Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (24): 6289-6296.doi: 10.12307/2026.200

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Mechanisms of miRNAs involved in cartilage development: new strategies and targets

Wang Zhengye, Liu Wanlin, Zhao Zhenqun   

  1. Center for Pediatric Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010090, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • Received:2025-06-27 Revised:2025-09-26 Online:2026-08-28 Published:2026-02-03
  • Contact: Liu Wanlin, MS, Professor, Center for Pediatric Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010090, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China Co-corresponding author: Zhao Zhenqun, PhD, Professor, Center for Pediatric Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010090, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • About author:Wang Zhengye, MS candidate, Center for Pediatric Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010090, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos. 81960397 and 82260424 (both to LWL); National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos. 82160414 and 81760391 (both to ZZQ); Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Achievement Transformation Project, No. CGZH2018146 (to LWL); Outstanding Young Scientist Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation, No. 2023SHZR1613 (to ZZQ) 

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The molecular regulation of cartilage development is one of the key scientific issues in the field of orthopedics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as important regulators of gene expression, regulate post-transcriptional silencing or translation inhibition by binding to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs, and are involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation, and metabolic homeostasis. In recent years, studies have found that miRNAs play an important role in cartilage development and various cartilage-related diseases, and their abnormal expression is closely related to diseases such as skeletal dysplasia and osteoarthritis. In-depth research on the mechanisms of miRNAs in cartilage development is of great significance for understanding the fate determination of chondrocytes and the pathogenesis of related diseases.
OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively summarize the mechanisms of miRNAs in cartilage development, explore their regulatory roles in chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, and investigate their functions in diseases such as osteoarthritis and achondroplasia, providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of related diseases.
METHODS: By searching PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Database, and VIP Database (up to June 2025) and manually consulting relevant books, we selected high-quality literature on miRNA regulation of cartilage development. The inclusion criteria were high relevance, innovation, and prioritization of studies published within the last decade. Finally, 99 articles (95 English and 4 Chinese) were included for systematic analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Research indicates that miRNAs precisely regulate key transcription factors, signaling pathways, and epigenetic modifications to influence chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In disease states, the abnormal expression of miRNAs is closely related to various cartilage diseases. These findings not only reveal the direct regulatory roles of miRNAs in cartilage development but also provide new strategies and targets for the diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and treatment of related diseases. With the continuous development of cutting-edge technologies such as gene editing, single-cell sequencing, and bioinformatics, the application of miRNAs in cartilage development and diseases has made significant progress, which is expected to provide new insights into early diagnosis, precise treatment, and prognosis assessment of skeletal diseases.

Key words: miRNA, cartilage development, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, osteoarthritis, achondroplasia, intervertebral disc degeneration

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