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08 August 2025, Volume 29 Issue 22 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Biomechanical properties of Gyroid structured titanium bionic bone scaffolds for repairing segmental mandibular defects Jiang Zhixiu, Ji Yuchen, Liu Danyu, Cao Yilin, Jiang Tingting, Song Yihan, Wang Lei, Wang Xinyu 2025, 29 (22):  4621-4628.  doi: 10.12307/2025.441 Abstract ( 189 )   PDF (1669KB) ( 68 )   Save BACKGROUND: Porous structures based on triple periodic minimal surfaces are one of the most promising orthopedic biostructures, among which the Gyroid structure is characterized by high specific surface area, high permeability, and zero mean curvature.  OBJECTIVE: To screen the wall thickness interval of TC4 bionic bone scaffolds with 4 mm single-cell Gyroid structure matching the elastic modulus range of cancellous bone of the mandible through finite element analysis combined with mechanical compression test testing.  METHODS: The finite element model of the 4 mm single-cell Gyroid structure with different wall thickths (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 mm) was established. The equivalent elastic modulus of the Gyroid structure was analyzed, and the wall thickness interval of the Gyroid structure matching the elastic modulus range of the maxillary resinous bone was selected with different wall thicknesses of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 mm, respectively. According to finite element analysis screening results, the material selected was Ti6Al4V. Selective laser melting was used to prepare 3D printed Gyroid structure specimens. The surface treatment was carried out by large-grained sand blasting and acid etching. The elastic modulus and compressive strength of the specimen were tested by mechanical compression experiment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The finite element analysis results showed that the equivalent elastic modulus of the Gyroid structure increased with the increase of wall thickness, and the equivalent elastic modulus of the Gyroid structure with wall thickness of 0.2-0.7 mm was within the range of the elastic modulus of the spongy bone of the mandible (1.5-4.0 GPa), which was used for 3D printing of the Gyroid structure specimen. (2) The mechanical compression test results showed that the elastic modulus and compressive strength of the Gyroid structural specimen increased with the increase of wall thickness, and the elastic modulus of the Gyroid structural specimen with wall thickness of 0.3-0.5 mm was within the range of the elastic modulus of the cancellous bone of the mandible. The compressive strength of the Gyroid specimen with 0.3-0.7 mm wall thickness was consistent with the mechanical properties of the mandible. (3) The results show that the Gyroid structure of 0.3-0.5 mm wall thickness is compatible with the range of elastic modulus of the mandible. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Repair of femoral condyle defects using mesoporous bioactive glass grafted with bone morphogenetic protein 2 osteogenic peptide inspired by mussel Yu Lei, Zhang Wei, Qin Yi, Ge Gaoran, Bai Jiaxiang, Geng Dechun 2025, 29 (22):  4629-4638.  doi: 10.12307/2025.463 Abstract ( 185 )   PDF (3924KB) ( 225 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 is vital in embryonic development, bone formation, and regeneration, but its high-dose application is linked to cancer. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 osteogenic peptide L20 reduces adverse effects like cancer and boosts bone tissue regeneration.  OBJECTIVE: To graft bone morphogenetic protein 2 active peptide segments onto mesopores and surfaces through a peptide mimicry strategy inspired by oysters, and explore its impact on osteogenic properties of tissue-engineered bone. METHODS: (1) Mesoporous bioactive glass was synthesized using a template method. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 osteogenic peptide L20 was loaded onto mesoporous bioactive glass using a one-step synthesis method to characterize the morphology and in vitro sustained release properties of mesoporous active glass nanoparticles loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 2 osteogenic active peptide L20. (2) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and extracted from SD rats. After two generations, they were co-cultured with PBS (blank group), mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (control group), and mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 2 osteogenic active peptide L20 (experimental group). Cell live/dead fluorescence staining and CCK-8 assay were used to detect cytotoxicity and cell proliferation. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe cell adhesion. After osteogenic induction and differentiation, alkaline phosphatase staining, Alizarin red S staining, and osteogenesis-related gene expression were detected. (3) Fifteen SD rats were selected to establish bilateral femoral condyle defect models and divided into three groups using a random number table method: the blank group (n=5) was not implanted with any material; the control group (n=5) was implanted with mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles, and the experimental group (n=5) was implanted with mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 2 osteogenic active peptide L20. Eight weeks after surgery, femoral Micro-CT scanning and tissue morphology observation were performed.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscopy showed that the mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 2 osteogenic active peptide L20 were spherical and monodisperse particles. Transmission electron microscopy showed their porous structure with an average particle size of (268.10±0.58) nm, which could release L20 in vitro. (2) Mesoporous bioglass nanoparticles loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 2 osteogenic active peptide L20 were non-cytotoxic and could promote the proliferation and adhesion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Compared with the blank group and the control group, the alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular matrix mineralization capacity of the experimental group were increased (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase, Runx2, and osteocalcin were increased (P < 0.05). (3) The results of femoral Micro-CT scanning showed that compared with the blank group and the control group, the new bone mass and bone density of the experimental group were increased (P < 0.05). The results of hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining showed that compared with the blank group and the control group, the new bone formation and collagen fibers of the experimental group were increased. (4) These findings indicate that mesoporous bioactive glass loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 2 active peptide L20 exhibits excellent biocompatibility and in vitro and in vivo osteogenic properties, promoting regeneration and repair of SD rat femoral condyle defects.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteogenic and antibacterial effects of titanium alloy modified with copper-strontium binary doped calcium silicate coating Cheng Xinqi, Shao Longhui, Shen Huaqiao, Liu Hongwei 2025, 29 (22):  4639-4646.  doi: 10.12307/2025.464 Abstract ( 202 )   PDF (2864KB) ( 111 )   Save BACKGROUND: Titanium alloys lack biological activity when used as orthopedic implants, which can lead to implant loosening and periprosthetic infection. Therefore, it is of great significance to study a titanium alloy surface modification method that combines osteogenic and anti-infection functions. OBJECTIVE: To study the physical and chemical properties of titanium alloy modified with copper and strontium binary doped calcium silicate composite coating, and to evaluate its bone-promoting and antibacterial potential. METHODS: Ball milling and granulation methods were used to prepare composite powder containing copper oxide (CuO), strontium oxide (SrO), and calcium silicate (CS). A copper-strontium binary doped calcium silicate composite coating was prepared on the surface of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) through atmospheric plasma spraying technology. The composite coating was characterized. The titanium alloy extract, calcium silicate coating modified titanium alloy extract, copper-doped calcium silicate composite coating modified titanium alloy extract, and copper-strontium binary doped calcium silicate composite coating modified titanium alloy extract were co-cultured with MC3T3-E1 cells to detect the biosafety and osteogenic properties of the materials. Staphylococcus aureus (or Escherichia coli) were co-cultured with titanium alloy, calcium silicate coating modified titanium alloy, copper-doped calcium silicate composite coating modified titanium alloy, and copper-strontium binary doped calcium silicate composite coating modified titanium alloy. The in vitro antibacterial properties of the materials were detected by scanning electron microscopy and plate counting method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscopy showed that a large number of nanostructures existed on the rough surface of the copper-strontium binary doped calcium silicate composite coating. The composite coating was successfully sprayed on the surface of titanium alloy. The composite coating could slowly release Sr2+ and Cu2+ in vitro. The release concentration of Sr2+ was greater than that of Cu2+. (2) CCK-8 assay and cell live/dead staining results showed that the copper-doped calcium silicate composite coating modified titanium alloy had certain cytotoxicity. The calcium silicate coating and the copper-strontium binary doped calcium silicate composite coating modified titanium alloy had good biocompatibility. Alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining results showed that compared with titanium alloy and calcium silicate coating modified titanium alloy, copper strontium binary doped calcium silicate composite coating modified titanium alloy showed better osteogenic properties. (3) The results of scanning electron microscopy, bacterial coating, and bacterial counting method showed that compared with titanium alloy and calcium silicate coating modified titanium alloy, copper-doped calcium silicate composite coating and copper strontium binary doped calcium silicate composite coating modified titanium alloy can effectively inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, showing antibacterial potential. (4) The results indicate that copper strontium binary doped calcium silicate composite coating modified titanium sheet has good biocompatibility, osteogenic and antibacterial properties.   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Patient experience of robot-assisted percutaneous kyphoplasty with bone cement injection into injured vertebrae under local anesthesia Li Jiahong, Lin Shu, Tang Liuyi, Hu Jiang, Yu Yang, Zhang Wei 2025, 29 (22):  4647-4652.  doi: 10.12307/2025.433 Abstract ( 155 )   PDF (1179KB) ( 132 )   Save BACKGROUND: Percutaneous kyphoplasty assisted by C-arm under local anesthesia requires continuous adjustment of the puncture direction under multiple C-arm fluoroscopy. The establishment time of the working channel is longer, and the intraoperative pain stimulation of patients is larger. With the help of the robot, the puncture can be successfully performed at one time, which can significantly improve the experience of patients and reduce the risk of bone cement leakage. OBJECTIVE: To compare the patient experience and other outcomes of percutaneous kyphoplasty using robot-assisted and conventional C-arm fluoroscopy under local anesthesia. METHODS: A total of 241 patients with single-stage osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture were selected from Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences · Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China). 132 patients underwent robot-assisted percutaneous kyphoplasty under local anesthesia (robot-assisted group). 109 cases of conventional C-arm assisted percutaneous kyphoplasty under local anesthesia (conventional fluoroscopy group). Patients’ intraoperative experience evaluation, bone cement injection amount, operation time, working channel establishment time, hospitalization cost and complications were recorded. Puncture deviation and bone cement leakage were evaluated by imaging on the first day after surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The intraoperative experience of 59 patients in the robot-assisted group was rated as “very good”, 43 as “good”, 16 as “average”, 10 as “poor”, and 4 as “very poor,” while that of 30 patients in the conventional fluoroscopy group was rated as “very good”, 44 cases were “good”, 21 “average”, 9 “poor”, and 5 “very poor.” There was a significant difference between the two groups in intraoperative experience evaluation (Z=-2.546, P=0.011). Intraoperative pain visual analog scale score was lower in the robot-assisted group than that in the conventional fluoroscopy group (t=-9.513, P=0.000). Totally 84 patients in the robot-assisted group and 47 patients in the conventional fluoroscopy group were willing to undergo percutaneous kyphoplasty again when necessary, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (Z=-2.730, P=0.006). (2) The operation time and hospitalization cost of the robot-assisted group were more than those of the conventional fluoroscopy group (t=2.860, P=0.003; t=36.522, P=0.000). The working channel establishment time of robot-assisted group was shorter than that of conventional fluoroscopy group (t=-27.066, P=0.000). The puncture deviation of robot-assisted group was better than that of conventional fluoroscopy group (Z=-3.656, P=0.000). The cement leakage of robot-assisted group was lower than that of conventional fluoroscopy group (χ2=7.284, P=0.007). (3) It is concluded that under local anesthesia, patients with robot-assisted percutaneous kyphoplasty have good surgical experience, with advantages of accurate puncture, short time to establish working channel, and low leakage rate of bone cement. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chondrocyte proliferation and tissue formation enhanced by stromal cell derived factor-1 modified poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres Ma Yue, Tan Shiyu, Chu Feiyang, Chen Zhuoqi, Liu Siyu, Liu Wenshuai, Liu Xia 2025, 29 (22):  4653-4662.  doi: 10.12307/2025.443 Abstract ( 74 )   PDF (1996KB) ( 109 )   Save BACKGROUND: The proliferation and phenotypic maintenance of chondrocytes are limited under two-dimensional culture conditions. Porous microspheres serve as scaffolds, providing a three-dimensional culture environment that better mimics in vivo growth conditions. Stromal cell derived factor-1, a homeostatic cytokine with potent chemotactic effects, facilitates cell adhesion and proliferation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of stromal cell derived factor-1 grafted poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres on the biological characteristics of chondrocytes and the formation of cartilage tissue. METHODS: (1) The effects of different concentrations of stromal cell derived factor-1 on rabbit chondrocyte proliferation, migration, and phenotypic maintenance were investigated in an in vitro setting. (2) Poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres were prepared by double emulsion method. Stromal cell derived factor-1 was grafted onto poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres through carbodiimide reaction. The grafting was verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and incubation with stromal cell derived factor-1-specific fluorescent antibodies. (3) Rabbit chondrocytes were inoculated on poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres and grafted on stromal cell derived factor-1 poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres to detect cell proliferation and adhesion. (4) The methylacrylamide-gelatin-chondrocyte complex (control group), poly-L-lactic acid porous microsphere-methylacrylamide-gelatin-chondrocyte complex (porous microsphere group), and grafted stromal cell derived factor-1 poly-L-lactic acid porous microsphere-methylacrylamide-gelatin-chondrocyte complex (porous microsphere modified group) were implanted under the skin of the back of nude mice, respectively. Samples were collected 8 weeks later and detected using histological staining and qRT-PCR for chondroblast related genes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with 0 and 1 000 ng/mL stromal cell derived factor-1, 1 and 500 ng/mL stromal cell derived factor 1 could promote the proliferation and migration of chondrocytes, and enhance the mRNA expression levels of type II collagen, elastin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and Bcl-2 in chondrocytes. (2) Stromal cell derived factor-1 was successfully grafted onto poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres with a grafting rate of 93.75%. (3) Compared with poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres, grafted stromal cell derived factor-1 poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres promoted the proliferation and adhesion of chondrocytes. (4) After 8 weeks of subcutaneous implantation in nude mice, compared with the control group and the porous microsphere group, the porous microsphere modified group had clearer cartilage lacunae structure, more chondro-specific matrix and type II collagen deposition, and increased expression of elastin, type II collagen, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and Bcl-2 mRNA. These findings indicate that stromal cell derived factor-1 grafted poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres are beneficial to chondrocyte adhesion, proliferation, phenotypic maintenance, and the formation of cartilage tissue in vivo.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Injectable dental pulp extracellular matrix prepared by grinding treatment for dental pulp regeneration Yang Yuqian, Li Wenjun, Zhao Jian, Chen Gang 2025, 29 (22):  4663-4670.  doi: 10.12307/2025.447 Abstract ( 183 )   PDF (2871KB) ( 134 )   Save BACKGROUND: In the preparation of injectable extracellular matrix materials, most of the materials require pepsin digestion followed by combination with other matrix components like hydrogels for pulp tissue regeneration, which also means the destruction of the microenvironment retained by natural extracellular matrix materials. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of injectable dental pulp extracellular matrix prepared by grinding treatment on the regeneration of dental pulp tissue. METHODS: (1) The dental pulp tissue from pig teeth was prepared into acellular dental pulp matrix materials after acellular treatment. After freezing in liquid nitrogen and high-speed grinding, the injectable dental pulp extracellular matrix was prepared. Then, the differences in cell adhesion efficiency and microstructure between the injectable dental pulp extracellular matrix and natural dental pulp extracellular matrix were compared. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to analyze extracellular matrix protein components in injectable dental pulp extracellular matrix. (2) Injectable dental pulp extracellular matrix material inoculated with dental pulp stem cells was injected into the dental pulp cavity constructed from the dentin matrix material. The samples were obtained after 1, 3, and 5 weeks of subcutaneous implantation in nude mice to observe the in vivo conversion rate of injectable dental pulp extracellular matrix materials and the regeneration ability of ectopic dental pulp tissue under the skin of nude mice. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the dental pulp extracellular matrix, the injectable dental pulp extracellular matrix significantly improved the cell adhesion rate and retained the porous collagen structure similar to that of natural dental pulp extracellular matrix. (2) Compared with the natural dental pulp extracellular matrix, immunohistochemical staining showed that there was no significant difference in the expression of fibronectin, collagen type I, and integrin β1 in the injectable dental pulp extracellular matrix, while the expression of fibronectin was significantly decreased. (3) In vivo experiments show that the injectable dental pulp extracellular matrix has excellent angiogenesis ability and promotes the formation of pulp-like tissues. The results exhibit that the milled injectable dental pulp extracellular matrix can still be used as an effective scaffold for the regeneration of dental pulp. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite element analysis of internally retracted maxillary anterior teeth with clear aligners of different thicknesses and stiffness Yang Tianmei, Wang Jing, Ma Fujuan, Zhang Jian, Ge Zhenlin 2025, 29 (22):  4671-4678.  doi: 10.12307/2025.435 Abstract ( 241 )   PDF (4514KB) ( 265 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clear aligners, due to their special material properties, are more prone to the “roller coaster effect” during the process of extracting the maxillary first premolar and closing the gap by retracting the anterior teeth, tilting and moving the teeth, leading to deepening of the anterior overjet and opening of the posterior teeth. There are fewer related studies at present concerning whether the thickness or stiffness of the aligner can be changed to reduce the “roller coaster effect” and better control the orthodontic tooth movement,. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the differences in tooth movement control ability of clear aligners of different thicknesses and stiffness when internally retracting maxillary anterior teeth by means of the three-dimensional finite element method. METHODS: Cone beam CT data of patients with convex profile were imported into Mimics and other software to simulate clinical cases. Three-dimensional finite element models were constructed to remove the first premolars, including the maxilla, teeth, and periodontal ligaments, while the diaphragms of clear aligners with thicknesses of 0.50 mm and 0.75 mm were assembled. Four sets of working conditions were created by loading the material properties of two Young’s modulus of 1 000 MPa and 2 000 MPa. According to the clinical design to close of the extraction gap, and analyze the distribution of periodontal ligament stress, the displacement trend and the initial displacement of the teeth after loading and calculating in Workbench 2023 R1 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The Von-Mises stress distribution pattern of periodontal ligament was consistent among the four working conditions, with the maximum value mainly distributed at the cervical part of teeth. The thicker diaphragm of the aligner, the higher the Von-Mises stress; the higher Young’s modulus of the aligner, the higher the Von-Mises stress. (2) Under the four working conditions, the overall displacement trend of the maxillary dentition was that the crowns of the anterior teeth moved towards the lingual side and the roots towards the labial side, while the crowns of the posterior teeth moved towards the proximal-medial side and the roots towards the distal-medial side, and it was observed that the crown-root displacements of the teeth were in the opposite direction in all the conditions, and that the displacement of the crowns was greater than the displacement of the roots. Except for canines, the thicker the aligner diaphragm, the lower the R/C value (root-crown displacement ratio); the higher the modulus of elasticity of the aligner diaphragm, the lower the R/C value. (3) The results showed that when the maxillary anterior teeth were internally retracted using invisible aligners, the teeth showed a tendency to tilt and move without incisor torque compensation being designed; the greater the thickness of the aligner and the elastic modulus, the greater the control of the teeth, and the tendency of the teeth to tilt and move decreased; and the cuspids had to be controlled by other auxiliary means. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite element analysis of ultrashort implants applied to the mandibular posterior tooth area under different bone conditions Zilalai · Julaiti, Mawulanjiang · Abudurenmu, Aikeliya · Ainiwaer, Reyila · Kuerban, Nijiati · Tuersun 2025, 29 (22):  4679-4686.  doi: 10.12307/2025.406 Abstract ( 150 )   PDF (1968KB) ( 47 )   Save BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional finite element method was used to analyze the stress of implants in different cortical bone thicknesses, and the results showed that cortical bone thickness affected the displacement value of the implant-bone interface, the equivalent stress value, and the equivalent stress value of each component of the implant. There are still uncertainties in the clinical application of ultrashort implants in different mandibular bones.  OBJECTIVE: To analyze the stress distribution of ultrashort implant in different bone and bone tissue of mandible by three-dimensional finite element method. METHODS: Cone-beam CT images of a patient with missing mandibular first molar were selected. Mimics software was used to create the model of the first molar region of the mandible. The required implant and upper prosthesis models were drawn according to the model of TS IIIφ5 mm×5 mm in the Orthodontic system. Geomagic Studio bias command was used to obtain the models of four different types of mandibular bone (classes I, II, III, and IV). All the models were integrated and cross-combined to give different directions of loading so as to analyze the Fann equivalent stress distribution of each model after being stressed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under vertical loading, the maximum stress of cortical bone in classes I, II, and III bone tended to be more stable than that in class IV bone, and the force gradually concentrated from around implant to the junction between implant neck and cortical bone when it was distributed in class IV bone. The peak value of equivalent stress in class I bone was in the screw region. In classes II, III, and IV bone, the maximum stress peak was at the junction between the implant neck and the abutment. (2) Under lateral loading, the maximum stress of cortical bone increased gradually with the weakening of bone condition. The maximum stress peaks in I-IV bone were concentrated at the junction of implant and abutment. In classes I-III bone, the stress of implant itself increased gradually with the weakening of bone, while in class IV bone, the stress decreased. This rule was also applicable to the stress of prosthesis abutment and cancellous bone. (3) The maximum stress of all kinds of bone under oblique load was larger than that under vertical load. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional finite element analysis of different material implants for replacing single missing anterior tooth Xia Zhaoxin, Gao Yichen, Deng Yuyao, Wang Xia, Lan Xiaorong, He Yun, Chen Junliang 2025, 29 (22):  4687-4693.  doi: 10.12307/2025.456 Abstract ( 179 )   PDF (1215KB) ( 84 )   Save BACKGROUND: Implant restoration has become an important means to treat anterior tooth loss, and it is particularly important to select appropriate implant restoration materials. However, at present, there are some deficiencies in clinical implant materials, and researchers have been exploring suitable implant materials. OBJECTIVE: To compare the biomechanical characteristics of implants made of different materials in restoring single missing maxillary anterior teeth.  METHODS: The cone beam CT data of a patient with single maxillary central incisor loss were imported into 3-matic software to establish a three-dimensional finite element analysis model of single maxillary anterior tooth loss. The model was then imported into Marc Mentat. Eight sets of implant restoration models were designed according to different implant materials (polyetheretherketone, titanium-zirconium alloy, titanium alloy, and zirconia, with the elastic modulus of the four materials increasing in sequence) and cancellous bone density (high density, low density) to simulate the stress conditions of the maxillary anterior teeth in centric occlusion. The total displacements and von Mises stresses of implants, cortical bone stresses and cancellous bone strains were compared and analyzed.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The maximum displacement of the implant gradually decreased with the increase of the modulus of elasticity of the material, and the value of the maximum displacement of the implant in the polyetheretherketone group exceeded 10 μm; the implant stress was concentrated in the labial neck in the models. The maximum stress gradually increased with the increase of the modulus of elasticity of the implant material, among which, the zirconia-low density bone model had the highest stress, which was 21.31 MPa; the cortical bone stress was concentrated in the cortical bone at the junction of the implant with the labial side, and the polyetheretherketone-low density bone group had the highest value, which was 29.90 MPa. (2) From the biomechanical point of view, titanium-zirconium alloy, titanium alloy, and zirconia can be used as implant materials for restoration of a single missing anterior tooth, and implant displacement is one of the common problems during implant restorations, but pure polyetheretherketone material may cause excessive implant displacement in implant restorations of anterior areas, causing implant failure.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Gold nanoparticle @ mesoporous silica modified titanium implants promote osteogenic differentiation under high glucose conditions Deng Yunyi, Chen Shichao, Luo Mingdong, Li Ruotong, Lan Xiaorong, Yu Ke, Li Guangwen 2025, 29 (22):  4694-4701.  doi: 10.12307/2025.454 Abstract ( 176 )   PDF (2684KB) ( 192 )   Save BACKGROUND: Titanium surface micro-nano structure modification is a hot research field in titanium implant surface treatment. The diabetic hyperglycemia environment will affect the stable bonding between titanium implant and bone tissue, so it is necessary to explore the surface micro-nano structure modification to improve the osteogenic activity of titanium implant in high glucose environment. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of gold nanoparticle@mesoporous silica nanoparticles (AuNPs@MSNs) coating on osteogenic activity of osteoblasts under high glucose in vitro.  METHODS: Gold nanoparticle suspension and mesoporous silica were prepared respectively, and the two were mixed in deionized water in a certain proportion to prepare gold nanoparticle @ mesoporous silica suspension. Titanium sheets were taken and divided into three groups for treatment: the smooth group was treated with water sandpaper; the nanotube group was treated with water sandpaper and then anodized to prepare titanium dioxide nanotube coating, and the experimental group prepared titanium dioxide nanotube coating and then immersed in gold nanoparticle @ mesoporous silica suspension to prepare gold nanoparticle @ mesoporous silica nanoparticles coating. The microscopic morphology and hydrophilicity of the surface of the three groups of titanium sheets were characterized. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were inoculated on the surface of the three groups of titanium sheets. Cell proliferation was detected by cell live/dead fluorescence staining and CCK-8 assay. Cell adhesion was detected by DAPI/phalloidin staining. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were inoculated on the surface of the three groups of titanium sheets, and high-glucose osteogenic induction medium was added for culture. Osteogenic differentiation was detected by alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin Red S staining.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface of the titanium sheet in the smooth group was uniform and flat. The titanium dioxide nanotube arrays in the nanotube group were closely arranged on the surface, and the titanium sheet in the experimental group was loaded with gold nanoparticle @ mesoporous silica on the surface and inside of the titanium dioxide nanotubes. The hydrophilicity of the titanium sheets in the nanotube group and the experimental group was better than that in the smooth group. (2) The results of cell live/dead fluorescence staining exhibited that the cell viability on the surface of the three groups of titanium sheets was higher than 90%. The results of CCK-8 assay show that the cell proliferation rate in the experimental group was higher than that in the smooth group and the nanotube group. The results of DAPI/phalloidin staining showed that the titanium dioxide nanotube coating and the gold nanoparticle @ mesoporous silica nanoparticles coating were more conducive to cell adhesion. (3) The results of alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin Red S staining showed that the alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular matrix mineralization of the cells on the titanium sheet surface in the experimental group were higher than those in the smooth group and the nanotube group. (4) The results show that the gold nanoparticle @ mesoporous silica nanoparticles coating can enhance the biological activity of the titanium surface and promote osteogenic differentiation in a high glucose environment.   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Key role of calcium ion in sodium alginate based composite hydrogel for breast cancer organoid culture Lin Zhiguang, Rao Qi, Liang Shanshan, Wang Ruoyu, Yu Weiting 2025, 29 (22):  4702-4709.  doi: 10.12307/2025.438 Abstract ( 211 )   PDF (1432KB) ( 131 )   Save BACKGROUND: Matrigel is the best material for the culture of tumor organoids, but matrigel alone is not enough to simulate the mechanical environment of tumor growth in vitro. Although the introduction of sodium alginate material can improve the stiffness of the hydrogel based on matrigel, its mechanical properties of hydrogel are difficult to maintain stability in long-term culture.  OBJECTIVE: To introduce a small amount of calcium ions into the medium of breast cancer organoids and to observe its maintenance effect on the long-term mechanical properties of the matrigel-sodium alginate hydrogel.  METHODS: (1) Sodium alginate composite hydrogels with low, medium, and high stiffness were prepared by introducing different mass concentrations (0, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL) of sodium alginate into the constant mass concentration (5 mg/mL) of matrigel. The mechanical properties of hydrogels were measured regularly by rheometer. (2) Human triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 were resuspended in hydrogel pre-gels with different stiffness. After gelling, breast cancer organoid factor medium containing (or without) calcium ions was added for breast cancer organoid culture. At a set time point, rheometer was used to regularly measure the effect of calcium ion introduction on the mechanical properties of hydrogel. The morphologic changes of breast cancer organoids were observed under optical microscope. Rate of breast cancer organoids forming into pellets was calculated on day 13. After 7 days of breast cancer organoid culture, different concentrations of the chemotherapy drug docetaxel (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 nmol/L) were added for intervention for 6 days. Cell viability was detected and the semi-inhibitory concentration of docetaxel, IC50, was calculated.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The introduction of sodium alginate effectively improved the mechanical strength of the composite hydrogel. (2) With the extension of breast cancer organoid culture time, the mechanical strength of hydrogels decreased. On day 13 of culture, the mechanical properties of medium and high stiffness hydrogels in the culture environment containing calcium ions were significantly higher than those in the culture environment without calcium ions (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in the mechanical properties of low stiffness hydrogels in the two cultures (P > 0.05). In long-term culture (13 days), breast cancer organoids changed from round to spindle shape with the decrease of hydrogel mechanical properties in the medium and high stiffness hydrogel groups. After the introduction of calcium ions, the morphology of breast cancer organoids did not change with the extension of culture time in the two groups. The introduction of calcium ions in the culture environment had no effect on the pellet formation rate of breast cancer organoids in the low stiffness hydrogel group, but could improve the pellet formation rate of breast cancer organoids in the medium and high stiffness hydrogel groups. (3) In the culture environment without calcium ions, the cell viability of breast cancer organoids decreased with the increase of docetaxel concentration, and there was no significant difference in IC50 among the three hydrogel groups (P > 0.05). In the culture environment containing calcium ions, the cell viability of breast cancer organoids decreased with the increase of docetaxel concentration. The cell viability of breast cancer organoids in the medium and high stiffness hydrogel groups was stronger than that in the low stiffness hydrogel group, and the IC50 was higher than that in the low stiffness hydrogel group (P < 0.05). (4) The results showed that the mechanical properties of the matrigel-sodium alginate hydrogel could be maintained by introducing calcium ions into the breast cancer organoid culture system.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Injectable hydrogel microspheres that enhance autophagy can improve cartilage microenvironment and resist chondrocyte senescence Li Wenming, Li Yonghang, Yan Caiping, Wang Xingkuan, Xiang Chao, Zhang Yuan, Jiang Ke, Chen Lu 2025, 29 (22):  4710-4719.  doi: 10.12307/2025.439 Abstract ( 153 )   PDF (2116KB) ( 119 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cell senescence is one of the major risk factors for osteoarthritis, but there is no widely accepted anti-osteoarthritis therapy targeting senescent cells. OBJECTIVE: To develop a feasible treatment strategy targeting senescent cells in osteoarthritis. METHODS: The cationic liposome containing rapamycin, RAPA@Lipo, was prepared by thin film dispersion method. Methylallylated hyaluronic acid hydrogel was synthesized, and RAPA@Lipo was added to the methylallylated hyaluronic acid hydrogel aqueous phase solution. The hydrogel microspheres were prepared by microfluidic equipment. Solid hydrogel microspheres (RAPA@Lipo@MS) were crosslinked under violet light. Primary human chondrocytes were co-cultured with RAPA@Lipo and RAPA@Lipo@MS, respectively. The biocompatibility of the materials was evaluated by CCK-8 assay and live/dead staining. Primary rat chondrocytes were cultured in four groups. Normal control group was cultured for 48 hours. The model group was stimulated with H2O2 for 24 hours to establish senescent cell model. RAPA@Lipo group and RAPA@Lipo@MS group were cultured for 24 hours after establishing senescent cell model with RAPA@Lipo and RAPA@Lipo@MS, respectively. After culture, immunofluorescence was used to observe the expression of p62 and type II collagen. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of interleukin 6, matrix metalloproteinase 13, type II collagen, aggrecan, and ADAMTS-5. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The results of CCK-8 assay and live/dead staining showed that RAPA@Lipo and RAPA@Lipo@MS had good biocompatibility. (2) Compared with the normal control group, the protein expression of p62 was increased (P < 0.05); the expression of type II collagen was decreased (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression levels of interleukin 6, matrix metalloproteinase 13, and ADAMTS-5 were increased (P < 0.05); mRNA expression levels of type II collagen and aggrecan were decreased (P < 0.05) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the expression of p62 protein was decreased (P < 0.05); the expression of type II collagen was increased (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression levels of interleukin 6, matrix metalloproteinase 13, and ADAMTS-5 were decreased (P < 0.05); mRNA expression of type II collagen and aggrecan increased (P < 0.05) in the RAPA@Lipo@MS group. (3) These findings indicate that RAPA@Lipo@MS can control the quality of cells in vivo by enhancing autophagy, reduce senescent cells in vivo, and locally eliminate senescent cells and senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors in osteoarthritis, thereby slowing the progression of osteoarthritis and creating a cartilage microenvironment that promotes regeneration. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and characterization of alendronate/chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel films Hu Chen, Jiang Ying, Chen Jia, Qiao Guangwei, Dong Wen, Ma Jian 2025, 29 (22):  4720-4730.  doi: 10.12307/2025.455 Abstract ( 231 )   PDF (2203KB) ( 91 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a high-risk factor for dental implant treatment. The preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds with sustained-release Alendronate and its application in oral implant surgery for osteoporosis patients is a current hot topic in oral bone tissue engineering research. OBJECTIVE: To prepare alendronate/chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel film and characterize its sustained release properties. METHODS: (1) Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel films with varying mass ratios (mass ratios of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol were 3:7, 5:5, and 7:3, respectively), chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel films were prepared using a physical crosslinking method. By characterizing the morphology, water contact angle, mechanical properties, swelling rate, and cell compatibility of the hydrogel film, a suitable hydrogel film was screened as a carrier of alendronate. (2) Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel films containing 0, 0.4, 1.2, and 2.0 mg/L alendronate were prepared, and rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with the four groups of hydrogel films. The cytocompatibility of the hydrogel films was detected by CCK-8 assay and CD44 immunofluorescence staining. The drug-loaded chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel films were immersed in PBS. The drug release performance of the composite hydrogel films was detected by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The characterization results showed that with the increase of the mass of polyvinyl alcohol in the hydrogel film, the structural density of the hydrogel film increased, the porosity decreased, the water contact angle (all within 90°), the elongation at break and the compressive strength increased, and the equilibrium swelling rate decreased. It had no effect on the proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Chitosan hydrogel film could promote the adhesion of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The 3:7 and 5:5 ratio composite hydrogel films did not affect the adhesion of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel film and 7:3 ratio composite hydrogel film inhibited the adhesion of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Based on the above results, the 5:5 composite hydrogel film was selected as the carrier of alendronate. (2) CCK-8 assay results showed that the composite hydrogel film containing 0.4 and 1.2 mg/L alendronate had no cytotoxicity. CD44 immunofluorescence staining results showed that the composite hydrogel film containing 0.4 mg/L alendronate did not affect the adhesion of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, while the composite hydrogel film containing 1.2 and 2.0 mg/L alendronate inhibited the adhesion of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel film containing 0.4, 1.2, and 2.0 mg/L alendronate released alendronate in the first 6 hours, and then released alendronate evenly and stably, with a release time of more than 96 hours. (3) The results showed that the chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel film with a ratio of 5:5 had good physical and chemical properties and cytocompatibility, and could be used as a sustained-release carrier of alendronate.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Amniotic and bladder extracellular matrix materials in repairing rat endometrial injury Kong Xiaojuan, Ma Zhengjiao, Tan Zhenyu, Liu Peng 2025, 29 (22):  4731-4739.  doi: 10.12307/2025.453 Abstract ( 90 )   PDF (2164KB) ( 100 )   Save BACKGROUND: A large number of studies have confirmed that both amniotic extracellular matrix materials and bladder extracellular matrix materials can be used as stem cell carriers for the treatment of endometrial injury, but the difference in effect between the two materials is relatively rare. OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference of amniotic extracellular matrix materials and bladder extracellular matrix materials as stem cell carrier in the treatment of endometrial injury. METHODS: Whole bone marrow adhesion method was used to isolate and purify bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from SD rats. SD-rat amniotic extracellular matrix materials and bladder extracellular matrix materials were prepared respectively, and then bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were inoculated on the surface of the two materials to detect cell proliferation and adhesion. Forty SD rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=10 per group). Except the sham operation group, the endometrial injury group, the amniotic extracellular matrix group, and the bladder extracellular matrix group were all established by mechanical intervention. The amniotic extracellular matrix/bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell complex and bladder stromal extracellular matrix/bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell complex were transplanted into the injured endometrial site in the amniotic extracellular matrix group and the bladder extracellular matrix group. Samples were collected and detected 14 and 28 days after transplantation. The morphology of rat endometrial tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The levels of basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor in endometrial tissues were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of vimentin and CD34 in endometrial tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Both kinds of extracellular matrix materials were beneficial to the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Compared with bladder extracellular matrix materials, amniotic extracellular matrix materials could promote the adhesion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (2) Compared with the sham operation group, the levels of basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), endometrial tissue was dysplastic, endometrial thickness and number of glands were significantly decreased, and vimentin and CD34 positive expression levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in the endometrial injury group. Compared with the endometrial injury group, the levels of basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor were increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), the endometrial tissue morphology was significantly improved, and the endometrial thickness and the number of glands were significantly increased; the positive expressions of vimentin and CD34 were significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) in the amniotic extracellular matrix group and the bladder extracellular matrix group, and the improvement of amniotic extracellular matrix group was better than that of bladder extracellular matrix group (P < 0.05). (3) The results show that compared with bladder extracellular matrix materials, amniotic extracellular matrix material as a carrier of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can further promote the repair of damaged endometrium. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and in vitro performance testing of a multi-modified hemerythrin-based nano-oxygen carrier Huang Zhihua, Zhao Huimin, Su Chunyuan, Yang Kang 2025, 29 (22):  4740-4747.  doi: 10.12307/2025.457 Abstract ( 191 )   PDF (1604KB) ( 93 )   Save BACKGROUND: Molecular stability and biocompatibility of hemerythrin surpass those of human and mammalian hemoglobin, making it a potential candidate for a safer and more effective erythrocyte substitute after modification. OBJECTIVE: To prepare multi-modified hemerythrin nanoparticles, characterize them, and test their performance in vitro.  METHODS: The hemerythrin of Sipunculus sphenodontus was separated and purified by tangential flow ultrafiltration. The intramolecular cross-linking was completed by genipin. The nanoparticles were encapsulated by dopamine, and passivated by polyethylene glycol to obtain multi-modified hemerythrin nanoparticles. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were characterized. Hemerythrin nanoparticles, hemerythrin, and hemoglobin oxygen carrier HBOC-201 with different mass concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) were incubated with macrophages for 6 and 24 hours, and with endothelial cells for 24 hours. The cell survival rate was detected by CCK-8 assay. The levels of nitric oxide and vascular cell adhesion factor 1 in the culture medium of endothelial cells were detected by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under electron microscopy, hemerythrin nanoparticles were ellipsoidal, with a dense outer membrane and a relatively uniform internal texture. The particle size was (150.12±1.67) nm; the dispersion index was 0.21±0.03; the Zeta potential was (-24.54±2.61) mV; the half-saturated oxygen partial pressure was (0.97±0.15) kPa, and the Hill coefficient was 1.49±0.16. (2) After incubation for 6 hours, within the mass concentration range of ≤1.0 mg/mL, the survival rates of macrophages in the hemerythrin nanoparticle group, the hemerythrin group, and the HBOC-201 group were all above 85%. At a mass concentration of 2.0 mg/mL, only the survival rate of macrophages in the hemerythrin nanoparticle group was above 80%. After incubation for 24 hours, the survival rates of macrophages in the three groups were all lower than 80%, among which the survival rate of macrophages in the hemerythrin nanoparticle group was higher than that in the hemerythrin group and the HBOC-201 group (P < 0.05). (3) With the increase of drug concentration, the survival rate of vascular endothelial cells in the three groups decreased. At 1.0 mg/mL or 2.0 mg/mL mass concentration, the survival rate of cells in the hemerythrin nanoparticle group was higher than that in the hemerythrin group and HBOC-201 group (P < 0.05). At the same mass concentration, the nitric oxide level in the hemerythrin nanoparticle group was higher than that in the hemerythrin group and HBOC-201 group (P < 0.05). In the range of 0.25-2.0 mg/mL mass concentration, the vascular cell adhesion factor 1 level in the hemerythrin nanoparticle group was lower than that in the hemerythrin group and HBOC-201 group (P < 0.05). (4) The results showed that the hemerythrin nanoparticles modified with intramolecular cross-linking and polydopamine/polyethylene glycol had good oxygen-carrying activity in vitro, better anti-phagocytic performance, and less cytotoxicity. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vascularization characteristics of tissue-engineered oral mucosa equivalents Shi Lijuan, Wei Jian, Zhang Xuan, He Lingxiao, Jiang Xiaoxi, Nie Minhai, Chen Jiana, Liu Xuqian 2025, 29 (22):  4748-4760.  doi: 10.12307/2025.432 Abstract ( 172 )   PDF (3108KB) ( 137 )   Save BACKGROUND: In previous studies, the equivalent structure of three-dimensional cell reconstruction of tissue engineering oral mucosa is similar to normal oral mucosa, including epithelial-like structure, lamina propria-like structure, and vascular lumen-like structure, and has initially achieved the establishment of vascular equivalent, but its vascularization characteristics are not very clear.  OBJECTIVE: Vascular-like structures of vascularized oral mucosa equivalent were obtained by targeting vascular endothelial cells specific marker expression profiles correlated with laser capture microdissection system, and their vascularization ability was evaluated to reveal their vascularization characteristics. METHODS: Human gingival epithelial cells were cultured from human gingival epithelium and human gingival fibroblasts, human gingival mesenchymal stem cells were cultured from human gingival lamina propria. Human gingival mesenchymal stem cells were induced to differentiate into vascular endothelial-like cells after monoclonal expansion culture. Human gingival epithelial cells, human gingival fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial-like cells were loaded with acellular vascular matrix-0.25% human-like collagen type I scaffold to construct the vascularized oral mucosa equivalent. The layered structure of oral mucosa equivalent (experimental group) and the acellular vascular matrix-0.25% human-like collagen type I scaffold (control group) were implanted subcutaneously into the back of nude mice, respectively. 14 days later, the incision surface of the two groups was coated with biogel. The biogel surface of the experimental group was inoculated with human gingival epithelial cells, while the control group was not inoculated with cells. The samples were collected after 14 days of feeding. The layered structure of oral mucosa equivalent was observed by morphology. The neovascular-like structures in oral mucosa equivalents were labeled by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence with a more comprehensive expression profile of vascular endothelial cells, and the vascularization characteristics were analyzed. A laser capture microdissection system was used to capture the neovascularization structures in the oral mucosa equivalents specifically labeled by immunohistochemistry and analyze their vascularization characteristics. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The morphology showed that the cell level of oral mucosa equivalent was clear, and the structure was similar to that of normal oral mucosa, that is, there were epithelioid structures, lamina-like structures, and vascular cavelike structures, and there were scattered erythrocytes in the vascular cavelike structures. (2) The results of EdU Apollo tracer seed cells in the oral mucosa equivalent group showed that human gingival epithelial cells labeled with EdU Apollo 488 showed green fluorescence expression. DAPI labeled human gingival fibroblasts showed blue fluorescence expression and formed lamina-like structures in vivo. EdU Apollo 567 labeled vascular endothelial-like cells showed red fluorescence expression and formed a vascular-like structure in vivo. (3) Vascular endothelial cell specific marker expression profile immunofluorescence labeling of vascular structure showed that compared with normal oral mucosa, the expressions of CD31, CD51, CD54, CD105, Tie-2, VWF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in oral mucosa equivalents were increased (P < 0.000 1). There were no significant changes in CD34 expression (P > 0.05). (4) Compared with the specifically labeled oral mucosal vascular structures, the expression levels of CD51, CD54, CD105, Tie-2, VWF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 of the oral mucosa equivalents targeted by the laser capture microdissection system were increased (P < 0.000 1). There were no significant changes in expression of CD31 and CD34 (P > 0.05). (5) The results showed that the oral mucosa equivalent reconstructed by three-dimensional cell stratification could achieve good vascularization, and its vascularization characteristics were consistent with the immunological function and characteristics of neovascularization. Vascularization helps three-dimensional cell layer reconstruction of oral mucosa equivalent regeneration. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bio-3D printed bionic scaffold promotes healing after rotator cuff injury Xu Jie, Jiu Jingwei, Liu Haifeng, Zhao Bin 2025, 29 (22):  4761-4770.  doi: 10.12307/2025.445 Abstract ( 265 )   PDF (3056KB) ( 159 )   Save BACKGROUND: Most rotator cuff injuries occur in the supraspinatus tendon. Clinical treatment of rotator cuff injuries is very limited due to the lack of blood vessels and the complex anatomical structure of the rotator cuff. The rapid development of tissue engineering technology and stem cell biology has brought new hope for improving the quality of tendon repair.  OBJECTIVE: To prepare human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells/gelatin methacrylate composite scaffolds by bio-3D printing technology to observe the effect of this scaffold on repairing rotator cuff injury. METHODS: (1) In vitro cell assay: The gelatin microcarrier was prepared. The tissue engineered stem cells were constructed by inoculating human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on the surface of gelatin microcarrier. Gelatin methacrylate hydrogel printing ink was prepared. Tissue engineered stem cells were re-suspended with gelatin methacrylate hydrogel printing ink and put into the bio-ink container of 3D printer for printing. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells/gelatin methacrylate composite scaffold was obtained after 5 minutes of blue light irradiation and curing. The activity of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in scaffolds was detected by dead/alive staining and CCK-8 assay. (2) In vivo animal experiments: A random block design method was used to randomly assign 24 SD rats to 4 groups with 6 rats in each group. No treatment was given in the normal group. The rotator cuff injury model of supratinatus tendon tear was established in the rotator cuff injury group, the simple scaffold group, and the cellular scaffold group. The gelatin methacrylate scaffold and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell/gelatin methacrylatecomposite scaffold were implanted into the tendon injury after the model was made in the simple scaffold group and the cellular scaffold group, respectively. Four weeks after operation, behavioral tests and histopathological morphology observation of supraspinatus tendon of rotator cuff were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In vitro cellular assay: The dead/alive staining showed that gelatin microcarrier could reduce the damage of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells caused by 3D printing process. With the extension of culture time, the survival rate of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells increased in the scaffold. The results of CCK-8 assay showed that with the extension of culture time, the activity of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in the scaffold did not change significantly. (2) In vivo animal experiments: Behavioral test results showed that compared with rotator cuff injury group and simple scaffold group, cellular scaffold group significantly improved limb motor function. The results of hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining of rotator cuff supraspinatus tendon showed that compared with rotator cuff injury group and simple scaffold group, the muscle fiber arrangement in the cellular scaffold group was more regular; there was no obvious inflammatory cell infiltration, and the percentage of collagen volume decreased. The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α in the rotator cuff supraspinatus tendon were significantly decreased in the cellular scaffold group compared with the rotator cuff injury group and the simple scaffold group. (3) The results showed that bio-3D-printed cell scaffolds encapsulating human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells/gelatin methacrylate could promote tissue repair and regeneration of rotator cuff injuries.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of nanoparticles in gene modification therapy for bone tissue engineering Li Guangzhao, Pei Xibo, Wang Jian 2025, 29 (22):  4771-4783.  doi: 10.12307/2025.446 Abstract ( 286 )   PDF (1142KB) ( 285 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traditional bone tissue engineering techniques for treating critical bone defects suffer from low osteogenic efficiency and poor safety. Gene-enhanced bone tissue engineering grafts constructed with non-viral nanoparticles have attracted widespread attention from scholars both domestically and internationally due to their higher osteogenic rates and safety, leading to extensive research in this field. OBJECTIVE: To review new technologies, methods, and challenges in the research of nanoparticles in gene therapy for bone tissue engineering, aiming to provide a reference for research on gene therapy mediated by nanoparticles in bone tissue engineering. METHODS: The first author searched PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI. The Chinese and English search terms were “bone defect repair, bone tissue engineering, gene delivery, nanoparticles, non-viral gene vector, sustained release technology, sequential release, targeted delivery.” Finally, 84 articles were included for summary.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Targeted gene delivery at various physiological stages of bone defect healing can significantly enhance bone repair efficacy. In the early inflammatory stage, delivering anti-inflammatory genes via nanoparticles to regulate the inflammatory response lays the foundation for subsequent bone healing. During the angiogenesis phase, local delivery of vascularization target genes aids in forming a highly organized vascular system, significantly accelerating bone healing. As vascularization progresses, neural re-innervation of the bone begins; at this stage, delivering functional genes promoting nerve regeneration facilitates neuro-osteogenic regeneration. During the osteogenic phase, constructing nanoparticle-bone gene complexes directly enhances the efficiency of bone formation on scaffold and in vivo. (2) Non-viral nanocarriers such as various organic and inorganic nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks, and exosomes show immense potential in gene therapy for bone tissue engineering. Each of these carriers has its unique advantages and limitations. Therefore, in practical applications, selection of the appropriate type primarily depends on factors such as gene transfection efficiency, biocompatibility, and osteogenic properties. (3) To comprehensively improve the efficiency of gene delivery, the gene transfection efficiency of nanocarriers is mainly enhanced through various functional designs, including enhancing the temporal regulation ability such as slow release and multi-gene delivery sequence, enhancing the spatial targeting ability of bone tissue and osteoblast-related cells, enhancing the transmembrane transport efficiency and nuclear targeting ability. (4) Numerous challenges need to be overcome in order to further promote the clinical application of nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy for bone tissue engineering, including improving gene transfection efficiency of organic carriers, reducing biosafety risks of inorganic carriers, optimizing the production process of new types of nanocarriers, and promoting interactions between other physiological processes and osteogenesis. These are also research hotspots and trends of gene therapy for bone tissue engineering in the future. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances and prospects of degradable drug-eluting gastrointestinal stents Li Nan, Fan Huijuan, Liu Taotao, Xia Shihai 2025, 29 (22):  4784-4794.  doi: 10.12307/2025.458 Abstract ( 213 )   PDF (1181KB) ( 60 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, the clinical application of gastrointestinal stents is relatively common. Conventional self-expanding metal and plastic stents have the problems of easy displacement, difficulty to remove, and postoperative restenosis. With the advantages of biodegradability and low postoperative restenosis rate, biodegradable drug-eluting stents have become the hot spot in the research of gastrointestinal stents. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress of biodegradable drug-eluting gastrointestinal stents and to provide a forecast of biodegradable drug-eluting gastrointestinal stents. METHODS: Relevant articles were retrieved on CNKI, WanFang, PubMed, and Web of Science databases from January 1994 to March 2024. The Chinese and English search terms were “biodegradable, drug-eluting stent, esophageal stent, biliary stent, pancreatic duct stent, intestinal stent, gastrointestinal stent.” Finally, 64 articles were included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Biodegradable drug-eluting gastrointestinal stent is a medical device that uses biodegradable material as the main body of the stent, carries and locally elutes drugs for different therapeutic purposes, and plays the dual roles of physical support and drug therapy. By adjusting the properties of stent materials, improving manufacturing processes and auxiliary means, the degradation rate of stents can be accelerated or slowed down to meet clinical needs. Drug elution technology uses drug coatings, nanoparticles, and polymer drug-loaded films, as drug-loading platforms to accurately release drugs, increase local drug concentrations in lesions, and reduce drug loss and systemic absorption of toxic drugs. (2) The main structure of biodegradable drug-eluting gastrointestinal stent is one or more functional drugs combined with biodegradable polymers, metals or nanofiber materials. The available functional drugs are divided into anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative, antitumor, lithotripsy, and enzyme inhibitors. (3) Maintaining the stability of the mechanical properties of gastrointestinal stent and precise controlled drug release are the problems that need to be solved at this stage of biodegradable drug-eluting gastrointestinal stent. The development of new biodegradable materials and the continuous innovation of drug-carrying and drug-releasing methods, manufacturing processes and auxiliary means are the future research directions. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of self-assembling peptide hydrogels on tumor treatment He Huanhuan, Tian Shijia, Chen Luoying, Liu Yanfei 2025, 29 (22):  4795-4803.  doi: 10.12307/2025.466 Abstract ( 229 )   PDF (1151KB) ( 485 )   Save BACKGROUND: Self-assembling peptide hydrogels exhibit excellent biocompatibility, controllable physicochemical properties, and release capabilities, offering extensive application potential in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biosensing fields. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress of self-assembling peptide hydrogel in cancer therapy in recent years. METHODS: Using the search terms “self-assembling peptides, hydrogel, sustained release, antitumor, tumor therapy” in Chinese and English, CNKI, PubMed, and Elsevier ScienceDirect databases were searched for relevant literature published from 2000 to 2024. Finally, 81 articles were included in the review.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Self-assembling peptide hydrogels, as a novel biomaterial, can be used as a sustained-release drug carrier to load a variety of anti-tumor drugs, and immunosuppressants, targeting tumor sites, inducing tumor cell death, reducing drug dosage, and increasing drug accumulation in tumor sites, thereby reducing the probability of toxic side effects and multidrug resistance. Moreover, anti-tumor hydrogels with natural activity can directly kill tumor cells without relying on drugs, and can minimize the toxic side effects of anti-tumor drugs when used alone. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue engineering technology for repairing temporomandibular joint: problems and challenges Lai Pengyu, Liang Ran, Shen Shan 2025, 29 (22):  4804-4812.  doi: 10.12307/2025.451 Abstract ( 256 )   PDF (1552KB) ( 134 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traditional therapies for temporomandibular joint disorders are limited by the severity of the condition and individual differences. In contrast, tissue engineering, as an emerging therapeutic approach, offers personalized treatment options tailored to the specific needs of patients, reducing uncertainties during surgical procedures, and enhancing clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest research achievements and advancements in tissue engineering for temporomandibular joint repair.  METHODS: Literature searches were conducted on PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases using the Chinese and English search terms “temporomandibular joint, tissue engineering, seed cell, scaffold, growth factor, animal model.” The search period covered the inception of each database up to March 2024. Literature screening was performed by analyzing and reviewing relevant articles according to exclusion criteria, ultimately including 57 articles for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) With advancements in biology, materials science, and engineering, significant progress has been made in temporomandibular joint tissue engineering, including the selection of seed cells, development of novel scaffolds, exploration of growth factor mechanisms, and construction of various animal models. Most studies are still in the in vitro experimental stage, and in vivo studies such as animal experiments are not yet widely conducted. The clinical application of tissue engineering in repairing the temporomandibular joint requires more evidence. (2) Despite the remaining challenges and issues to be addressed in temporomandibular joint tissue engineering research, it still presents vast clinical application prospects and is poised to become an excellent and efficient treatment modality for temporomandibular joint disorders in the future.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between biological mechanism of selenium and selenium nanoparticles and common oral diseases Peng Luyao, Gu Yu 2025, 29 (22):  4813-4822.  doi: 10.12307/2025.450 Abstract ( 276 )   PDF (1236KB) ( 167 )   Save BACKGROUND: As an essential trace non-metallic element in the human body, selenium has been widely used in the biomedical field due to its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor and other biological activities.  OBJECTIVE: To summarize the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and anti-tumor effects and mechanisms of selenium and selenium nanoparticles, and research progress in the field of stomatology. METHODS: Literature searches were conducted on PubMed, CNKI, and WanFang databases using Chinese and English search terms “selenium, selenium nanoparticles, oral neoplasms, caries, dental pupal disease, periapical disease, dental implant.” The searched relevant articles were published from January 2000 to February 2024. After thoroughly analyzing and reading, 74 articles were ultimately included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The biological characteristics of selenium are mainly achieved through the synthesis of selenoproteins, with antioxidant mechanisms as the core, regulating various cytokines and mediating related signaling pathways, thereby producing antibacterial, immune regulatory, and antitumor effects. (2) In addition to being used for early diagnosis, treatment, and postoperative judgment in oral cancer, caries, pulp and periapical diseases, selenium can also be used as a new type of material in the oral field. For example, it can be used to develop new dental sealants or root canal system disinfectants. Besides, it has a promoting effect on optimizing the performance of oral implant materials. (3) One of the most significant factors that affect the application of selenium in the field of biomedicine is biological safety. Only by selecting the appropriate dosage and form can it maximize its effects. Selenium has also shown great potential for application as well as broad development space in oral materials science. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role and advantages of 3D printing technology in stomatology and maxillofacial surgery restoration and reconstruction Song Yufei, Cheng Huanzhi, Fan Haixia, Hou Meng 2025, 29 (22):  4823-4831.  doi: 10.12307/2025.452 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF (1070KB) ( 495 )   Save BACKGROUND: Unique advantages of 3D printing technology have opened up new ideas for the development of stomatology.  OBJECTIVE: To summarize the application progress of 3D printing technology in stomatology. METHODS: The relevant articles were searched in CNKI and PubMed by computer. Classification search was performed using “3D printing, oral science” as Chinese search terms. Keyword search was conducted using “three-dimensional printing, stomatology, dentistry, prosthodontics, oral implant, orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, dental pulp disease, periodontitis” as English search terms. The literature that was not related to the theme of the article was initially excluded after reading. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 54 articles were finally included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the field of stomatology, the application scope of 3D printing technology is rapidly expanding, gradually replacing the traditional clinical diagnosis and treatment methods. Through the combination of digital technology and advanced material science, 3D printing can accurately create 3D models, providing personalized solutions for the treatment of oral diseases, ensuring that doctors can carry out detailed planning and preview before surgery, and improve the safety of surgery. 3D printing technology has shown significant advantages in customized denture production, personalized implantation, bracket-free invisible orthodontics, etc. Based on this technology, doctors can implement accurate design and production according to the patient’s oral structure and needs, bringing patients a good treatment experience and prognosis. 3D printing technology has also shown great potential in minimally invasive endodontic treatment and periodontal tissue regeneration, 3D printed scaffolds and implants can provide a suitable environment for stem cells to promote the regeneration and repair of periodontal tissues, but at present, 3D printing is still in the development stage of regenerative therapy, and more research and practice are needed to verify the effect and safety of its clinical application.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Visual analysis of functional near-infrared spectroscopy research Zhai Yifan, Li Hongxia, Tian Shuicheng, Cheng Qiwei, Zhen Xinyue 2025, 29 (22):  4832-4840.  doi: 10.12307/2025.442 Abstract ( 213 )   PDF (2559KB) ( 194 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, functional near-infrared spectroscopy has shown extensive research significance and application potential in the fields of cognitive neuroscience, clinical medicine, and engineering technology due to its portability, low cost, non-invasiveness, and high temporal resolution. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the research progress, hot issues, and frontier trends of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in the past 10 years. METHODS: Web of Science database was searched for articles related to functional near-infrared spectroscopy published from January 1, 2013 to November 30, 2023. CiteSpace and VOSviewer software was used to conduct a visual analysis of publication statistics, journals, countries, institutions, authors, and keywords. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This article included a total of 2 714 documents, showing an overall upward trend in the volume of literature concerning functional near-infrared spectroscopy over the past decade. The 2 714 documents selected for this article were authored by 9 171 researchers from 2 400 institutions across 68 countries in 495 kinds of journals. The United States and University College London are representative countries and institutions, while Ehlis and Fallgatter are two influential authors in this research field. The journal NeuroImage ranks first with the highest citation rate. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy research primarily comes from University College London in the UK, Beijing Normal University in China, and the University of Tübingen in Germany. The keyword co-occurrence network map generated using VOSviewer 1.6.20 reveals six research clusters. By analyzing the specific keywords of each cluster, we further understand the research hotspots in this field. The burst analysis of keywords uncovers the research frontiers and development trends, providing important guidance for future research directions of functional near-infrared spectroscopy.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics