Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2024, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (34): 5521-5527.doi: 10.12307/2024.831

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Possible mechanisms of multi-pathway biological effects of laser therapy for knee osteoarthritis

Lou Xinqi1, Zhong Hao1, Wang Xiyu1, Feng Haoyu2, Li Pengcui3, Wei Xiaochun3, Wang Yanqin1, Wu Xiaogang1, Chen Weiyi1, Xue Yanru2   

  1. 1College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi Province, China; 2Shanxi Bethune Hospital (Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China; 3Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Repair of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
  • Received:2023-12-12 Accepted:2024-01-22 Online:2024-12-08 Published:2024-03-14
  • Contact: Xue Yanru, PhD, Lecturer, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China Wu Xiaogang, PhD, Professor, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi Province, China
  • About author:Lou Xinqi, Master, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos. 12272250 and 11972242 (both to WXG); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, No. 2020M680913 (to WXG); Shanxi Overseas Returned Scholarship Fund, No. 2022-081 (to WXG); Shanxi Provincial Basic Research Program, No. 202203021212254 (to XYR)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Laser therapy is a non-invasive and painless treatment that is considered to be an effective method suitable for the treatment of osteoarthritis due to its simplicity and non-invasive nature. Currently, the mechanism of action of laser therapy is unclear and the results of studies on its clinical application are controversial. 
OBJECTIVE: To review and summarize the latest research progress of laser therapy on chondrocytes, animal experiments and clinical efficacy, and to explore the possible mechanism of laser-mediated multi-pathway biological effects, so as to provide a theoretical basis for further research on the laser treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee joint.
METHODS: A literature search was performed in CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP and PubMed databases for relevant literature published from 2018 to 2023, with “laser therapy, low level laser therapy, high level laser therapy, photobiomodulation, knee osteoarthritis, chondrocytes” as the search terms in Chinese and English, respectively. Together with 14 articles searched manually, 70 articles were finally included for review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Laser therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis is mainly categorized into two types: low-level laser therapy and high-level laser therapy. Differences in laser parameters and treatment protocols have a direct impact on laser efficacy. When appropriate parameters are used, low-level lasers show positive effects in cellular experiments, animal models, and clinical efficacy. High-level lasers have been less studied in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis, but some preliminary clinical studies have shown positive results. Cell experiments have shown that low-level laser promotes chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis, thereby reducing inflammatory response. Animal experiments have shown that low-level laser can reduce the release of pro-inflammatory factors, promote cartilage matrix synthesis, inhibit matrix degradation, and effectively improve the repair process of cartilage tissue. Low-level laser is also able to reduce oxidative stress damage and relieve pain in knee osteoarthritis. In clinical trials, both low- and high-level laser can reduce patients’ pain and improve functional activities. The combination of laser therapy and exercise therapy modalities may improve the therapeutic effect. Lasers may affect intracellular signaling and cellular functions through photobiological or thermodynamic effects. This provides direct evidence that laser promotes articular cartilage regeneration.

Key words: laser therapy, low-level laser, high-level laser, knee osteoarthritis, cartilage repair, chondrocyte

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