only found the stent mesh of the chitosan; and in the blank control group, we did not find the special structure. The results showed that the CS-CPC/BMP-2/bFGF scaffold combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could promote the spinal fusion significantly. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of carboxymethyl chitosan and platelet-derived growth factor-BB on proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells cultured in vitro   Deng Lei, Yu Zhan-hai, Yin Li-hua, Wu Xi-xi 2012, 16 (51):  9584-9588.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.016 Abstract ( 296 )   PDF (410KB) ( 558 )   Save BACKGROUND: Both carboxymethyl chitosan and platelet-derived growth factor-BB can promote the proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells cultured in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of carboxymethyl chitosan and platelet-derived growth factor-BB combination on the proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells cultured in vitro. METHODS: The fourth and the fifth generation of human periodontal ligament cells were collected and primarily cultured in different groups: control group (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium contained 2% fetal bovine serum), 10 μg/L platelet-derived growth factor-BB group, 100 mg/L carboxymethyl chitosan+10 μg/L platelet-derived growth factor-BB group, 800 mg/L carboxymethyl chitosan group+10 μg/L platelet-derived growth factor-BB group, 100 mg/L carboxymethyl chitosan group and 800 mg/L carboxymethyl chitosan group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with control group, each experimental group can promote the proliferation ability of human periodontal ligament cells by MTT assay, and the proliferation of the cells in the combination groups was higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05), and the dose of 100 mg/L carboxymethyl chitosan plus 10 μg/L platelet-derived growth factor-BB had the greatest promotion effect on the proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells (P < 0.05). (2) The cell cycle results were in line with the results of the MTT assay. (3) Alkaline phosphatase activity detection: compared with the control group, the alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in all groups except for 10 μg/L platelet-derived growth factor-BB group (P < 0.05). It indicates that the combination of carboxymethyl chitosan and platelet-derived growth factor-BB can promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the human periodontal ligament cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of microencapsulated culture on drug resistance of tumor cells Li Nan, Xu Xiao-xi, Sun Guang-wei, Zhang Ying, Wang Wei, Ma Xiao-jun 2012, 16 (51):  9589-9594.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.017 Abstract ( 295 )   PDF (473KB) ( 588 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tumor cells within the microenvironment created by microcapsules have similar the characteristics of tumors in vivo. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of microencapsulated culture on drug resistance of tumor cells. METHODS: HepG2 cells obtained from monolayer culture in the exponential growth phase were microencapsulated cultured for 15 days. Again the cells were encapsulated in microcapsules for the microencapsulated culture. The procedure above was repeated for three times. The cells after microencapsulated culture were retrieved for further examination. The morphology, adhesion ability, proliferation ability, cell cycle, drug sensitivity and the expression of drug resistance-associated genes were detected through microscope, flow cytometry, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The HepG2 cells went through different times of microencapsulated culture showed no significant changes upon their morphology, adhesion ability, proliferation ability and cell cycle when they were grown in monolayer culture again. Compared with the cells without microencapsulated culture, the drugs resistance of the retrieved cells from microcapsules decreased along with the increasing of the microencapsulated culturing times. It was primarily due to the expression of drug resistance-associated genes declined. The results of this study suggested only cultured in the microcapsules, the tumor cells could maintain the higher drug resistance, and once back to the monolayer culture, the characteristics would disappear. Therefore, the tumor cells could acquire the in vivo-like drug resistance only when cultured in the microcapsules. Related Articles | Metrics

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In vivo antitumor activity of the polyanhydride-pirarubicin long-term implant in animal models Yu Mei-li, Du Zhi, Wang Rui, Wang Ruo-xi, Xue Jun-chen, Guo Hong-yue, Xiong Wei, Li Chan 2012, 16 (51):  9595-9599.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.018 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (275KB) ( 673 )   Save BACKGROUND: Experimental studies have shown that polyanhydride-pirarubicin implants can maintain relatively constant blood concentration for a long term. OBJECTIVE: To observe the in vivo antitumor effect of polyanhydride-pirarubicin implants in the bladder tumors in rats. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rat bladder cancer models were built by the N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxy-butyl) nitrosamine feeding, and then were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Polyanhydride-pirarubicin implants and the same dose of pirarubicin implants were implanted into the bladder submucosathe of rat models. High performance liquid chromatography detection was done for monitoring plasma concentration and changes in tumor size. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the experimental group, there was no burst effect during the release of pirarubicin, basically meeting the requirements of long-acting local implants used in the treatment of bladder cancer (sustained release of over 80 days). In the control group, pirarubicin concentration significantly increased firstly, then decreased rapidly after 5 days and it was unable to maintain the effective therapeutic concentrations (1.0-3.0 mg/L). Thirty days after implantation, the tumor size in the experimental group was significantly reduced, and the inhibition rate in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Rats in the experimental group had a longer average survival period than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Related Articles | Metrics

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Prevention of cerebrospinal fluid leakage by using temperature-responsive hydroxybutyl chitosan Zhou Lin, Wei Chang-zheng, Hou Chun-lin, Lin Hao-dong, Liu Yong 2012, 16 (51):  9600-9606.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.019 Abstract ( 440 )   PDF (436KB) ( 792 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have showed that temperature-responsive hydroxybutyl chitosan has a good biocompatibility, extremely low toxicity, and good biodegradability. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a novel biomaterial, temperature-responsive hydroxybutyl chitosan, in the prevention of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage. METHODS: The basic mechanical properties of temperature-responsive hydroxybutyl chitosan at 1.5%, 2.0%, 3.0% were measured by rheometer and dynamic mechanical instrument, including gelation time, mechanical strength, and anti-fatigue property. Ten macaques were selected to prepare animal models of cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and then randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Temperature-responsive hydroxybutyl chitosan at 1.5% was used in the experimental group and nothing in the control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The gelation time of temperature-responsive hydroxybutyl chitosan at 1.5% was (70±4) seconds, and the max sustainable pressure was 50.3-60.1 kPa, which showed excellent stability in the fatigue tests and frequency scanning. The gelation time of samples at 2% was (45±3) seconds, and the max sustainable pressure was 70.6-122.5 kPa, which failed to pass the fatigue test, but showed excellent stability in frequency scanning. The gelation time of temperature-responsive hydroxybutyl chitosan at 3% was (26±2) seconds, and the max sustainable pressure was 77.8-104.7 kPa. Likewise, the temperature-responsive hydroxybutyl chitosan at 3% with excellent stability in frequency scanning also failed to pass the fatigue test. The plugging rate was 100% in the experimental group, but 0 in the control group. Therefore, the temperature-responsive hydroxybutyl chitosan at 1.5% is most suitable for clinical application that confirmed by the animal studies of macaques in prevention of cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Related Articles | Metrics

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In vivo and in vitro experiments of living derm substitute Chen Wei, Jiang Ping 2012, 16 (51):  9607-9610.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.020 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (291KB) ( 639 )   Save BACKGROUND: Derm substitute is the foundation of constructing tissue engineering skin. OBJECTIVE: To construct the living derm substitute and to perform the in vivo and in vitro relevant experiments. METHODS: Collagen gel and fibroblasts were mixed to construct the living derm substitute and then histological observation was performed in vitro. Living derm substitutes were transplanted onto the back wounds of BALB/c nude mice with full-thickness skin defects, and the histological observation was performed after 4 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ①In vitro experiment: With the cultured time gone, the diameter of the living derm substitute reduced gradually, and the toughness increased. Up to 14 days, the diameter decreased to the original diameter of 18.2%, which was not broken under clamping and lifting. Fibroblasts grew well in the collagen gel and maintained secretory activity. TypeⅠcollagen, fibronectin and vascular endothelial growth factor were all positively expressed in the collagen gel. ②In vivo experiment: At 4 weeks after living derm substitute transplanted onto the wounds, the living derm substitutes were covered by epidermis with clear stratification that was thicker than normal skin. Fibroblasts in the dermis were alive and worked, and the collagen fibers arranged orderly which were homogeneous and non-hierarchical. Rare inflammatory cells could be seen in the dermis, mature blood vessels could be seen, and there lack of hair follicles and sebaceous. Living derm substitute could be constructed by fibroblasts in three-dimensional typeⅠcollagen gel culturing, which could promote the epithelialization after transplanted onto the wound. Related Articles | Metrics

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Feasibility of in-situ modifying hydroxyapatite with functional organophosphorus compounds   Zhao Li-ping, Zhou Xiao-yong, Li Cui-cui, Zhong Yin-ping, Xie Xing-yi 2012, 16 (51):  9611-9615.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.021 Abstract ( 353 )   PDF (467KB) ( 638 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nano-hydroxyapatite particles agglomerate so easily that their polymer-based nanocomposites are inferior to cortical bones in mechanical properties. OBJECTIVE: To prepare stable hydroxyapatite (HA) colloid by new methods. METHODS: 38 mL calcium nitrate solution (0.05 mol/L) was mixed with an isovolumetric solution of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate (ADP), 3-phosphonopropionic acid (CEPA) and L-O-phosphoserine (LOP), respectively. Thereafter, 7.5 mL triammonium phosphate solution (0.15 mol/L) was dropped into each of the mixtures followed by aging at 40 ℃ and 80 ℃ for 4 hours, respectively. The modified HAs (ADP-HA, CEPA-HA, LOP-HA) were purified through centrifugation and water washing, followed by freeze drying. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The as-synthesized products were still HA as proved by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses, with some modifiers on surface. Zeta potentials showed that the CEPA-HA and LOP-HA were negatively charged while the ADP-HA was positively charged. The CEPA-HA and LOP-HA were re-suspended in water through 4-hour ultrasonication, forming light blue colloids with short-term (3 days) stability at pH 11. The ADP-HA suspension possessed slightly higher stability in acidic solution than that in neutral one, similar to the case in alkaline solution. But its stability in all cases (< 3 hours) was far from an ideal one. Creative methods should be under way to improve HA hydrocolloids’ stability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Repairing full-thickness cutaneous defects with silk fibrin combined with bone marrowmesenchymal stem cells Miao Zong-ning, Li Fang, Zhang Xue-guang, Lü Guo-zhong 2012, 16 (51):  9616-9623.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.022 Abstract ( 424 )   PDF (466KB) ( 764 )   Save BACKGROUND: The silk fibroin material has good biocompatibility. OBJECTIVE: To observe the feasibility of silk fibroin material and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for repairing the rat full-thickness cutaneous defects. METHODS: The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of Sprague-Dawley rats were labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine and cultured with silk fibroin material. The Sprague-Dawley rat full-thickness cutaneous defect models were prepared and divided into four groups: the experimental group was transplanted with the complex of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and silk fibroin material; the cell group was transplanted with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; the control group was transplanted with silk fibroin material; and the blank group without any treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ①General observation: the necrotic tissue was observed in the blank group at 8 weeks after operation and the scar contracture was obvious; the wound healing in the cell group was similar with that in the blank group. The wound in the control group was not healed and a little amount of scar was observed and integrated with the surrounding skin. There was no obvious scar in the experimental group at 4 weeks after operation and the wound was healed well at 8 weeks after operation. ②Histological observation: the immunofluorescence staining in the experimental group at 4 weeks after operation showed that the 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeled bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were located in reconstructed epidermis and dermal tissues, and wound surface was recovered well at 8 weeks after operation; the immunofluorescence staining in the cell group showed a little amount of 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeled bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. It indicates that co-transplantation of silk fibroin material and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can repair rat full-thickness cutaneous defects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Calcium sulfate: A new application as a mixture with other bone graft materials Wang Yu-lu, Pan Zhi-jun, Yang Zeng-hua 2012, 16 (51):  9624-9628.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.023 Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (364KB) ( 595 )   Save BACKGROUND: Calcium sulfate is mixed with other biomaterials in order to overcome its weaknesses or failings. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application of calcium sulfate as a mixture with other materials acting as drug release system and scaffold material for tissue engineering. METHODS: Using “calcium sulfate, bone repair material, drug release, biomaterials, compound materials” in Chinese and “calcium sulfate, mixture, bone defect, drug release” in English as the key words, a computer-based online search of China Academic Journal Full-text database and PubMed database (1980-01/2012-03) was performed for articles about the application of calcium sulfate as a mixture with other materials. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Calcium sulfate has more advantages and peculiarities than other biomaterials and make a well development in clinic. However, some disadvantages such as too rapid resorption or too short drug release period hinder its widespread use in clinic. Therefore, many studies have been focused on the application of calcium sulfate as a mixture with other materials recently. Combining calcium sulfate with other material to obtain an ideal material may be a promising and sane choice. This can make the best use of calcium sulfate advantages and bypass its disadvantages. Future research is required to enhance and improve the resorption property, drug release profile, handling characteristics and physical properties of calcium sulfate through mixing with other materials while preserving its biocompatibility and osteoconduction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Therapeutic implication of nano-hydroxyapatite in orthopedics    Yang Zai-qing, Lei Yun-kun, Meng Zeng-dong 2012, 16 (51):  9629-9634.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.024 Abstract ( 511 )   PDF (459KB) ( 585 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nano-hydroxyapatite is a representative bioactive material, which has been the focus of tissue engineering research. OBJECTIVE: To review the orthopedic application and mechanism of nano-hydroxyapatite. METHODS: CNKI and PubMed databases (2001-01/2011-12) were retrieved for articles related to the effect of nano-hydroxyapatite on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and revascularization to summarize the clinical progress of nano-hydroxyapatite in orthopedics. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Nano-hydroxyapatite can enhance the proliferation activity and functional metabolism of osteoblasts, and induce new bone formation. However, osteoclasts can absorb and degrade hydroxyapatite, and meanwhile, nano-hydroxyapatite can regulate osteoclast's metabolic processes and they influence each other in the bone metabolism. In addition, after implantation, nano-hydroxyapatite can be revascularized quickly and completely that is conducive to bone repairing and rebuilding. In view of the superiorities of nano-hydroxyapatite and its composite materials, nano-hydroxyapatite is an ideal material for repairing bone defects and has been preliminarily used in clinic. But there are still many problems to be solved in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of polymer coated biological magnesium alloy coronary stents Cui Xin-zhan, Huang Xia, Guan Shao-kang, Hou Shu-sen, Yao Hui-feng 2012, 16 (51):  9635-9639.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.025 Abstract ( 563 )   PDF (414KB) ( 1106 )   Save BACKGROUND: Polymer coating can improve the degradation and biocompatibility of magnesium alloy stents. OBJECTIVE: To review the properties of polymer coating for magnesium alloy coronary stents. METHODS: The first author searched Elsevier and CNKI databases for relevant articles about biodegradable coronary stents, biomedical polymer materials and surface modification of magnesium alloys published from 1995 to 2010. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Polymer materials for coating magnesium alloy include collagen, chitosan, polylactic acid and its copolymers, organic compound conversion coatings, polyurethane. These polymer materials have good biological performance, and can improve the biocompatibility and slow degradation time of the magnesium alloy. However, the bonding strength between the organic and magnesium alloy mainly depends on the physical force and chemical bonding. As the mechanical force cannot meet the requirements, we must deal with the surface of magnesium alloy and organic, and adopt suitable surfactant to produce chemical bonding between the organic and magnesium alloy in order to meet the requirements. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biological characteristics and effect of calcium phosphate bone cement Tang Zheng-hai, Wang Xiao-wen, Tang Jin-tian 2012, 16 (51):  9640-9644.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.026 Abstract ( 340 )   PDF (441KB) ( 610 )   Save BACKGROUND: The mechanical strength, injectable ability and solidification of traditional calcium phosphate cement were too poor to develop its clinical application. OBJECTIVE: To review the methods to increase the properties of calcium phosphate cement and its clinical application.  METHODS: An online search of Web of Knowledge and CNKI database was performed for articles addressing performance improvement and clinical application of calcium phosphate cement published between 1995 and 2011. Finally, 34 articles were selected in result analysis RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Calcium phosphate cement is characterized as good biocompatibility, porosity, plasticity, and non-toxic, which has been widely used as drug carrier, bone repair materials as well as in the treatment of bone tumors. Nowadays, the performance of calcium phosphate cement is improved by regulating the solid-phase composition of calcium phosphate cement, particle size and adding organic solvent. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone cement leakage during percutaneous vertebroplasty and percutaneous kyphoplasty    Yao Xiao-guang, Zhang Wen-wu, Liu Lian-tao, Ma Shu-wei, Shen Yong 2012, 16 (51):  9645-9649.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.027 Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (379KB) ( 534 )   Save BACKGROUND: Percutaneous vertebroplasty and percutaneous kyphoplasty are commonly used in minimally invasive spine surgery in recent years. However, with the clinical development, bone cement leakage that is the main complication of percutaneous vertebroplasty and percutaneous kyphoplasty is also increasingly found in clinical reports. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress in bone cement leakage during percutaneous vertebroplasty and percutaneous kyphoplasty. METHODS: The articles (2000/2011) about classification, related risk factors, the influence on the body, prevention and cure related to bone cement leakage during percutaneous vertebroplasty and percutaneous kyphoplasty were retrieved by the first author in the PubMed and Wanfang databases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Percutaneous kyphoplasty has a lower rate of bone cement leakage compared with percutaneous vertebroplasty. A small dosage of bone cement injection can restore the stiffness of the compressed vertebral. For the lumbar vertebra, 4 to 6 mL bone cement is enough. The injection dose can be increased for the thoracic vertebrae. Surgeons need to grasp the opportunity of bone cement injection. When we inject the bone cement over 10 minutes after modulation, the leakage rate of bone cement is low. When the vertebral wall is incomplete, the cement leakage rate is increased in the percutaneous vertebroplasty and percutaneous kyphoplasty. The chance of pulmonary embolism caused by bone cement leakage during percutaneous vertebroplasty and percutaneous kyphoplasty is low. But if it happens, it could lead to serious consequences, and also has certain effects on the cardiovascular system. Therefore, we must grasp the operation indication strictly, and choose the right entry point and the puncture path. We should control the dosage of bone cement and the injection timing correctly by precise operation and high-quality intraoperative monitoring to minimize the risk of bone cement leakage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influences of clasps in removable partial denture on oral ecosystem Zheng Xin-ying, Li Qing-yan, Lin Hua, Lü Qiao, Gao Ning 2012, 16 (51):  9650-9654.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.028 Abstract ( 313 )   PDF (419KB) ( 623 )   Save BACKGROUND: The clasps of removable partial denture can influence the oral ecosystem. OBJECTIVE: To show the effects of the clasps of removable partial denture on the oral ecosystem from the aspects of materials, shape and contact area with the abutment. METHODS: We selected articles about the influences of clasp on microorganisms of hard tissue, soft tissue and saliva ecosystem by searching PubMed database, Wanfang database, VIP database, CNKI database and OVID database from 1980 to 2011. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Removable partial denture is composed of artificial teeth, denture base, occlusal rest, retainer and connector. However, it can influence the oral microecosystem. Clasp, the direct retainer of the removable partial denture, contacting with the buccal and lingual surface of the tooth, can not only improve the capacity of oral physiological clean to promote the aggregation of dental plaque but alter the quantity and type of bacterium in plaque and gingival sulcus. In certain conditions, this can lead to caries, gingivitis and periodontal diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Substitute materials for repair and reconstruction of the knee anterior cruciate ligament Hu Yan 2012, 16 (51):  9655-9662.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.029 Abstract ( 467 )   PDF (505KB) ( 738 )   Save BACKGROUND: The anterior cruciate ligament is the important ligament tissue in the knee joint, which plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the knee joints. Anterior cruciate ligament injury is the most common injury in sports. The anterior cruciate ligament rupture caused knee instability is known as anterior cruciate ligament defect knee, so, if not handled properly, it will greatly affect the athletic ability of the patients, and affect the daily life and work of the patients. With the development of treatment technology and the in-depth understanding of the anterior cruciate ligament, the repairing and reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament has attracted more and more attention. As the effects of repairing and reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament are closely related with the substitute materials, the research on the substitute materials in bio-engineering and organizations materials science is gradually developed. OBJECTIVE: To in-depth explore the selection of substitute materials according to the diverse characteristics of substitute materials selection of knee anterior cruciate ligament, in order to provide different viewpoints for the selection of the ideal substitute materials for the repairing and construction of anterior cruciate ligament. METHODS: The anatomical mechanisms, diagnostic mechanism, injury mechanism, injury severity of the anterior cruciate ligament and the performance of magnetic resonance imaging and the characteristics were analyzed, finding that the anterior cruciate ligament was the key structure for maintaining the stability of the knee joint, so the high requirement of the substitute materials after injury was needed. There was a controversial on the selection of substitute materials for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The experimental data of the application of four kinds of substitute materials for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, including autologous material, allogenic material, synthetic materials and tissue engineering anterior cruciate ligament were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The selection of four kinds of substitute materials for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is related with various factors, such as the stability and postoperative complications. Easily obtained and no-immune rejection made the autologous material become the standard treatment method of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, but it is restricted due to the shortages of limited donor area and loss of function; allogenic materials has the advantages of extensive source, less trauma and short time under the premise of not adding new trauma, but the remodeling process of allogeneic material is relatively slow, and has to face the immune rejection problems; the mechanical performance and other indicators of the synthetic material are gradually meet the requirement of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, but the cost is high and the healing of tendon bone is slow, and there is a controversy of the long-term efficacy of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction which limit its clinical application; the tissue engineering anterior cruciate ligament has made some progress in some respects, but the uncertainty of life of tissue engineering anterior cruciate ligament is the biggest drawback to its application. The long-term effect of tissue engineering anterior cruciate ligament repairing and reconstruction remains to be further researched and explored. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparioson and evaluation of root canal filling materials Wu Ting, Wang Yu-kun, Ma Ting-jian 2012, 16 (51):  9663-9670.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.030 Abstract ( 501 )   PDF (654KB) ( 1176 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the development of basic research of root canal therapy, root canal preparation instruments and methods as well as repair, root canal therapy is widely used in the world, and at the same time there is a higher success rate. Then the method of root canal filling material application is gradually improving, and more and more types that can be chosen. OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of root canal filling materials. METHODS: A computer online retrieval was performed to search papers regarding the evaluation of root canal filling materials, using key words of “root canal therapy, root canal, fitting materials, endodontics, periadical disease, gutta-percha points, silver cones, plastic points, paste, zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide, FR phenolic resin, iodoform” in both Chinese and English. According to inclusion criteria, solid, paste, and liquid materials were summarized to further analyze the root canal filling materials. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Root canal therapy is a clinical common and effective method for endodontitis and periapical periodontitis, and the performance of root canal filling materials plays a decisive role in the treatment. Therefore, the choice of root canal filling materials has a great impact on the root canal treatment. There are various root canal filling materials, including gutta percha, phenolic resin, traditional paste clove phenols, such as zinc oxide, iodoform, antibiotics. In comparison, the new root filling materials need to be studied further Related Articles | Metrics

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Anti-bacterial and adhesion ability of antibacterial biomaterials Xu Ya-fu 2012, 16 (51):  9671-9678.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.031 Abstract ( 485 )   PDF (534KB) ( 793 )   Save BACKGROUND: Due to the gradually increasing clinical application of biomaterials and artificial organs, there are still some problems during the treatment of diseases. The most common problem is the bacterial infection after biomaterials are implanted into the human body. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of biomaterials on the anti-bacterial adhesion as well as the classification and characteristics of antibacterial biomaterials. METHODS: The reason of a variety of infections caused by the biomaterials in the body is the formation of bacterial biofilms, therefore, the key to prevent infection after the biomaterials implantation is to inhibit bacterial adhesion on the surface of biomaterial as well as to prevent the formation of bacterial biofilms of bacteria on the surface of the biological material. The key of bacterial surface adhesion is to change the characteristics of the bacteria and the physical and chemical property of material surface, and the chemical grafting method, plasma method and gas phase precipitation method are mainly used to reduce the interaction forces between the material and bacteria. To prevent bacterial adhesion, it is firstly to enhance the body's immune defense ability, and secondly to make the interface covered with tissue rapidly and form a tight link interface. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Antibacterial biomaterials can be divided into inorganic antimicrobial biomaterials, natural antimicrobial biomaterials and synthetic antibacterial biomaterials. These three kinds of biomaterials mainly focus on silver-based materials, the chitosan, and the synthetic antibacterial biomaterials, and the quaternary ammonium salts materials, respectively. Each kind of material has its own advantages and disadvantages. Further in vitro and in vivo basic experiments and clinical studies are needed to verify and promote the development of antibacterial biomaterials.    Related Articles | Metrics

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Proximal humeral internal locking system and injectable calcium sulfate graft for thetreatment of osteoporotic proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients Liu Zi-zhang, Zhang Guang-ming, Ge Tao, Yang Yun-fa 2012, 16 (51):  9679-9683.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.032 Abstract ( 278 )   PDF (275KB) ( 468 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are some satisfactory curative effect for the treatment of comminuted osteoporotic proximal humeral fractures with proximal humeral internal locking system, but always following some complications, such as displacement and loosen of internal fixation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of proximal humeral internal locking system and minimally invasive injectable graft for the treatment of osteoporotic proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients.  METHODS: The 50 patients with proximal humeral fractures were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (n=29) and the control group (n=21). The experimental group was treated with proximal humeral internal locking system in minimal invasion. The control group was treated with proximal humeral internal locking system in minimal invasion, and augmentation with minimally invasive injectable graft. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The follow-up period was 11-25 months. All achieved fracture healing. There was no significant difference in fracture healing time and the excellent and good rate of shoulder Neer score between two groups. The complication rate and the restoration loss height of the experimental group were lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). It indicates that proximal humeral internal locking system and minimally invasive injectable graft is an effective method for the treatment of osteoporotic proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients with the advantages of relatively minor trauma, stable fixation, fewer complication, and better function. Related Articles | Metrics

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Orthopedic cable system fixation versus suture fixation in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fractures at the tibial insertion Liu Zhong-guo, Chen Qing-zhi, Qiu Bi-cheng, Yu Yue-wei 2012, 16 (51):  9684-9690.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.51.033 Abstract ( 442 )   PDF (341KB) ( 572 )   Save BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic treatment of avulsion fractures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) at the tibial insertion has been widely accepted and obtained satisfactory clinical outcomes. However, no accepted conclusions have been drawn, and there is a controversy regarding the different fixation methods. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the function evaluation and knee stability in patients with ACL avulsion fractures at the tibial insertion undergoing arthroscopic-assisted fixation using either AO cable system or Ethibond sutures. METHODS: A total of 25 patients with ACL avulsion fractures at the tibial insertion were treated with arthroscopic-assisted fixation using either AO cable system (13 patients) or Ethibond sutures (12 patients). Follow-up assessment included function evaluation and knee stability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During the follow-up (6 months to 5 years), there were no significant differences in neither extension nor flexion between the two groups. Better knee stability in AO cable system group was found with respect to suture fixation group (P < 0.05). AO cable fixation provides better clinical outcomes than Ethibond suture to treat ACL avulsion fractures at the tibial insertion. Related Articles | Metrics