Integration of pathways for interaction mechanism between exercise and proteins

doi:10.12307/2025.989

Abstract

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Protein is one of the essential nutrients for the human body and is a key component of human cell tissue. Protein supplementation can promote the synthesis of myofibrillar protein and play a key role in strength training. However, the interaction mechanism and signaling pathway between protein and exercise are still unclear.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of interaction between exercise and protein, and to optimize the benefits of protein supplementation on exercise performance.
METHODS: Using “sports, proteins, amino acids, polypeptide, interaction mechanisms, signaling pathway” as Chinese and English search terms, we searched WanFang Data, CNKI, VIP, and PubMed databases respectively. Articles were screened according to the inclusion criteria, and finally 73 articles were included in the review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Current research on protein supplementation promoting exercise performance mainly focuses on promoting muscle growth, endurance improvement, and body recovery through protein supplementation, but there are differences in the existing experimental results. The interaction mechanism between protein molecules and proteins in the body is not yet clear. The research on the interaction mechanism between exercise and peptides is still in its infancy. Exercise can stimulate the full absorption of external protein intake, which can affect the mechanism of protein molecules in the body. Supplementing peptide nutrition can more accurately affect the body’s state, thus better eliminating the phenomena of “sub-health” and “modern diseases.” Therefore, studying the interaction mechanism between exercise and proteins is particularly important, delving into the specific mechanisms by which amino acids act on the body, and further exploring the interaction mechanism between exercise and peptides.

Key words: peptide nutrition, signaling pathway, protein, amino acid, polypeptide, engineered tissue construction

CLC Number:

Wei Huqiang, Wu Hebin, Hou Yali, Zhang Xiangyong, Wang Zixuan, Wang Wenxuan, Bai Caiqin. Integration of pathways for interaction mechanism between exercise and proteins[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2025, 29(32): 6947-6954.

Figures/Tables 6

和再生过程逐渐适应训练负荷，从而实现肌肉力量的增长[26]。MACKAY-PHILLIPS等[27]通过对16名健康参与者进行α-乳清蛋白补充干预，得出α-乳清蛋白的使用能够刺激运动神经元的输入输出增益、增加疲劳肌肉收缩时的握力变异性、降低肌肉收缩的表现，但对健康个体的短暂最大收缩和心理参数没有影响。运动过程中肌肉纤维可能会遭受微损伤，而及时修复是保持肌肉功能和防止过度劳损的关键。对于蛋白摄入时机，有研究认为运动后补充蛋白质是缓解疲劳和修复损伤的一种合理选择[28]。KRITIKOS等[29]在试验中将补充大豆蛋白的实验组与补充乳清蛋白的对照组进行耐力训练恢复比较，发现在为期1周的训练中连续补充乳清蛋白或大豆蛋白并不能减少运动引起的肌肉酸痛、肌肉损伤和氧化还原状态标志物指数，不排除是由于蛋白摄入量不足所致。 2.4.2 运动与蛋白质交互作用对能量代谢的影响有氧运动会使机体产生糖原消耗，造成乳酸和血尿素氮堆积，而补充单蛋白质能够增加葡萄糖和肝糖原含量，在提升氧化应激和抑制炎症通路方面能够发挥关键作用[30]。CAMERA等[31]发现耐力运动结束后补充蛋白质能够促进肌肉蛋白质的合成反应。TAN等[32]发现在碳水化合物饮料中添加蛋白质对耐力表现和抗氧化能力产生的影响不明显，但可以改善运动后产生的疲劳恢复。LI等[33]发现每天摄入40 g大豆分离蛋白补充剂还不足以提高人体的耐力运动表现，需要增加摄入量。蛋白质补充还可能通过提高肌肉中磷酸肌酸的储备量进一步提高人体无氧运动的能量供应和耐力表现[34]。能量代谢在细胞的生长和维持中起着关键作用，而合理的蛋白质分配能够提升能量代谢的效率[35]；蛋白激酶能够促进心脏葡萄糖和脂肪酸代谢[36]。蛋白质补充可以通过影响人体的肌肉代谢和能量生成途径优化能量利用效率，还可能通过影响人体的胰岛素敏感性和脂肪氧化等过程进一步调节能量代谢。 2.4.3 运动与蛋白质交互作用在动力学方面的研究由于运动通常能够与自由基的产生和以强度依赖性方式诱导氧化应激产生效应，有研究在试验过程中测量了氧化应激的2个标志物，即谷胱甘肽和血浆8-羟基脱氧鸟苷，发现运动诱导的氧化应激反应不会对氧化还原稳态产生不利影响[37]。现有的高精度蛋白质结构预测是将实验图与原子模型数据库对比而不是将序列进行比较，从而有助于以较低分辨率开展蛋白质鉴定。虽然通过基于模板的建模和对接获得的界面可能会存在较大的不确定性，但通过冷冻电镜(或共结晶)确定复杂结构为蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用表征提供了标准。共结晶和冷冻电镜可以提供通过相互作用形成复合物的最高分辨率，但它们也是最耗费人力的，并且成功率不确定。交联质谱法和序列协同进化等方法的劳动强度较低，并且具有更高的可计划成功率，但它们提供了与实验相关的中等分辨率数据，并且必须要与单个蛋白质结构相结合才能组成复合物[38]。 ZHAO等[39]发现线粒体蛋白质输入系统不仅能够作为蛋白质易位的独立单位发挥作用，而且还深度集成到线粒体生物能量学、蛋白质质量控制、线粒体动力学和形态以及与其他细胞器相互作用的功能网络中，得出关键的蛋白质输入途径包括前序列途径(TIM23途径)、载体途径(TIM22途径)以及线粒体膜间间隙输入和组装机制、相关的转位酶和蛋白酶。线粒体对于真核细胞的能量产生至关重要，通过氧化磷酸化能够产生细胞ATP。VAISAR等[40]在研究中通过尺寸排阻色谱分离高密度脂蛋白，之后将其与硅酸钙水合物结合，这种方法可能错过了捕获非常小的贫脂前β1颗粒，以及通过载脂蛋白通路获取胆固醇外排的主要介质。该研究的优势是一种新颖的3D分离方法，与其他分离技术相比具有高分辨率和特异性，可分离含有载脂蛋白的高密度脂蛋白颗粒。GAMPP等[41]提出由于溶液态核磁共振是在水溶液生理条件下测量的，因此核磁共振波谱的发展在人们对蛋白质变构的理解中发挥了关键作用。除了蛋白质结构的原子分辨率信息外，核磁共振波谱还可以根据蛋白质内的探针提供对动力学和热力学特性的见解，在原子分辨率下通过实验测定蛋白质的多态被认为是定量生物学中最强大的工具之一。 BARYSHEV等[42]发现了脱氧核糖核酸条形码与特定的蛋白质相关联，并且可以通过测序读取条形码富集，从而直接测量相互作用强度，实验发现MP3-seq是高度定量的且可以扩展到超过100 000 次交互。KUGLER等[43]应用MP3-seq来表明合理设计的异二聚体家族之间的相互作用，并且研究了赋予卷曲螺旋相互作用特异性的元件；使用人工智能预测卷曲异二聚体结构，并根据基于物理的线性模型来预测MP3-seq值，研究得出基于人工智能的模型对于预筛选交互作用可能很有价值，探讨了丝氨酸蛋白激酶响应肿瘤坏死因子通路激活和促进小分子相互作用的构象动力学。LESKINEN等[44]发现转录因子之间动态相互作用控制基因表达的变化，这些基因表达介导伴随损伤反应和再生细胞状态的变化，并且所研究的融合蛋白涉及与邻近标记APEX核酸酶2相连的转录因子。表1为运动与蛋白质交互作用机制的关联性研究的重要"

结论。 2.5 运动与氨基酸交互作用机制的关联性 2.5.1 运动与氨基酸交互作用对机体恢复的影响氨基酸是构成蛋白质的基本单位，也是生命体系中非常重要的有机分子，由一个氨基(NH2)、一个羧基(COOH)和一个R基团组成。氨基酸是通过肽键互相连接而形成的肽链构架，在肽链中，一个氨基酸的羧基通过其碳氧键与另一个氨基酸的氨基连接。植物和动物体内的氨基酸基本上是18种，这是构成动植物蛋白的种类，但并不是说氨基酸的种类只有18种，目前世界上发现的氨基酸有300余种。乳清蛋白中含有丰富的亮氨酸，能产生提高力量素质的效益。大豆蛋白肽中也含有亮氨酸，也能产生促进肌肉力量增长的效益[45]。小麦蛋白中含有赖氨酸、异亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸，能产生增加肌肉合成速率的效益[46]。上述蛋白质在长时间、高强度的运动中能够作为能源物质为机体提供能量，通过其分解为肌肉收缩和其他活动提供必要的动力。大豆蛋白的氨基酸成分与牛奶蛋白的氨基酸成分相近似，能产生提升耐力素质的效益[47]。HOLWERDA等[48]研究发现，进行抗阻运动后，在睡前补充蛋白质能提高老年男性的夜间肌肉结缔组织蛋白质合成率，而运动促进了膳食蛋白质转化为氨基酸。MOORE等[49]发现骨骼肌蛋白质的周转会根据单次的耐力运动而上升，运动后增补氨基酸对骨骼肌合成有益，摄入膳食蛋白质会对蛋白质周转产生有利影响。KATO等[50]运用氨基酸氧化法精准探求试验群体的蛋白质需求，提出耐力运动员每天应摄入1.83 g/kg的蛋白质。在高强度运动中肌肉需要快速合成ATP以提供能量，而蛋白质补充可以提供充足的氨基酸，支持肌肉快速合成ATP来增强运动员的无氧耐力[51]。支链氨基酸能够促进机体能量代谢[52]；SAUNDERS等[53]发现β-丙氨酸具有明显的总体影响，而亚组分析结果能够促使人们根据自身选择的运动方式，有针对性地补充β-丙氨酸[53]。运动人群在训练和比赛中经常面临免疫系统的挑战，免疫功能下降可能导致身体出现健康问题。蛋白质中含有谷氨酰胺和支链氨基酸等有益成分，具有增强免疫功能的作用[54]。运动期间氨基酸分解代谢率仍显著增加，这是运动引起多种代谢过程增加的继发因素，例如利用氨基酸碳的肝糖异生和柠檬酸循环来产生效益。运动期间蛋白质合成的抑制使氨基酸能够在分解代谢中发挥作用[55]。抵抗运动后，补充富含亮氨酸的必需氨基酸补充剂能够在缓解氨基酸血症和促进肌肉合成代谢方面发挥作用[56]。摄入游离形式的必需氨基酸比摄入等量的完整蛋白质更能刺激肌肉蛋白质合成。J?GER等[57]发现在不运动的情况下，补充必需氨基酸可以增强人体的肌肉合成代谢；如果热量不足，必需氨基酸需求量会增加，在热量不足期间必须满足全身必需氨基酸要求，从而保持骨骼肌的合成代谢敏感性。 2.5.2 运动与氨基酸交互作用的信号通路研究 RORDIGUEZ等[58]研究指出MAGPIE(是一个公开可用的软件包)可用于可视化和分析单个蛋白质，其将最常见的靶点-结合剂相互作用整理为“热点”列表，能够用于分析趋势或指导蛋白质结合剂的从头设计。 LI等[59]提出了支链氨基酸能够通过复杂的细胞内信号通路网络，是骨骼肌蛋白代谢调节不可或缺的一部分。雷帕霉素靶标信号通路是哺乳动物蛋白质合成的关键驱动因素，真核翻译起始因子4E结合蛋白1和S6激酶1作为雷帕霉素靶标1的磷酸化底物能够起到关键作用。亮氨酸通过多种机制激活雷帕霉素靶标1信号通路，包括蛋白复合物的破坏、亮氨酸tRNA合成酶的激活以及蛋白激酶的去磷酸化，这些都是由其代谢物β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸酯促进的。 CHRISTENSEN等[60]采用简单的形式研究跨肠黏膜或类似屏障的运输问题，发现细胞可以排列成一个膜，能够将氨基酸从一个区域浓缩到另一个由膜隔开的2个区域中，这是通过在第一区域中添加吡哆醛或磷酸吡哆醛，或通过在第二区域添加过量的钾离子来实现的。食用富含氨基酸的化合物可以提高肌腱胶原蛋白含量和生物力学特性。当不与运动相结合时，口服必需氨基酸仅导致跟腱周围氨基酸浓度适度增加；当与抗阻运动相结合时，必需氨基酸消耗导致肌腱周围氨基酸浓度更高[61]。YANG等[62]通过研究发现，中枢神经系统中髓鞘形成的少突胶质细胞和周围神经系统中的施万细胞对于维护神经组织的结构和功能稳态至关重要。 FANG等[63]的实验表明，存在于荚膜红杆菌酶中的ACT结构域结合支链氨基酸缬氨酸和异亮氨酸，这些氨基酸的结合在体内外都刺激荚膜红杆菌水解酶活性；此外，研究发现许多不同物种的荚膜红杆菌蛋白中存在的ACT结构域也结合支链氨基酸，细胞中氨基酸的浓度可以直接影响荚膜红杆菌合成酶的活性，更好地控制细胞模型的严格反应。 BONIFACIO等[64]发现在透明质酸和氨基酸存在下，成骨细胞的代谢活性增强和细胞周期进程加快，并且透明质酸和氨基酸的组合也增强了碱性磷酸酶活性，证实体外培养的细胞能够通过成骨谱系正确分化。 2.5.3 运动与氨基酸交互作用的动力学研究 LOMBARD等[65]描述了不同序列同源水平蛋白质构象变异性的蛋白质数据库范围分析，DANCE可处理具有不同氨基酸序列的实验和预测结构，除了描述观察到的构象变异性之外还评估了几种构象的能力，为此，研究确定了一组10个构象集合，这些构象集合的运动复杂程度不同，它们包含20-3 300多个构象，其参考链包含80-1 200个残基。DONG等[66]的研究结果表明，支链氨基酸对运动性肌肉损伤修复能够产生有益影响，可以刺激肌肉细胞的增殖和分化，认为支链氨基酸在改善肌肉损伤方面具有潜在营养价值。表2为运动与氨基酸交互作用机制关联性研究的重要结论。"

2.6 运动与多肽交互作用机制的关联性 2.6.1 运动与多肽交互作用对能量代谢的影响多肽是由氨基酸通过肽键连接而成的长链分子。肽键是氨基酸之间形成的共价键，连接一个氨基酸的氨基和另一个氨基酸的羧基。多肽链可以进一步折叠和卷曲，形成具有特定功能的蛋白质。蛋白质是生命体中最重要的生物大分子之一，参与了几乎所有的生物过程，如催化化学反应、传递信号和提供结构支持。与氨基酸和蛋白质相比，小分子肽更容易被人体分解和吸收，可以加快人体在大量运动后的恢复速度，调节骨骼肌蛋白质的负平衡[67]。运动会改变人体血浆氨基酸谱，从而导致中枢性疲劳；支链氨基酸可以改善运动疲劳，那么在运动后依靠植物蛋白肽向人体内补充支链氨基酸能提高肌肉组织中氨基酸的利用效率，减少肌肉糖原的消耗，降低肌肉分解率。在特殊状态下活性肽能为人体供能[68]。ZHANG等[69]研究发现豌豆肽属于小分子蛋白质，在人体内吸收速度快，吸收速度是正常氨基酸的3倍以上，约为正常蛋白质的20倍，能给人体补充能量，从而恢复体力，进一步证实了补充蛋白质能够改善疲劳恢复的观点。HA等[70]检测到血清中2个含d-天门冬氨酸的肽，全部来自于纤维蛋白原β链，这两种肽中的一种是纤维蛋白肽B，可防止纤维蛋白原形成纤维蛋白聚合物。口服补充特定胶原蛋白肽可以缓解跟腱病患者的临床症状，帮助患者恢复跑步计划[71]。 2.6.2 运动与多肽交互作用的序列研究肽“药物”最初仅仅依靠发挥激素类似物的作用来平衡疾病，如今它们完成了许多生物医学任务，可以穿过膜或到达细胞内靶标。肽在生物过程中的作用几乎无法被其他化学物质所模仿[72]。YOO等[73]研究肽的形态特征、分子堆积结构和物理性质，通过粉末X射线衍射发现分子间氢键以从头到尾的方式连接折叠体，折叠体构建块中的每个堆积结构都具有不同的对称元素，这些元素直接以3D形态表示。"

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