Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2024, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (17): 2723-2730.doi: 10.12307/2024.484

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Myocardial patch: cell sources, improvement strategies, and optimal production methods

Hu Wei1, Xing Jian2, Chen Guangxin2, Chen Zee3, 4, Zhao Yi5, Qiao Dan6, Ouyang Kunfu3, Huang Wenhua1, 7, 8, 9   

  1. 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian Province, China; 2School of Medical Imaging, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China; 3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong Province, China; 4School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China; 5Department of Academic Affairs, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China; 6Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China; 7State Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical 3D Printing Application Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China; 8Shenzhen Pingshan People’s Hospital (Pingshan General Hospital of Southern Medical University), Shenzhen 518118, Guangdong Province, China; 9Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong Medical 3D Printing Application Transformation and Innovation Platform, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
  • Received:2023-08-17 Accepted:2023-09-09 Online:2024-06-18 Published:2023-12-15
  • Contact: Qiao Dan, MD, Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China Ouyang Kunfu, MD, Associate professor, Doctoral supervisor, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong Province, China Huang Wenhua, MD, Professor, Doctoral supervisor, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian Province, China; State Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical 3D Printing Application Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China; Shenzhen Pingshan People’s Hospital (Pingshan General Hospital of Southern Medical University), Shenzhen 518118, Guangdong Province, China; Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong Medical 3D Printing Application Transformation and Innovation Platform, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
  • About author:Hu Wei, Master candidate, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research & Development Program, No. 2022YFB4600600 (to HWH); National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 31972915, 32271181 (to HWH); General Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81970421, 82170235 (to OYKF); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, No. 2021M702224, 2022T150430 (to CZE); Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund, No. 2020B1515120001 (to HWH); General Project of Guangdong Natural Science Foundation, No. 2023A1515011842 (to OYKF); Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Project, No. 2019A1515111178 (to ZY); Science Foundation Torch Program of Mudanjiang Medical University, No. 2022-MYHJ-004 (to XJ); Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation, No. JCYJ20190808174001746, JCYJ20210324105407019 (to OYKF); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Brain Science Innovation Institute Project, No. 2019SHIBS0004, 2023SHIBS0004 (to OYKF)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Myocardial patches are used as an effective way to repair damaged myocardium, and there is controversy over which cells to use to make myocardial patches and how to maximize the therapeutic effect of myocardial patches in vivo.
OBJECTIVE: To find out the best way to make myocardial patches by overviewing the cellular sources of myocardial patches and strategies for perfecting them.
METHODS: The first author searched PubMed and Web of Science databases by using “cell sheet, cell patch, cardiomyocytes, cardiac progenitor cells, fibroblasts, embryonic stem cell, mesenchymal stem cells” as English search terms, and searched CNKI and Wanfang databases by using “myocardial patch, biological 3D printing, myocardial” as Chinese search terms. After enrollment screening, 94 articles were ultimately included in the result analysis. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The cellular sources of myocardial patches are mainly divided into three categories: somatic cells, monoenergetic stem cells, and pluripotent stem cells, respectively. There are rich sources of cells for myocardial patches, but not all of them are suitable for making myocardial patches, e.g., myocardial patches made from fibroblasts and skeletal myoblasts carry a risk of arrhythmogenicity, and mesenchymal stem cells have a short in vivo duration of action and ethical concerns. With the discovery of induced multifunctional stem cells, a reliable source of cells for making myocardial patches is available. (2) There are two methods of making myocardial patches. One is using cell sheet technology. The other is using biological 3D printing technology. Cell sheet technology can preserve the extracellular matrix components intact and can maximally mimic the cell growth ring in vivo. However, it is still difficult to obtain myocardial patches with three-dimensional structure by cell sheet technology. Biologicasl 3D printing technology, however, can be used to obtain myocardial patches with three-dimensional structures through computerized personalized design. (3) The strategies for perfecting myocardial patches mainly include: making myocardial patches after co-cultivation of multiple cells, improving the ink formulation and scaffold composition in biological 3D printing technology, improving the therapeutic effect of myocardial patches, suppressing immune rejection after transplantation, and perfecting the differentiation and cultivation protocols of stem cells. (4) There is no optimal cell source or method for making myocardial patches, and myocardial patches obtained from a particular cell or technique alone often do not achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Therefore, researchers need to choose the appropriate strategy for making myocardial patches based on the desired therapeutic effect before making them.

Key words: myocardial patch, pluripotent stem cell, 3D printing, bioink, cell sheet, review, mesenchymal stem cell, immune response, cardiomyocyte, skeletal myoblast

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