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    17 June 2016, Volume 20 Issue 25 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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    Biocompatibility evaluation for skin reproducing membrane of medical fibroin
    Cao Li-nan, Xu Bao-lai
    2016, 20 (25):  3653-3658.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.001
    Abstract ( 305 )   PDF (806KB) ( 777 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Skin reproducing membrane is a biomaterial used directly in contact with skin defects, so its toxicity to the body must be taken into consideration.

     

    OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the biocompatibility of skin reproducing membrane of medical fibroin.

     

    METHODS: Skin irritation test: the skin defect of New Zealand white rabbit was covered with the skin reproducing membrane of medical fibroin, formaldehyde or normal saline, respectively, and erythema and edema were observed at 24 and 72 hours after treatment. Acute systematic toxicity test: the mice were given extracts of skin reproducing membrane of medical fibroin, phenol and normal saline via tail vein injection; then status of mice, toxicity grade and death were recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours after injection. Cytotoxicity test: L-929 cells were co-cultured with 100%, 50%, 25%, 10% skin reproducing membrane of medical fibroin extracts, and absorbance values were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 2, 4 and 7 days after culture, as well as by MTT assay after 48 hours of culture, respectively. Besides, L-929 cells were co-cultured with 100% skin reproducing membrane of medical fibroin extracts, and mRNA expression of fibronectin was determined by qPCR technology after 48-hour culture.

     

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Skin reproducing membrane of medical fibroin has no adverse reaction, acute cytotoxicity, skin irritation and systemic toxicity, and additionally, it does not affect mRNA expression of fibronectin. In general, skin reproducing membrane of medical fibroin has good biocompatibility.

     

     

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    Biocompatibility of modified Kugel mesh in mesh plug tension-free hernioplasty
    Wang Qing-guang, Wang Yan-hong, Zhang Cai-kun, Zhang Hao-ying, Kong Fan-zhong
    2016, 20 (25):  3659-3664.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.002
    Abstract ( 462 )   PDF (889KB) ( 563 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Mesh plug tension-free hernioplasty is commonly used for inguinal hernia. In the operation, different mesh materials can be selected, among which the modified Kugel mesh is extensively applied.

     

    OBJECTIVE: To observe the biocompatibility of modified Kugel mesh in mesh plug tension-free hernioplasty for inguinal hernia.

     

    METHODS: Totally 79 cases of inguinal hernia were treated by mesh plug tension-free hernioplasty. The patients were randomly divided into observation group repaired with Bard mesh (modified Kuge) (n=38) and control group repaired with Prolene mesh (n=41). After 12-month follow-up, levels of interleukin 6, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor α were detected and compared before and after treatment; adverse events, including wound infection or infection caused by the mesh in the two groups were recorded.

     

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Levels of interleukin 6, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor α in the two groups were significantly decreased after treatment than before treatment (P < 0.05). No wound infection or infection caused by the mesh appeared in both two groups. Although scrotum effusion occurred in two cases of each group, their outcomes all improved significantly after active puncture and suction treatment without other serious problems. No recurrence was found during the 12-month follow-up. These results show that the modified Kugel mesh has good biocompatibility in mesh plug tension-free hernioplasty for inguinal hernia.

     

     

     
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    Porous calcium phosphate cement induces osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells under microenvironment
    Mao Xue-qing, Li Meng, Li Shao-feng, Liu Xing-yan
    2016, 20 (25):  3665-3672.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.003
    Abstract ( 387 )   PDF (1954KB) ( 336 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: The osteoinduction by biomaterials has been proven in various animal experiments.

     

    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the osteoinduction of porous calcium phosphate cement on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

     

    METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from rabbits aged 1 week in vitro and labeled by PKH-67 or PKH-26, respectively. Forty-eight adult New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into four groups and porous calcium phosphate cement was implanted into both sides of gluteus maximus in each rabbit. Then, 1 mL PKH-26-labeled bone barrow mesenchymal stem cells (1×1010/L) were injected into the superior gluteal artery branch at each side of gluteus maximus near the femur, and 1 mL PKH-67-labeled bone barrow mesenchymal stem cells (1×1010/L) injected into tissues around the cement (group A); 1 mL PKH-26-labeled bone barrow mesenchymal stem cells (1×1010/L) were injected into the each side of superior gluteal artery branch (group B); 1 mL PKH-67-labeled bone barrow mesenchymal stem cells (1×1010/L) were injected into tissues around the cement (group C); the same amount of normal saline was injected into tissues around the cement (group D). At 3, 7 and 12 weeks after implantation, the cement and its surrounding tissues were extracted and detected by fluorescence microscope and Massion staining. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 was analyzed by RT-PCR.

     

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under fluorescence microscope, PKH-26-labeled bone barrow mesenchymal stem cells attached fast and distributed homogeneously; however, PKH-67-labeled bone barrow mesenchymal stem cells attached slowly and exhibited a gradually homogeneous distribution. Massion staining showed that ectopic new bone formation appeared to have an upward trend in all groups, and the area of new bones in groups A, B and C were larger than that of group D at different time points after implantation. There was a significantly higher expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 in groups A, B and C compared with the group D at different time points after implantation (P < 0.05), and the expression was the highest in the group A (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the porous calcium phosphate cement can induce bone barrow mesenchymal stem cells chemotaxis and osteogenetic differentiation. Besides, osteoblasts are differentiated from both the surrounding capillaries and body fluid, and capillary-derived mesenchymal stem cells occupy the important position. 

     

     

     
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    Effects of hollow porous metal prosthesis combined with inducible factors on growth and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
    Zhao Zi-chun, Li Ling-wei, Cao Zhi-qiang, Li Zhao-wei, Li Chun-liang, Qi Yuan-yuan
    2016, 20 (25):  3673-3679.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.004
    Abstract ( 451 )   PDF (1814KB) ( 294 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein in combination with hollow porous titanium alloy can improve the affinity with surrounding bone tissues.

     

    OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 on growth and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cuftured on a hollow porous metal prosthesis scaffold.

     

    METHODS: Passage 3 Sprague-Dawley rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were directly inoculated onto a hollow porous metal prosthesis, and then the scaffold was cultured in DMEM medium containing 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.06 and 0.1 g/L bone morphogenetic protein 2, respectively. At 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after inoculation, cell adhesion was detected by MTT assay. Cell osteogenic differentiation was detected by alizarin red staining at 18 days. Besides, Transwell culture was put on the scaffold, and 5x108/L bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were added into the upper chamber, and DMEM medium containing 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.06 and 0.1 g/L bone morphogenetic protein 2 were added into the lower chamber to observe cell migration capability after 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours culture.

     

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After 6-48 hours of inoculation, different mass concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein 2 promoted adhesion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a time-dependent manner. After 18 days of inoculation, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced by different mass concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein 2 changed from fusiform to polygon, and arranged in a multilayer and overlapped form. Numerous calcified nodules could be found, which were stained red by alizarin red. Additionally, within 6-48 hours of culture, bone morphogenetic protein 2 could promote the migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. In conclusion, bone morphogenetic protein 2 can enhance the adhesion, osteogenic differentiation and migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the hollow porous metal prosthesis.

     

     

     

     
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     Effect of transforming growth factor beta1 on proliferation and secretion of osteoblasts on porous tantalum/MG63 osteoblast-like cell composites
    Pang Hai-tao, Gan Hong-quan, Wang Qian, Cui Yi-shuang, Lai Zhen-quan, Zhou Guo-long, Pan Xiang-yu, Wang Zhi-qiang, Li Qi-jia
    2016, 20 (25):  3680-3686.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.005
    Abstract ( 436 )   PDF (2238KB) ( 371 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that the Chinese porous tantalum made in China has non-toxicity and good biocompatibility, which can promote osteogenesis.        

    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of transforming growth factor β1 on proliferation, cell cycle and secretion of osteoblasts on porous tantalum/MG63 osteoblast-like cell composites.
    METHODS: Passage 3 MG63 osteoblast-like cell suspension (1×109/L) was seeded onto the porous tantalum, then the cell composites were inoculated in the medium with 0, 0.5, 5 and 10 µg/L transforming growth factor β1, respectively. The proliferation of osteoblasts was detected by cell counting kit-8 assay at 1-13 days after inoculation; the cell morphology and ultrastructure observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy; and level of collagen type I detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSON: 0.5, 5, 10 µg/L transforming growth factor β1 could promote the osteoblast proliferation, and cell proliferation in the 5 µg/L transforming growth factor β1 group was higher than that in the other groups; in the 5 µg/L transforming growth factor β1 group, laminated osteoblasts adhered on the surface and grew into inner of porous tantalum, which extended more pseudopodia toward the scaffold; osteoblasts-secreted matrix could cover the scaffold and numerous rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, dense mitochondria, Golgi apparatus as well as matrix vesicles could be found in the cytoplasm. In addition, the level of collagen type I in the 5 µg/L transforming growth factor β1 group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that transforming growth factor β1 can promote proliferation, and collagen type I secretion of osteoblasts on porous tantalum/MG63 osteoblast-like cell composites, and the optimum mass concentration of transforming growth factor β1 is 5 µg/L.

     

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    Percutaneous balloon angioplasty combined with injectable coral artificial bone repairs femoral head necrosis
    Zhu Kang-hua, Meng Zhi-bin, Huang Tao, Tan Hai-tao, Sun Bo, Pang Xue-yi
    2016, 20 (25):  3687-3692.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.006
    Abstract ( 259 )   PDF (1566KB) ( 339 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: There are many methods for the treatment of femoral head necrosis, such as core decompression, bone graft, arthroplasty and joint replacement, and each of which has its own shortcomings. So, percutaneous balloon angioplasty combined with coral artificial bone provides a new attempt for the treatment of femoral head necrosis.

     
    OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of percutaneous balloon angioplasty combined with coral artificial bone on femoral head necrosis repair.
    METHODS: Twenty-four Duroc piglets were enrolled to establish bilateral femoral head necrosis models by liquid nitrogen freezing method. Then, model piglets were randomly treated with percutaneous balloon angioplasty combined with injectable coral artificial bone (experimental group) or bone cement (control group) on one affected side, and meanwhile, given no treatment on the contralateral side (blank control group). At 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks after surgery, X-ray examination, biomechanical test and histological detection were conducted.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: X-ray showed that at 16 weeks after surgery, numerous new bones could be found in the experimental group and there was a fuzzy boundary between the artificial bone and surrounding tissues; no new bone formed in the control group, and the boundary was clear; in the blank control group, the surface of the femoral head collapsed, and bone trabeculae arranged disorderly, which were seriously destroyed. And in the histological detection at 16 weeks after surgery, there were numerous bone trabecula and osteoblasts around the coral bone in the experimental group, and the coral artificial bone almost dissolved; in the control group, bone cement was in an irregular shape and no bone trabecula formed; in the blank control group, bone trabecula were damaged in the collapsed area, whose structure was in disorder. Additionally, biomechanical changes in the experimental group were significantly better than those in the other two groups at different time points after surgery (P < 0.05). In conclusion, percutaneous balloon angioplasty combined with coral artificial bone can repair femoral head necrosis by promoting new bone formation.

     

     

     
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     Different bone graft fusion materials applied in lumbar interbody fusion
    Qin Jian-pu, Wang Chong, Zhang Peng-yun, Cao Guang-ru, Cai Yu-qiang, Liao Wen-bo
    2016, 20 (25):  3693-3698.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.007
    Abstract ( 373 )   PDF (1731KB) ( 316 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: The choice of suitable bone graft substitute is vital for spinal fusion treatment, which can solve some limitations caused by autogenous bone graft and other materials.

     
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate properties of different bone graft fusion materials, and to explore their application in dog spinal fusion of lumbar vertebral body.
    METHODS: Forty-five Chinese rural dogs were enrolled to prepare lumbar interbody fusion models, and then were randomized into three groups transplanted with autogenous ilium, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 composite or allograft ilium, respectively. Afterwards, effects of different materials in the lumbar interbody fusion were analyzed.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fusion rate of the composite group was significantly higher than those of the other groups (P < 0.05). Oswestry dysfunction index of the composite group was significantly lower than those of the other groups after surgery (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that dogs achieved complete bony fusion, continuous bone trabecula gradually formed, and there was no gap between the transplanted bone and the bone surface in the composite group compared with the other groups at 12 weeks after surgery. These results demonstrate that recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 composites can significantly promote the spinal fusion superior to autologous and allogeneic bone grafts.

     

     

     
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     Fibrin glue combined with vascular endothelial growth factor and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 applied in spinal fusion
    Tian Ye, Zhu Yue, Zhong Tao
    2016, 20 (25):  3699-3705.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.008
    Abstract ( 393 )   PDF (2017KB) ( 386 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 possesses osteoinduction, and vascular endothelial growth factor plays a positive regulatory role in osteogenesis and bone repair. So what will happen if both of them are used for spinal fusion?

     
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of fibrin glue combined with vascular endothelial growth factor 165 and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 on intertransverse process fusion.
    METHODS: Thirty Japanese white rabbits were randomized into three groups (n=10 per group): rabbits underwent intertransverse process fusion at the level of L5-6 with vascular endothelial growth factor 165/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2/fibrin glue in experimental group, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2/fibrin glue in control group, and fibrin glue in blank control group, respectively. At 6 weeks after implantation, observations of biomechanics, X-ray imaging and histology were performed.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Osteogenic fusion between transverse processes could be found in experimental and control groups except for the blank control group, which was better in the experimental group. The strength of osteogenic fusion in the experimental group was significantly stronger than that in the control group (P < 0.01). Besides, abundant chondrocytes, osteocytes, mature bone tissues and collagens could be found in the osteogenic fusion specimen of the experimental group, and numerous chondrocytes, osteocytes and mature bone tissues observed in the osteogenic fusion specimen of the control group. In conclusion, fibrin glue combined with vascular endothelial growth factor 165 and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 can promote osteogenic fusion.

     

     

     
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    Soft composite materials for bone regeneration in vitro in skull repair
    Zhang Tong-xing, Gao Hua
    2016, 20 (25):  3706-3712.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.009
    Abstract ( 299 )   PDF (2164KB) ( 304 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: In the process of bone defect repair, as their respective shortcomings, both autograft and allograft cannot obtain satisfactory outcomes.div> OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of soft composite materials for bone regeneration established in vitro in skull defect repair.

     

    METHODS: Soft composite materials for bone regeneration (bone morphogenetic protein 7-derived polypeptide, chitosan, nano hydroxyapatite and collagen) were established in vitro. Twenty-four Sprague-Dwley rats were enrolled to prepare skull defect models, and were randomly equivalently divided into two groups. The rats were repaired with chitosan/nano hydroxyapatite/collagen composite materials as control group, and those repaired with soft composite materials of bone regeneration as experimental group.

     

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The soft composite material of bone regeneration exhibited a loose and porous structure and bone morphogenetic protein 7-derived polypeptide was released in a gradually rising trend. Compared with the control group, bone mineral density of the defect region in the experimental group was higher, which was similar with that of the normal bone tissue, and additionally numerous newborn bones could be found. These results show that the soft bone regeneration composite material exerts a better repair effect in skull defect.

     

     

     

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    Artificial ossicular chain reconstruction: biocompatibility, properties and laryngecartilage defect repair
    Guo Bei, Yuan Kun, Chen Wei
    2016, 20 (25):  3713-3719.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.010
    Abstract ( 267 )   PDF (944KB) ( 345 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: DefectedLaryngeal cartilage has many alternatives, including autologous cartilage, allograft cartilage and metal stents. Although these materials can achieve desired outcomes in laryngeal cartilage defect repair, certain limitations exist.

     

    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biocompatibility and properties of artificial ossicular chain reconstruction materials, and to explore the effect of artificial ossicular chain reconstruction materials on laryngeal cartilage defect repair.

     

    METHODS: Porous hydroxyapatite otosteon was prepared by high-temperature calcination of hydroxyapatite, followed by cultured in bone morphogenetic protein solution extracted from fresh human bone to construct bone morphogenetic protein-hydroxyapatite artificial ossicular chain reconstruction material. And then, the biocompatibility and characteristics of the material were analyzed. Forty adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into porous hydroxyapatite group and artificial ossicular chain reconstruction material group (n=20 per group), and underwent repair with porous hydroxyapatite material and bone morphogenetic protein-hydroxyapatite artificial ossicular chain reconstruction material respectively after modeling of laryngeal cartilage defect.

     

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference in compressive strength of artificial ossicular chain reconstruction materials with different porosities. No symmetry sphere formed in hollows of the outer surface of the material, with polygonal appearance and with a pore size of 100-200 μm. There were no obvious adverse reactions in both two groups after implantation, but in the artificial ossicular chain reconstruction material group, numerous fibrous connective tissues and obvious bone nodules appeared, and the degradation rate of the material was faster. These results suggest that the bone morphogenetic protein-hydroxyapatite artificial ossicular chain reconstruction material exhibits good biocompatibility and properties, which will obtain satisfactory outcomes for laryngeal cartilage defect repair. So, the material holds a great value of clinical application.

     

     

    中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程

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    Hemocompatibility of zinc-calcium-phosphate coating on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy in vitro
    Zou Yu-hong, Chen Yue, Hu Min, Wang Qing-zhao, Zeng Rong-chang
    2016, 20 (25):  3720-3725.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.011
    Abstract ( 447 )   PDF (916KB) ( 635 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: In our previous studies, zinc-calcium-phosphate (Zn-Ca-P) coating has been successfully prepared on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy, which improves the corrosion resistance of the alloy.

     

    OBJECTIVE: To analyze the hemocompatibility of Zn-Ca-P coated AZ31 magnesium alloy in vitro.

     
    METHODS: Zn-Ca-P coating was prepared on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy using chemical transformation. Afterwards, the characteristics of the Zn-Ca-P coating were investigated using scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction analyzed its components. Besides, hemocompatibility in vitro was evaluated by platelet adhesion assay, dynamic clotting time test and hemolysis test.
     
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under scanning electron microscope, a flower-like coating was formed ont surface of the AZ31 magnesium alloy, with the main chemical component of insoluble phosphates Zn3(PO4)2•4H2O. And some round distortionless blood platelets adhered to the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy, with no pseudopodia. In dynamic clotting time test, the long curve of Zn-Ca-P coating tended to descend indicating better anticoagulant activity. And the hemolysis rate was below 5%. In conclusion, Zn-Ca-P coating has good hemocompatibility in vitro.

     

     

     

     

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    Biocompatibility of zein scaffold and its application in periodontal defect repair
    Li Min, Wang Yao, Wang Shuang-shuang, Li Bei, Yang Lin
    2016, 20 (25):  3726-3731.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.012
    Abstract ( 425 )   PDF (1918KB) ( 417 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Zein has excellent solubility, heat resistance and biodegradability, but its biocompatibility and effect on periodontal defects repair are under discussion.

     

    OBJECTIVE: To analyze biocompatibility of zein and its effect on periodontal defect repair.

     

    METHODS: Zein scaffold was prepared by solvent casting/particulate leaching. In vitro test: Human periodontal ligament cells were co-cultured with zein scaffold for 18 days, and cell growth was observed by scanning electron microscope. In vivo test: Eight Beagle dogs were enrolled to establish periodontal defect models, which were randomly assigned to receive zein scaffold implantation as experimental group, or interrupted suture as control group. Afterwards, the defect region was observed by scanning electron microscope at 3 months.

     

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In vitro results: Human periodontal ligament cells adhered well and tightly on the scaffold with a fusiform, and could grow around pores. In vivo results: In the experimental group the scaffold dissolved completely, bone trabecular arranged regularly, and mature tissues appeared, to be integrated with the surrounding tissues; in the control group, the defect region almost healed, but there were irregular fibers and obvious lacunae. Moreover, compared with the control group, the height of new alveolar bone and bone defect, as well as the length of junctional epithelium were significantly decreased, and new cementum was significantly increased in the experimental group (P < 0.05). To conclude, zein scaffold has good biocompatibility and can promote periodontal defect repair.

     

     

     

     

     
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    Antibacterial property of vancomycin/hydroxyapatite/titanium dioxide nanotubes
    Zhang Hang-zhou, Tian Ang, Liang Qing-wei, Bai Xi-zhuang, Xue Xiang-xin
    2016, 20 (25):  3732-3737.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.013
    Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (1629KB) ( 353 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Present studies have proved that titanium coating nanotubes cannot only promote the biological activity of the material itself, but also be used as a drug carrier loading antibiotics and growth factors.

     
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibacterial properties of vancomycin/hydroxyapatite/titanium dioxide nanotubes in vitro and in vivo.
    METHODS: The releasing property in vitro of vancomycin/hydroxyapatite/titanium dioxide nanotubes and vancomycin/titanium dioxide nanotubes were detected. And 1010/L Staphylococcus aureus dilution was put onto the commercial titanium, titanium dioxide nanotube and vancomycin/hydroxyapatite/titanium dioxide nanotube, respectively. Twenty-four hours later, the bacterial growth and activity was observed by scanning electron microscope and confocus scanning electron microscope, respectively.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Scanning electron microscope showed: the number of Staphylococcus aureus was the least on the vancomycin/hydroxyapatite/titanium dioxide nanotube, and the bacterial morphology was destroyed. Confocus scanning electron microscope observed: the number of bacteria and viable bacteria was the least on the vancomycin/hydroxyapatite/titanium dioxide nanotube, and the most on the commercial titanium. Besides, the releasing time of vancomycin from the hydroxyapatite/ titaniumdioxide nanotube was up to 18 days, but the releasing time of vancomycin was only 4 hours from the titanium dioxide nanotube. In conclusion, the vancomycin/hydroxyapatite/titanium dioxide nanotube has good antibacterial property and slow-releasing performance.

     

     

     
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     Tissue-engineered acellular dermis repairs a skin ulcer: its preparation and healing mechanism
    Du Peng, Guan Zhen, Wang Xiao-chuan
    2016, 20 (25):  3738-3743.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.014
    Abstract ( 531 )   PDF (1687KB) ( 365 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: In recent years, acellular human cadaveric dermis has been applied for repairing dermal defects and filling soft tissues, but this repair material is expensive and difficult to obtain.

     

    OBJECTIVE: To explore the repair effect of tissue-engineered acellular dermis on wound healing of skin ulcer.

     

    METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into autologous reticular dermis and 2.5 g/L trypsin, 0.5% Triton X-100 and PBS solution, and in the meanwhile, a rat model of skin ulcer was established. Then, autologous skin graft and tissue-engineered acellular dermis were transplanted into the autologous reticular dermis group and acellular dermal group, respectively. Subsequently, comparative study about the repair effect and relative mechanism between two groups was performed.

     

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The tissue-engineered acellular dermis showed a white and grainy shape at room temperature. And hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that: the internal structure of tissue- engineered acellular dermis exhibited a dendritic distribution, and the gap between collagen fiber bundles was relatively large. At 2, 3, 4 and 8 weeks after dermal transplantation, the survival rate of skin graft in the acellular dermis group was significantly higher than that in the autologous reticular dermis group (P < 0.05). And the wound contraction rate in the acellular dermis group was significantly higher than that of the autologous reticular dermis group at 3, 4 and 8 weeks after dermal transplantation (P < 0.05). In addition, the average diameter and clearance rate of collagen fibers in the normal skin around wound in the acellular dermis group were significantly higher than those of autologous reticular dermis group (P < 0.05). To conclude, it is relatively simple to prepare tissue-engineered acellular dermis under mild conditions, and the prepared tissue-engineered acellular dermis presents a regular shape. Moreover, this acellular dermis achieves desired outcomes in repairing dermal defects, which can promote wound healing by reducing the intradermal DNA residual and significantly improving some biomechanical properties in vivo.

     

     

     

     

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    Heparan sulfate/collagen nerve tissue-engineered scaffolds repair peripheral nerve injury
    Gan Xiao, Nan Wu-li
    2016, 20 (25):  3744-3749.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.015
    Abstract ( 480 )   PDF (1283KB) ( 460 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Nerve tissue-engineered scaffolds must have axially aligned structures, that can promote oriented growth of new axons, to guarantee the effective repair and regeneration of damaged nerves.

     
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of heparin sulfate/collagen nerve tissue-engineered scaffolds on peripheral nerve injury repair.
    METHODS: Heparin sulfate/collagen nerve tissue-engineered scaffolds were prepared, and its internal structure and porosity was observed and measured. Then rat Schwann cells were seeded on the scaffolds to observe cell adhesion. Afterwards, 32 rats undergoing removal of left sciatic nerve were randomly divided into two groups (n=16 per group), and the rats were implanted by heparin sulfate/collagen nerve tissue-ergineered scaffolds as experimentd group, and the rats were implanted by autdogous sciatic nerve as control group. At 16 weeks after implantation, diameter, thickness of myelin sheath as well as density of myelinated nerve fiber, the percentage of neural tissue and electrophysiology was detected, respectively.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The tissue-engineered scaffolds whose porosity was 91% were composed of microtubules arranging parallelly along the axial direction, and the microtubule diameter was 180 µm; the scaffolds had good biocompatibility with the Schwann cells. In addition, at 16 weeks after implantation, no significant differences were found in myelin sheath thickness, myelinated nerve fiber density, as well as conduction velocity and latency of motor and sensory nerves between two groups; compared with the control group, diameter of myelinated nerve fiber, percentage of neural tissue and amplitude of motor and sensory nerves in the experimental group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). To conclude, the heparin sulfate/collagen nerve tissue-engineered scaffold can effectively repair peripheral nerve injury, but its effect is weaker than that of autologous nerve repair.

     

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    Three-dimensionally printed porous beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold loading poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/anti-tuberculosis drug control-release microspheres: a cytotoxic evaluation
    Meng Lei, Zhen Ping, Liang Xiao-yan
    2016, 20 (25):  3750-3756.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.016
    Abstract ( 423 )   PDF (2224KB) ( 764 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: So far there is a lack of reliable biomedical evidence about the effects of three-dimensionally (3D) printed porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold loading poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/anti-tuberculosis drug control-release microspheres on the growth and proliferation of cells, especially osteoblasts.

     
    OBJECTIVE: To construct porous β-TCP scaffold loading PLGA/anti-tuberculosis drug control-release microspheres by 3D printing technology and to detect its cytotoxicity.
    METHODS: Twenty porous β-TCP scaffolds whose aperture was 400 μm were prepared by 3D printing technology. Ten of these scaffolds were randomly selected for loading PLGA/anti-tuberculosis drug control-release microspheres, and the others were without any drugs. Then the extracts from two groups were cultured with osteoblasts for 72 hours. Afterwards, cell morphology was observed by inverted phase contrast microscope, and the absorbance value was detected using cell counting kit-8 assay. Besides, the relative growth rate of osteoblasts was calculated to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the scaffold.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The drug-loaded scaffold exhibited with moderate size, regular structure and uniform pores. Within 72 hours of culture in the extracts from the drug-loaded scaffold, elongated or fusiform osteoblasts appeared, with less karyopycnosis. Moreover, the drug-loaded scaffold showed slight cytotoxicity, which was classified as grade 1. In conclusion, the 3D-pinted porous β-TCP scaffold loading PLGA/anti-tuberculosis drug control-release microspheres exhibits no obvious cytotoxicity.

     

     

     
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    Effects of immediate versus delayed post space preparation on coronal microleakage using different filling materials
    Lan Yu-yan, Pu Lin, Huang Hai-xia, Fan Li-yuan, Liu Min, Sun Li-bo
    2016, 20 (25):  3757-3763.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.017
    Abstract ( 527 )   PDF (976KB) ( 384 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: At present, there is no consensus on the timing of post space preparation in the clinical medical treatment. But it can be inferred from some studies that post space preparation may affect coronal microleakage using different filling materials.

     

    OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of immediate post space preparation and delayed post space preparation restoration on coronal microleakage using different filling materials.

     

    METHODS: Forty-eight extracted and single-rooted premolars were randomly divided into six groups (n=8 per group): premolars were filled with AH-plus paste and gutta-percha with the immediate post space preparation as group A1; premolars filled with mineral trioxide aggregate paste and gutta-percha with the immediate post space preparation as group A2; premolars filled with AH-plus paste and gutta-percha with the delayed post space preparation 1 week later as group B1; premolars filled with mineral trioxide aggregate paste and gutta-percha with the delayed post space preparation after 1 week later as group B2; premolars filled with AH-plus paste and gutta-percha as negative control group; premolars filled with gutta-percha as positive control group. Afterwards, all specimens were soaked for 4 weeks under simulated oral environment to measure the length of coronal microleakage by pressurized dye penetration method.

     

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No coronal microleakage was found in the negative control group, but serious coronal microleakage occurred in the positive control group involving the entire root canal. And there was no significant difference in the length of coronal microleakage between group A2 and B2, as well as between group A1 and A2 (P > 0.05); but the length of coronal microleakage in the group A1 and B2 was significantly less than that in the group B1 (P < 0.05). These results show that the delayed post space preparation has overt effect on the coronal microleakage of root canal filled with AH-plus paste.

     

     

     

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    Effects of 60Co irradiation and trace element zinc on fixation strengths of titanium implant
    Chen Hai-jun, Lin Jun-zhou, Qian Qi-chun, Yu Shu-xiang, Nan Fu-qing, Yang Bo-cheng, Zhang Teng, Zhang Jing-bo, Zhang An-sheng
    2016, 20 (25):  3764-3770.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.018
    Abstract ( 332 )   PDF (859KB) ( 329 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Irradiation therapy in the cancer patients after surgery may have negative effects on implant fixation.

     
    OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of 60Co irradiation and trace element zinc on fixation strengths of titanium implant.
    METHODS: Thirty-six adult male rabbits were involved. One piece of titanium implant was separately placed into the bilateral proximal tibial heads in rabbits to set up animal models of titanium implants. The animals were randomly divided into control group, zinc supplement group, 60Co irradiation group and 60Co irradiation and zinc supplement group. Zinc sulfate of 10 g/L was administered intramuscularly to animals in the zinc supplement group at the dose of 4 mg/kg once per day, and those in the control group were treated with saline at the same dose. The animals in the 60Co irradiation group received 60Co irradiation at the dose of 45 Gy and saline by intramuscular injection. Those in the 60Co irradiation and zinc supplement group received 60Co irradiation and zinc sulfate. The animals were killed at 1, 4 and 12 weeks after treatment. The fixation strengths were measured and compared among groups.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Zinc supplement made the titanium implants have higher fixation strengths, and reach a high level at 4 weeks after surgery. (2) 60Co irradiation significantly inhibited the fixation strengths of the implants. After 60Co radiation, zinc supplement still could promote fixation strengths of titanium implants. (3) It is indicated that amount of zinc supplement after irradiation therapy can alleviate the negative effects of irradiation on implant fixation.

     

    中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程

     
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     Human epidermal stem cells combined with acellular dermal scaffold in nude mice for skin transplantation
    Zhao Yue-hua, Zhang Yong-hong, Lin Kai
    2016, 20 (25):  3771-3777.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.019
    Abstract ( 387 )   PDF (932KB) ( 467 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Many factors can lead to a large area of skin defects, and tissue-engineered artificial skill transplantation composed by seeding cells and scaffold materials can be used for skin defect repair.

     

    OBJECTIVE: To construct the skin implantation scaffold based on human epidermal stem cells combined with acellular dermal matrix in nude mice.

     

    METHODS: Human epidermal stem cells from children’s foreskin were isolated and cultured, and the skin of nude mice was obtained to prepare acellular dermal matrix scaffold. Then, the human epidermal stem cells were cultured on the acellular dermal matrix scaffold to construct artificial skin. Ten Sprague-Dawley rats were equivalently randomly divided into two groups: rats treated by human epidermal stem cells combined with acellular dermal matrix scaffold as combined group, and those treated by simple acellular dermal scaffold as acellular dermal scaffold group after skin defect models were prepared.

     
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The artificial skin was milky white, soft and elastic, not easy to break, and has good flexibility, and good plasticity, and could be processed into different shapes. No obvious exudation appeared in the rat wound of two groups after repair. At 2 weeks after modeling, the transplanted skin showed good growth and skin wound healed gradually in the combined group. In contrast, scar healing and two animals with transplant failure occurred in the acellular dermal scaffold group. These results show that human epidermal stem cells combined with acellular dermal materials in nude mice can construct the tissue-engineered skin, which exerts good repair effects for skin defects in animals.

     

     

     

     

     

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     Three-dimensional printing of a sucrose scaffold based on pneumatic control: relevant technological parameters
    Zhao Xiao-bo, Sun Kai-yu, Liu Chong
    2016, 20 (25):  3778-3784.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.020
    Abstract ( 374 )   PDF (1053KB) ( 355 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: The sucrose is an ideal material for auxiliary support and mold filling that is suitable for application in the medical field with three-dimensional (3D) printing. In China, there are many studies about the 3D printing with sucrose, but the accuracy and porosity of the stent are still unclear.
    OBJECTIVE: To explore the technological parameters of the sucrose scaffold by 3D printing technology.
    METHODS: From the perspective of physical and chemical properties, the sucrose viscosity and thermal decomposition with the change of temperature were analyzed. Based on the pneumatic controlled FDM technology, the mature sucrose scaffold was obtained by researching the match of temperature and pressure, layer setting, as well as the match of speed and pressure. Then the scaffold was demarcated with microscope, and the porosity was measured by immersion in absolute ethyl alcohol.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The sucrose was completely melted at 180 oC, with the biggest liquidity. When the temperature was over 195 oC, the caramel reaction occurred. As the temperature increased, the sucrose viscosity decreased. The optimal molding parameters of the sucrose scaffold with pneumatic control-based 3D printing were 170 oC-0.2 MPa-12 mm/s (temperature-pressure-printing speed). The line width and mean porosity of the well-shaped sucrose scaffold were 700 μm and 81.893%, respectively.

    中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程

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    Osteoinduction of calcium phosphate and its application
    Chen Hao-dong, Yao Jin-feng, Liang Zhi-gang
    2016, 20 (25):  3785-3792.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.021
    Abstract ( 297 )   PDF (1066KB) ( 689 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: With good biocompatibility, osteoconduction and biodegradability, calcium phosphate ceramics is considered as a substitute of autologous bone; furthermore, it also has the potentiel of osteoinduction after structure optimization.

     
    OBJECTIVE: To review the physicochemical properties of calcium phosphate ceramic and its osteoinduction.
    METHODS: A computer-based search of databases such as PubMed, Springer, ResearchGate and Baidu Academic was performed for articles relevant to calcium phosphate ceramics published from January 2000 to October 2015. And the keywords were “calcium phosphate, osteoinduction, tissue engineering, scaffolds” in English.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: To date, there are four ideal kinds of calcium phosphate materials including hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, amorphous calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate biphasic ceramic material. Hydroxyapatite has better strength and cell adsorption capacity, but has poor biodegradation. Tricalcium phosphate has good abilities of osteogenesis and degradation, but its degradation rate is hard to match the new bone formation,and its strength is also relatively poor. Amorphous calcium phosphate has neither strength nor solubility. In contrast, biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics has moderate degradation rate between hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate, and therefore, it either can be replaced by autologous bone after degradation or exhibits proper strength. While how to further improve the physical properties and promote osteogenesis still need much deeper research.

     

     

     
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    Silver nanoparticles and anti-bacterial silver coating: research and development
    Xu Lian-chun, Shang Jian, Sun Ye, Han Xin-guang, Liu Zhen
    2016, 20 (25):  3793-3900.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.25.022
    Abstract ( 697 )   PDF (825KB) ( 702 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Current numerous studies have confirmed that silver nanoparticles have been extensively applied due to their good anti-bacterial performances.

     
    OBJECTIVE: To summarize the overseas and domestic research and development of anti-bacterial silver coating based on the anti-bacterial mechanism and bio-safety of silver nanoparticles as well as progression of anti-bacterial silver coating.
    METHODS: The first author retrieved the databases of Web of Science, PubMed and CNKI for relative articles published from January 1976 to January 2015. The keywords were “silver nanoparticles, titanium alloy, implant, antibacterial properties, biosecurity, coating” in English and Chinese, respectively.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Because of their small dimension and quantum effects, as well as great specific surface area, silver nanoparticles can be in close contact with pathogenic microorganisms to exert biological effects. Additionally, silver nanoparticles exhibit the excellent resistance to bacteria, fungi, viruses and cancer cells. However, most of their mechanisms of biological effects remain unclear, and there are unresolved problems about the slow-release time of silver nanoparticles in vivo and how to control the slow-release silver ions. Besides, there are fewer long-term animal experiments. Therefore, a large number of laboratory and clinical studies are needed to ensure that silver nanoparticles cannot cause adverse reactions during long-term administration and how to reduce their toxicity.

     

     

     
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