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18 June 2014, Volume 18 Issue 25 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Biomechanical changes of injured rabbit tendon-to-bone interface during repair with calcium phosphate cement-II Zhang Xi-hai, Huang Shu-hua, Li Sen, Lu Xiao-bo 2014, 18 (25):  3937-3941.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.001 Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (674KB) ( 463 )   Save BACKGROUND: Calcium phosphate cement and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 both have bone osteoinductivity. Maybe both of them could promote repair of tendon-to-bone interface damage. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of calcium phosphate cement-II containing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on tendon-to-bone interface healing after rotator cuff injury . METHODS: Twenty-seven adult healthy rabbits were enrolled in the study. The tendon-to-bone interface of the bilateral shoulder joints was taken from three rabbits as normal group, and the bilateral shoulder joints of the other 24 rabbits were subjected to acute rupture of the rotator cuff and tendon-to-bone reconstructive surgery as experimental group (n=12) and control group (n=12). Rabbits in the experimental group were treated with calcium phosphate cement-II, while those in the control group treated with nothing. Specimens were collected at 2, 4, 8 postoperative weeks for biomechanical test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The maximum tensile strength of the rotator cuff in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001), but lower than that in the normal group (P < 0.001). At postoperative 8 weeks, the rigidity of rotator cuff of the experiment group was higher than the control group (P < 0.001) but lower than the normal group (P < 0.001). These findings indicate that calcium phosphate cement-II can improve the maximum tensile strength and rigidity of rabbit tendon-to-bone interface in the early postoperative period, enhance tendon-to-bone interface binding force, and promote tendon-to-bone interface healing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Color matching of different porcelain veneer materials Guan Chang-jun, Chen Xiao-dong, Xing Wen-zhong 2014, 18 (25):  3942-3946.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.002 Abstract ( 375 )   PDF (699KB) ( 705 )   Save BACKGROUND: The thickness of ceramic materials plays a crucial role in the reappearance of veneer restorations. Due to the limited space for the construction of porcelain veneer, it is difficult to cover the abutment tooth color, and the final color after restorations is achieved through the overlapping of prosthetic restorations color and abutment tooth color. In recent years, there is little evidence on the effect of veneer materials on the color. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the color matching of porcelain veneer restorations with different ceramic materials to shade tab.  METHODS: Fifteen veneer restorations were fabricated by three ceramic materials (VITA Mark II, Ivoclar E.max LTCAD and Ivoclar E.max CAD Multi, A2 shade). Veneer restorations were controlled at the thickness of 0.6 mm. The color parameters of veneer restorations were measured by Olympus Crystaleye against the natural color shade resin material substrate. The color differences were calculated between veneer restoration and shade tab (A2 shade) at the cervical, central and incisal sections, respectively. The color differences (?E values) were statistically analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The color value of E.max CAD LT block was the closest one among the three  blocks to the standard shade guide. The results of one-way analysis of variance for the ?E values showed that, there were significant differences between the cervical sections of the veneer restorations and the shade guide  (P < 0.05). At the cervical sections, the ?E values between three kinds of blocks with the standard shade guide showed significant differences (P < 0.05); the differences were also significant in L values at the central and incisal sections, a values at the incisal sections and b value at the shoulder sections (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that, there are significant differences in the color of porcelain veneer restorations with different ceramic materials to shade tab. The difference is also found among the three sections of the veneer restorations. In the clinical application, the final prosthesis color effects should be noted, which can change by surface staining and bonding technology. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Safety and validity of a new-type biological dura patch Chang Hong-bo, Pan Teng-fei, Lu Wang-sheng, Wang Peng, Cui Kai, Zhang Jian-ning 2014, 18 (25):  3947-3952.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.003 Abstract ( 355 )   PDF (1866KB) ( 1011 )   Save BACKGROUND: Dural repair materials in current application mainly include autologous tissue repair material, allograft material, heterogeneous biological material and synthetic material, most of which are imported products with expensive price. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate safety and efficacy of a new biological type dura mater patch made in China based on animal experiments． METHODS: Bilateral dura mater defect models were established in 24 healthy domestic dogs: on the left side of the implant model, a new type biological dura patch was transplanted as experimental group; on the right side, another brand artificial dura patch that was on sale was transplanted as control group. After 1, 3, 6 and 12 months of implantation, we compared degradation, angiogenesis, growth and surrounding tissue reaction of dural substitutes of the experimental group and control group by hematoxylin-eosin staining, detected residual dose of epoxy-cross-linked agent in dogs’ blood and cerebrospinal fluid by fluorescence spectrophotometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During 1-12 months of implantation, all dogs grew well and no infection or motor disorder was observed. Pathological examination showed that dura substitutes of the experimental group and control group had good biocompatibility, no or slightly inflammatory response. After 6 months of implantation, the surface of the new biological dural substitute (experimental group) was degraded and became a transit-state biomaterial with surrounding tissue, but the control group materials showed no degradation. After 12 months of implantation, the dura patch in the experimental group degraded nearly 50%, which appeared with  neovascularization; while, the dura patch in the control group degraded 30%, and neovascularization was observed in only a small amount of samples. Epoxy compounds of cross-linked agent were not detected in dogs’ blood and cerebrospinal fluid after 1, 3, 7 and 14 postoperative days. These findings show that this new type of biological dural substitute is a safe and effective dural repair material. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of corrugated tissue engineered bone scaffold on cell seeding and osteogenesis Zeng Xian-li1, Yang Chun-lu, Li Jiang, Xu Yuan, Wang Shuo, Wu Peng, Wang Cui-fang, Ding Yan-li, Zheng Xin-li 2014, 18 (25):  3953-3960.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.004 Abstract ( 267 )   PDF (2633KB) ( 402 )   Save BACKGROUND: The effects of engineered bone scaffold containing seeding cells with different shapes to repair bone defect are varied, while the loaded cell quantity is the important factor influencing the curative effect, but which is rarely reported.  OBJECTIVE: By preparing self-made corrugated tissue-engineered bone scaffold and other three forms of bone tissue engineering scaffolds, to study the quantity of loaded cells on different scaffolds and osteogenesis of corrugated tissue-engineered bone scaffold so as to discuss the advantages and features of self-made corrugated tissue-engineered bone scaffold. METHODS: (1) Experiment in vitro: There were four kinds of scaffolds with the same volume and samples: calcium phosphate cement (CPC) corrugated surface scaffold group, smooth surface scaffold group, cylindrical scaffold group and porous cylindrical scaffold with hollow tubes group, in which the latter three groups are control ones. A certain volume with same density of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) suspension after osteogenesis induction was seeded onto the scaffolds. After incubation, culture, digestion and collection, cell quantity was counted, absorbance value was finally detected and cell activity was proofed by alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining.  (2) Experiment in vivo: New Zealand rabbits were randomly and equally divided into recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)/CPC/BMSCs corrugated scaffold group, pure CPC corrugated scaffold group and cancellous bone implant group. Three kinds of scaffold implants with the same volume were inserted into the area between rabbit’s L5, 6 transverse processes bilaterally. At 4, 8, 12 weeks postoperatively, gross and histological observation was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Experiment in vitro: The drip of cell suspension steadily stayed on the surface of corrugated scaffold because of corrugated shape groove and the surface tension of the liquid. The amount of cells per sample digested down from the CPC corrugated surface scaffold was significantly more than that from the other three groups (P < 0.05), while the absorbance values did not differ (P > 0.05). (2) Experiment in vivo: At each time point the osteogenesis quantity of rhBMP-2/CPC/BMSCs corrugated scaffold group was more than that of the pure CPC corrugated scaffold group (P < 0.05), while there was no difference from the cancellous bone implant group (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that the characteristics of the self-made corrugated engineered bone scaffold are beneficial to seed cell loading, which supports a large number of osteogenesis and provides feasibility to promote the healing of segmental bone defects. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sensitization test of the digital coralline hydroxyapatite artificial bone scaffold at the maximal dosage Lin Shan, Huang Xiao-mei, Rui Gang, Yin Qing-shui, You Yuan-zhang 2014, 18 (25):  3961-3965.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.005 Abstract ( 241 )   PDF (2304KB) ( 497 )   Save BACKGROUND: We have successfully prepared digital coralline hydroxyapatite artificial bone scaffold in previous experiments, and it has been confirmed that it has the necessary physical and chemical properties of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sensitization of digital coralline hydroxyapatite artificial bone scaffold． METHODS: A total of 32 guinea pigs were randomly divided into saline group (negative control group, n=8), 5% formaldehyde group (positive control group, n=8), experimental A group (the mass ratio of 3:1, n=8), and experimental B group (the mass ratio of 4:1, n=8). Sensitization test at the maximal dosage was performed  according to Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices-Part 10: Tests for Irritation and Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity, including intracutaneous induction, local induction, and provocation. Patch was removed after 24 and 48 hours, and the skin response was classified according to Magnusson and Kligman criteria. Patch was removed after 48 hours, and the skin was performed with biopsy, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and observed under optical microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Sensitization response was not tested in the negative control group, experimental A group and experimental B group at 24 and 48 hours after patch removal; however, moderate erythema was observed in the positive control group. Optical microscope demonstrated that spongiosis, edema, diffuse or perivascular mononuclear infiltration was not observed, and only a small number of basicytes were seen in the experimental A and B groups. These findings indicate that the digital coral hydroxyapatite artificial bone scaffolds, with the mass ratio of 3:1 and 4:1, are biologically safe for sensitization. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of anterior teeth with flared root canals restored by fiber posts using three application methods Zuo En-jun, Li Xiao-jie, Ren Xiang, Hu Shu-hai 2014, 18 (25):  3966-3972.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.006 Abstract ( 645 )   PDF (671KB) ( 495 )   Save BACKGROUND: The elastic modulus of the fiber post is close to that of the dentine, so they can form a homogeneous whole and share the masticatory force, which can ease the stress concentration of dentine and prevent from tooth fracture. OBJECTIVE: To observe clinical effects of anterior teeth with flared root canals restored by fiber posts using three application methods. METHODS: Anterior teeth with flared root canals from 48 patients were involved. They were divided into three groups, then restored with three post-core crowns respectively: a single fiber post, rehabilitation with composite resin, and fiber post combined with accessory post. All patients were followed up for 2 years to observe post and core loosening, fracture and root fracture. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The group of a single fiber post was failed in eight teeth including four cases of post and core loosening and four cases of post and core fracture, with a successful rate of 64%. The group of rehabilitation with composite resin was failed in three teeth including two cases of post and core loosening and one case of post and core fracture, with a successful rate of 90%. The group of fiber post combined with accessory post was failed in two teeth of post and core loosening, with a successful rate of 93%. The successful rate of the group of a single fiber post was lower than that of the groups of rehabilitation with composite resin and fiber post combined with accessory post (P < 0.05) . The difference between the groups of rehabilitation with  composite resin and fiber post combined with accessory post was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The clinical effects of rehabilitation with composite resin and fiber post combined with accessory post are better than that of a single fiber post. But the method of combination fiber post with accessory post is recommended because of easy operation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sodium alginate film promotes the regeneration of injured sciatic nerve in rats Jiao Wei-dong, Li Yan-hui, Ji Ai-yu, Xia Yu-jun 2014, 18 (25):  3973-3979.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.007 Abstract ( 457 )   PDF (1188KB) ( 637 )   Save BACKGROUND: The sodium alginate film, jointly developed by our research team and the Institute of Polymer Material of Qingdao University, has good biocompatibility and is often used for the preparation of a variety of composite materials. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of sodium alginate film wrapping and covering nerve anastomotic stoma on the regeneration of injured sciatic nerve in rats. METHODS: A total of 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups after the right sciatic nerve was cut. Control group: The nerve stump was sutured through epineurial end-to-end anastomosis; Experimental group: The nerve stump was sutured through epineurial end-to-end anastomosis, and wrapped with sodium alginate film, forming a regenerative environment for sciatic nerve regeneration. The degradation and absorption of sodium alginate film, as well as the adhesion at suture site were observed post-operation. Interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 positive expression was detected with immunohistochemistry method. The histological sections were also detected with hematoxylin-eosin staining and osmium tetroxide staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 4-6 weeks post-operation, sodium alginate film was mostly degraded and absorbed in the experimental group. The experimental group rats had less local adhesion, slighter infiltration of inflammatory cells, and fewer fiber tissue hyperplasia than control group rats. The contents of interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 were almost the same between the control and experimental groups at 1, 7, 14 days post-operation.  At 6 weeks, the regenerated nerve fibers were distributed evenly with uniform shape, the number of nerve fibers, axons and myelin sheath were significantly better than the control group (P < 0.05). Sodium alginate film has good biological degradability and histocompatibility and plays an important role in promoting sciatic nerve regeneration. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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In vitro biodegradation and mechanical characteristics of a novel biliary stent made of magnesium alloy Wang Jin-rui, Yu Liang, Shi Jian-hua, Wang Bo, Lv Yi, Hao Jie 2014, 18 (25):  3980-3986.  Abstract ( 382 )   PDF (838KB) ( 1016 )   Save BACKGROUND: Numerous evidence has demonstrated that the magnesium alloy with excellent mechanical properties can degrade in vivo, and can be used as vascular stent materials, bone fixation materials, porous materials for bone repair. But it is not reported in the biliary stent. OBJECTIVE: To observe the degradation procedures and evaluate the changes of mechanical characteristics of biliary stents made of magnesium alloy (AZ 31B) in human bile in vitro. METHODS: The balloon-expandable biliary stents were made of magnesium alloy with laser sculpture. Then, 15 stents treated with micro-arc oxidation on the surface served as experimental group and another 15 stents without micro-arc oxidation as control group. A dynamic numerical simulation system was established in vitro to simulate the internal environment of human biliary tract. All of the biliary stents were placed into this system. Their shapes were observed, and their qualities and radical forces were measured every 20 days. At the same time, their surfaces were scanned by scanning electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The degradation speeds of the stents in the experimental group were obviously slower than those in the control group. The fracture of the connecting rods in control group and experimental group appeared 20 days and 40 days later, respectively. The peak time of degradation in the control group and experimental group were 30 days and 50 days, respectively. The stents were fully biodegraded within 70 days in the control group while within 90 days in the experimental group. With time, the stent surface became more rough, and the density, area and depth of etch pits were all increased in the two groups. At the same stage, the degradation speed of the control group was more rapid than that in the experimental group. (2) The qualities and radical forces of the stents were gradually reduced with time in both groups. However, the degradation speed of stents in the experimental group was much slower than that in the control group. In summary, the degradation speed of the biliary stents made of magnesium alloy treated with micro-arc oxidation is appropriate and can meet the clinical requirement for the degradation time of biliary stents. This novel material could potentially be used for the preparation of biliary stents. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of nanonetwork topography on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell bioactivity Ruan Zheng, Yin Qing-shui, Zhang Yu 2014, 18 (25):  3987-3992.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.009 Abstract ( 295 )   PDF (2270KB) ( 413 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that different nanostructures produce different influences on cell bioactivity, but the nanonetwork structure is not reported yet. OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of the nanonetwork topography on the bioactivity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: The nanonetwork topography was fabricated on biomedical titanium surface by alkali-heat treatment, and pure titanium served as control group. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with the above two types of samples. Cell morphology and cytoskeleton were observed using scanning electron microscope and immunofluorescence method. The cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were detected by measurement of absorbance values at different culture time. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The nanonetwork topography had significant advantage on the number of adherent cells at 30, 60 and 120 minutes of co-culture. The cell proliferation was significantly accelerated by the nanonetwork topography at days 1, 3, 5 of co-culture, and the absorbance values in the nanonetwork group were significantly higher than those in the pure titanium group (P < 0.05). The alkaline phosphatase activity in the nanonetwork group was also significantly higher than that in the pure titanium group at 14 days of osteogenic induction (P < 0.05). The cell shape and cytoskeleton on the nanonetwork surface were better than those on the titanium surface. These findings indicate that the nanonetwork topography has better effects on cell bioactivity compared with pure titanium. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Raloxifene combined with calcium phosphate cement for repair of rabbit mandibular defects Guan Jian, Xu Feng 2014, 18 (25):  3993-3997.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.010 Abstract ( 272 )   PDF (1951KB) ( 370 )   Save BACKGROUND: Raloxifene is the third generation of selective estrogen receptor modulators, which can decrease bone loss, increase bone mineral content, and reduce fracture risk. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of raloxifene combined with self-setting calcium phosphate cement on the repair of rabbit mandibular defects. METHODS: Totally 36 New Zealand white rabbits were selected to prepare 8 mm×4 mm×3 mm mandibular defect models, and then randomized equally into experimental group (raloxifene, 7.5 mg/kg per day, combined with self-setting calcium phosphate cement), drug group (raloxifene, 7.5 mg/kg per day), artificial bone group (self-setting calcium phosphate cement). Rabbits were sacrificed 4, 8 and 12 weeks later, respectively, for measurement of bone morphogenetic protein 2 using immunohistochemistry method and transforming growth factor β using a laser scanning confocal microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 4 and 8 weeks, the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 was obviously higher in the experimental group than the drug and artificial bone groups; after 12 weeks, bone remodeling was basically complete in the experimental group, and the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 became lower than that in the other two groups. The expression of transforming growth factor β in the experimental group was gradually increased and reached the peak at 8 weeks, while in the drug and artificial bone groups, the expression of transforming growth factor β exhibited an increasing trend within 4-12 weeks, which was close to the peak. These findings suggest that raloxifene can promote early expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and early callus formation as well as accelerate the repair of bone defects with calcium phosphate cement. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fibrin gel enhances osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells Mai Xia, Li Wei, Wang Ying-hui, Zha La Ga Hu, Chen Xiao-yi 2014, 18 (25):  3998-4003.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.011 Abstract ( 202 )   PDF (395KB) ( 721 )   Save BACKGROUND: Fibrin is a kind of high polymer materials with biodegradation and good histocompatibility, and is a vector that can promote cell and exogenous growth factor release. Fibrin stabilizing factor XIII has been verified to contribute to the migration of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells in gel scaffold with high crosslinking, and promote cell proliferation and differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To observe rat mesenchymal stem cell behavior in a fibrin gel. METHODS: The rat fetal limbs cells was separated under the aseptic condition. The passage 3 cells were seeded in 0, 5, 10 and 20 g/L fibrin gel. Cell morphology was observed by inverted phase microscope and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition were measured respectively using a microplate reader and von Kossa staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 5 g/L fibrin gel contributed to cell morphological changes, and 20 g/L fibrin gel contributed to osteogenic differentiation. Compared with the control group, alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in the formulations containing a 20 g/L fibrinogen concentration. Small mineralization nodules were observed at 21 and 28 days in a formulation containing both 10 and 20 g/L fibrinogen concentration, but no mineralization was detected in the control group. These results indicate that morphology and osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells depended on the fibrinogen concentration, suggesting that fibrin gel is conducive to osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fracture resistance ability of severe wedge-shaped premolar defects restored with fiber reinforced composite post by different methods Shen Qing-yi, Li Guo-qiang, Zhang Qiang, Weng Bei-jun, Weng Jia-wei 2014, 18 (25):  4004-4008.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.012 Abstract ( 347 )   PDF (569KB) ( 860 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies show that the fracture resistant force of endodontically treated teeth can be improved by post. But this idea has been controversial in recent years. Many scholars believe that the root canal preparation might weaken dental root the post increases the risk of tooth fracture. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the fracture resistance ability of severe wedge-shaped-defect premolar to oblique loading, which was restored with fiber reinforced composite posts by different therapy methods. METHODS: A total of 50 human maxillary premolars were randomly divided into five groups, with ten teeth in each group. They were given following treatments: Group A: 10 untreated premolars; Rest 40 premolars of Groups B, C, D and E were prepared 1/3 bucco-lingual distance for artificial severe wedge-shaped defects at the buccal cervix. Group B: untreated severe wedge-shaped defects premolars; Group C: severe wedge-shaped defects premolars were endodontically treated, remaining dentin over hang above the wedge shaped defect, LuxaPost posts reinforced in buccal canal and lingual canal, LuxaCore composite resin restored dentin defect; Group D: severe wedge-shaped defects premolars were endodontically treated, LuxaPost posts reinforced in buccal canal and lingual canal, LuxaCore composite resin restored dentin defect, and then covered with full metal crown; Group E: severe wedge-shaped defects premolars were endodontically treated, removing dentin over  hang above the wedge shaped defect, LuxaPost posts reinforced in buccal canal and lingual canal, restored with LuxaCore composite resin, and then covered with full metal crown. Fracture resistance of each specimen was measured in each group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fracture strength of each group were Group A (1 002.69±147.62) N, Group B (439.28±66.34) N, Group C (958.30±101.23) N, Group D (1 207.09±143.48) N, and Group E (1 056.44±139.30) N. Group D had the highest fracture strength (P < 0.01), while Group B had the lowest fracture strength (P < 0.01). There were no significant difference among the fracture strength of Group A, Group C and Group E. Our findings indicated that the fracture resistance of the severe wedge-shaped defected premolar can be improved by fiber reinforced composite post and dentin above wedge shaped defect remained. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of root surface temperature generated by different bypassing warm gutta-percha obturation methods Qi Lu, Wang Xing, Wu Pei-ling 2014, 18 (25):  4009-4013.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.013 Abstract ( 424 )   PDF (561KB) ( 637 )   Save BACKGROUND: Obturation with warm gutta-percha can achieve perfect three-dimensional root canal obturation effect. Due to specific structure of oval canal, particularly in the bypass preparation process, excessive cutting of local tooth tissue may lead to tooth tissue thinning and irregular shape. The separation equipment is the metal with good heat conduction, so the heat caused by the bypassing warm gutta-percha obturation would burn periodontal tissue remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of root surface temperature produced by two bypassing warm gutta-percha obturation for the separation instrument in oval canal in vitro by using infrared thermography. METHODS: Forty mandibular first premolars were harvested from oval canals, and were separated using stainless steel 15# K file at apical 3 mm, with the length of 3 mm. The root canal bypassing was prepared using TF nickel-titanium file under operating microscope. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups, with 20 teeth in each group, and were obturated with the Thermafil warm gutter-percha and E&Q plus warm gutta-percha vertical compaction, respectively. An infrared thermoviewer was used to measure the external root surface temperature before and after the obturation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Two warm gutta-percha obturation methods used for separating instruments bypassing in the oval root canal, had both caused the rise of root surface temperature, which was less than 10 ℃. In the Thermafil group, the temperature changes were 3.2-8.1 ℃ and the average change was 4.97 ℃. In the vertical condensation group, the temperature changes were 5.5-9.8 ℃ and the average change was 7.35 ℃. There were significant differences in the change of root surface temperature between the two groups (P < 0.05). Thermafil warm gutter-percha obturation would increase the root surface temperature, but cannot damage periodontal tissues. It is more secure than warm gutta-percha vertical condensation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Marginal adaptation of metal crowns: comparison of two production methods Shi Xu-xu, Chang Liang, Zou Gao-feng 2014, 18 (25):  4014-4019.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.014 Abstract ( 505 )   PDF (612KB) ( 822 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, the confrontation of CAD/CAM systems and the lost wax casting method for marginal adaptation has been widely concerned, but the results are controversial. OBJECTIVE: To compare the marginal adaptation of single cobalt-chromium PFM crowns produced by 3 Shape CAD/CAM systems and the lost wax casting method. METHODS: A maxillary first premolar was prepared according to the standards. 50 resin-generation models were created by bi-color silicone rubber method and randomly divided into two groups: CAD/CAM group (A1-A25) and cast group (B1-B25). All the models were cast in plaster. In CAD/CAM group, the digital impressions were obtained by optical scanning, then designed through computer and cut directly by NC milling machine. In cast group, metal ceramic crowns were made by the lost wax casting method. When crowns were all seated on the working dies, the marginal gaps were copied with light silicone rubber and then embedded with occlusal silicone rubber. The thickness of crown marginal gap was measured with a stereo microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The average vertical clearance was (34.67±7.48) μm of CAD/CAM group, while (53.70±9.64) μm of the cast group; the difference was statistically significant between two groups (P < 0.05). The average level clearance was (37.61±7.63) μm of CAD/CAM group, while (53.02±10.65) μm of the cast group, and the difference was statistically significant between two groups (P < 0.05). Experimental findings suggest that, the  marginal adaptation of single cobalt-chromium PFM crowns cast produced by 3 Shape CAD/CAM systems is clinical acceptable (< 120 μm), and CAD/CAM systems of metal casting is obviously better than the lost wax casting in building metal based crowns with adaptable margin. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteogenic effect of guided bone regeneration in maxillary sinus augmentation Li Xiang, Zha Guo-qing, Zhu Shuang-xi 2014, 18 (25):  4020-4025.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.015 Abstract ( 436 )   PDF (924KB) ( 585 )   Save BACKGROUND: The use of bio-membrane guided bone regeneration in maxillary sinus augmentation is a research hotspot in implantology at present. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the osteogenic effect of guided bone regeneration in maxillary sinus augmentation using collagen membranes. METHODS: The first maxillary molars of nine adult female beagle dogs were extracted and full-thickness flap was reflected bilaterally, then the sinus floors were lifted with simultaneous implantation. Bio-Oss was placed into the new space under the sinus membrane. On the experimental side in each dog, the bio-membrane covered the osteotomy window. On the control side, the flap was sutured directly, and was not covered by bio-membrane. Two animals were sacrificed at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery, respectively. Gross observation, biomechanical testing and histological examinations were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In gross view, new bone formation was observed in all maxillary sinuses. The pull-out force increased with time. At week 24, a significant difference in the pull-out force was noted between the two groups (P < 0.05). Histomorphbomatrical analysis showed much more new calluses at the experimental group than the control group at weeks 12 and 24 after surgery (P < 0.05). The bio-membrane guided bone regeneration has a better effect on new bone formation in the sinus augmentation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bovine pericardium patch repairs heart defects and aerosolized iloprost reduces pulmonary hypertension Han Hong-guang, Han Jin-song, Wang Hui-shan, Fang Min-hua, Li Bo, Li Xiao-mi, Xu Li-ying,Meng Qing-tao 2014, 18 (25):  4026-4031.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.016 Abstract ( 524 )   PDF (798KB) ( 517 )   Save BACKGROUND: The treatment of pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease has been a hot topic in the clinical research on cardiac surgery. Although traditional drugs for reducing pulmonary hypertension have excellent effects, there are some defaults, such as difficult monitoring and rebounding phenomenon after drug withdrawal. The traditional heart dacron graft is prone to cause complications, such as deformation, thrombosis, embolism, hemolysis and infection. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium patch and aerosolized iloprost in patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease. METHODS: Ninety patients with pulmonary hypertension due to congenital heart disease underwent a surgery. Glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardium patch were used to repair cardiac septal defect, and then aerosolized iloprost was applied after operation, administered for 3 days according to 30 ng/min/kg, every 4 hours in the first 12 hours of a day, and every 6 hours in the resting 12 hours. Mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary vascular resistance index were recorded before inhalation, immediately after inhalation, and 30 minutes after inhalation. The pericardium-associated complications, and cardiac function were also observed at follow-ups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The involved 90 cases were detected by echocardiography. The results showed that, all the flaps were closed, there was no shunting or echo discontinuation of atrial septum. The heart contraction function was normal. No pericardium-associated complications were found. There was no significant difference in the mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance index in all patients at different time points. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index immediately after inhalation were significantly lower than that before inhalation (P < 0.01). The decrease was also significant 30 minutes after inhalation (P < 0.05). The intervention of glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium patch and aerosolized iloprost is safe and effective to treat patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Type I collagen modified titanium sheet improves the proliferation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells Ye Chuan, Ma Min-xian, Zhang Tao, Tang Jin, Sun Bo, Yang Long, Ren Hou-xiang, Sun Qi, Yang Jing, Zhang Jun-biao 2014, 18 (25):  4032-4037.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.017 Abstract ( 280 )   PDF (776KB) ( 556 )   Save BACKGROUND: Titanium and titanium alloy are used mostly in artificial joints, fracture fixation, and oral transplantation, while there are complex cases of insufficient bone mass in these areas. The deepened research of stem cells offers a solution for bone injury to promote new bone formation. The biocompatibility of titanium and stem cells and optimization of titanium surface modification have aroused people's attention. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the biocompatibility of titanium and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be improved by type I collagen modification of titanium sheets. METHODS: The experiment was divided into two groups. Modification group: titanium sheet was modified with type I collagen; control group: titanium sheet was not modified with type I collagen. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells at passage 6 were implanted into titanium sheet in two groups. Then we calculated the number of adherent cells in two groups at 1, 2 and 4 hours after implantation, and compared the cell adhesion rate. MTT assay was used to observe the proliferation of cells on titanium sheet at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after implantation. DNA and protein content of cells were detected at 3, 6, 9 days after implantation. The growth of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells seeded upon the titanium sheets was observed under scanning electron microscope at 6 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: When the cells were cultured for 1 hour and 2 hours, the number of adherent cells in the modification group was higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). The absorbance of cells in two groups was increased as the culture time, as detected by MTT assay. The modification group had a significantly higher absorbance value than the control group at 4, 6, 8 days (P < 0.05). DNA and protein contents of the cells in the modification group were higher than that in control group at 6 and 9 days (P < 0.05). At 6 days, the number of adherent cells and secretion of adherent stromal cell matrix in the modification group were significantly better than that in control group, observed by scanning electron microscopy. Type I collagen modified titanium sheets have good surface activity and biocompatibility, and can promote the proliferation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Paeoniflorin effects on Candida albicans biofilms Wang Dian-ming, Wang Jian-ping, Yang Jing-yun, Zhang Hui-ming, Liu Shu-hong 2014, 18 (25):  4038-4042.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.018 Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (732KB) ( 861 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have confirmed that the active ingredients of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. have better inhibitory effects on Candida albicans, but its monomer paeoniflorin has not been reported whether it can inhibit Candida albicans biofilm. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of paeoniflorin on Candida albicans biofilm in vitro. METHODS: Paeoniflorin solution at different concentrations of 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25 g/L was prepared using RPMI-1640 according to 2-fold dilution method. Chlorhexidine was diluted with RPMI-1640 to different concentrations, including 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.125%. We compared the effects of different concentrations of chlorhexidine and paeoniflorin on diameter of Candida albicans by agar diffusion method. MTT assay was used to detect the effect of different concentrations of chlorhexidine or paeoniflorin on the cell adhesion of Candida albicans as well as their inhibitory effects on Candida albicans biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscope and LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kits were combined to observe the changes of Candida albicans biofilms under normal or intervention conditions.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Both chlorhexidine and paeoniflorin possessed bacteriostatic ability, and their bacteriostatic ring diameters were positively correlated with drug concentrations. Significant differences in the bacteriostatic ring diameter were observed between chlorhexidine and paeoniflorin, except between 2 g/L paeoniflorin and 1%, 2% chlorhexidine. Paeoniflorin at different concentration could inhibit cell adhesion of Candida albicans as well as inhibit Candida albicans biofilm. The inhibition rate was also positively correlated with  drug concentrations. Under normal conditions, most of bacteria in the biofilms were alive, and there was a small amount of dead bacteria after 48 hours. After intervention with paeoniflorin, the proportion of dead bacteria in the biofilms was increasing along with the concentrations of paeoniflorin. Compared with the chlorhexidine, paeoniflorin showed a lower bacteriostatic activity. These findings indicate that paeoniflorin has an obvious inhibitory action in Candida albicans biofilms in vitro. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular ecology of microbial communities in dental plaques of different caries-susceptible children Liu Li-xia, Chen Lin 2014, 18 (25):  4043-4050.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.019 Abstract ( 402 )   PDF (801KB) ( 681 )   Save BACKGROUND: Children teeth filled with glass ionomer cement are still susceptible with secondary caries, which is in close relationship with complex microbial community in dental plaque on the surface of glass ionomer cement. Traditional microbial methods are incapable of getting important information towards dental plaque microbes. OBJECTIVE: To analyze microbial community structure and numerical level of caries-induced microbes in dental plaque on the surface of glass ionomer cement for different caries-susceptible children. METHODS: Twenty-four children (age: 3-5 years) were divided into the caries-free, caries-positive, and caries-active children groups by the decayed, missing and filled index. With eight individuals in each group, their dental plaques were sampled for microbial community analysis. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was employed to make clear the microbial community diversity and species identity in dental plaque of the caries-free, caries-positive, and caries-active children groups. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to investigate the numerical level of the caries-induced microbe Streptococcus spp. Quantitative PCR was carried out to analyze relative quantity of Streptococcus mutans in total bacteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the caries-positive and caries-active children groups, microbial community diversity among samples was significantly higher in the caries-free group. Microbes abound in the caries-positive and caries-active groups might act important roles in the development of caries. Streptococcus spp. and Actinomyces spp. might be important caries-induced microbes in the caries-active group. The ratios of Streptococcus spp. and Streptococcus mutans in total bacteria were significantly higher in the caries-free group than those in the caries-free and caries-positive groups. In summary, molecular ecology technologies can well reflect caries-related complex microbial community in dental plaque. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Alpha-Gal antigen and immunity risk control of animal-derived medical devices Ke Lin-nan, Fang Yu, Shan Yong-qiang, Feng Xiao-ming, Xu Li-ming, Wang Chun-ren 2014, 18 (25):  4051-4056.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.020 Abstract ( 1690 )   PDF (625KB) ( 1387 )   Save BACKGROUND: Medical devices from animals are commonly used in clinical application. Despite their efficiency is widely accepted, their safety, especially immunity has been concerned. OBJECTIVE: To investigate immunity risk control to medical devices from animals for safety consideration. METHODS: Using “α-Gal antigen, immunity, xenotransplantation” in Chinese and English as the key words, the first author conducted a computer search of Science direct database (www.sciencedirect.com), Wiley-Blackewell database (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com) and Wanfang database (www.wanfang.com.cn) through screening the titles and abstracts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Increasing evidence shows that, Gal α1-3Gal antigen (α-Gal antigen) is recognized as the major antigen and abundantly expressed on glycoconjugates of non-primate mammals and New World monkeys. In contrast, the α-gal epitope is not expressed on glycoconjugates of humans and Old World monkeys. Instead, they produce a very large amount of natural anti-α-Gal antibody that specifically binds the α-gal epitope. The binding of human natural anti-α-Gal to α-gal epitopes expressed on non-primate mammal animals was expected to be unique immunological barrier in xenotransplantation. Therefore, it is important to choose raw materials, reduce or eliminate the α-Ggal epitope, establish highα-Ggal epitope detection methods with high sensitivity and good repeatability for achieving a greater safety and efficiency of medical devices from animals. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and clinical application of different types of cerebral vascular scaffolds Mei Min-jie 2014, 18 (25):  4057-4061.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.021 Abstract ( 1792 )   PDF (648KB) ( 1122 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the development of the basic research and clinical application, as well as stent materials, endovascular stent therapy has been widely used in cerebrovascular disease treatment. OBJECTIVE: To review the characteristics and clinical application of several kinds of stent materials. METHODS: A computer-based search of CNKI, Wanfang, and PubMed databases was performed for relevant articles published before Match 2014 using the keywords of “cerebrovascular disease, stents, biocompatibility” in Chinese and English. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to release methods, cerebrovascular stents can be divided into balloon expanding stents and self-expanding stents. The original materials are mainly bare metal materials, made of memory alloy, medical stainless steel, tantalum, cobalt, nickel and titanium alloy. Because the metallic stent after implantation will release metal ions that are easy to cause thrombosis and the restenosis rate is high, the coating stents and covered stents appear. Perioperative complications of stent implantation mainly include excessive perfusion syndrome, acute thrombosis, and vascular rupture and distal vascular embolization, vasospasm and puncture-related complications; the long-term complications are mainly restenosis after stent implantation. With the continuous improvement of stent materials and production techniques, vascular stent implantation will be more safe and effective. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interleukin-17 in peri-implantitis: bone protector or destroyer? Liu Bo, Song Ning, Bu Jie, Feng We 2014, 18 (25):  4062-4067.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.022 Abstract ( 298 )   PDF (605KB) ( 502 )   Save BACKGROUND: When peri-implantitis occurs, the levels of interleukin-17 in the peri-implant sulcular fluid and soft tissues are significantly increased, and there is a positive correlation with the depth of the peri-implant probing. However, because of the dual effects of bone absorption and protection, the function of interleukin-17 in peri-implantitis remains controversial, which should be further studied. OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the correlation between peri-implantitis and interleukin-17. METHODS: The first author searched Wanfang, CNKI and Medline databases from 1991 to 2014 by using key words of “dental implants, peri-implantitis, periodontitis, Th17 cells, interleukin-17, cytokines” in Chinese or English. The functions of bone destruction and protection of interleukin-17 in peri-implantitis were reviewed, and interleukin-17 expression and correlation with the peri-implantitis were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 46 articles from 241 articles are selected. The results show that, noninvasive detection of the variation of interleukin-17 levels in peri-implant sulcular fluid or blood is conducive to the monitoring of early diagnosis and treatment of peri-implantitis. At present, most researches show the relationship between interleukin-17 and peri-implantitis, and there is a positive correlation between interleukin-17 and peri-implant probing depth. But other researches suggest that interleukin-17 acts as protector for bones, and there is no statistic significance in the level of interleukin-17 receptor gene in chronic peri-odontitis and healthy subjects. Therefore, the correlation between peri-implantitis and interleukin-17 remains to be further studied. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study of self-ligating brackets and conventional brackets: direction and progress Liu Yu, Wang Pei-jun, Zhou Shan, Bai Xue-fei 2014, 18 (25):  4068-4072.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.023 Abstract ( 710 )   PDF (576KB) ( 1093 )   Save BACKGROUND: The self-ligating bracket is superior to the conventional bracket in orthodontic treatment, but there are a lot of controversies. At present, researchers have different views on the function of self-ligating brackets. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the comparative study of self-ligating brackets and conventional brackest with the direction and development in recent years. METHODS: A computer-based search of PubMed (2000-2014) and CNKI (2000-2014) databases was done for relevant articles, using the key words of “self-ligating brackets; conventional orthodontic brackets” in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Self-locking brackets saves chair side time, which has been confirmed and accepted. There are different views for the issue that self-ligating brackets can reduce friction in orthodontic treatment. It is widely accepted that, the self-ligating brackets using thin round wire had less friction than the conventional brackets; whether the friction of self-ligating brackets in the closed gap and fineness adjustment stages is less than the conventional brackets still remains unclear, which need further clinical comparative studies. The self-ligating brackets showed no significant difference with the conventional brackets in arch expansion, reducing anchorage loss and root adsorption. The majority of relevant studies is performed in vitro, and cannot exactly simulate the dental conditions. A large-size experiment with the uniform criteria for therapeutic efficacy is needed to objectively evaluate self-ligating brackets. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advance in fiber post surface treatment technology Dong Yi, Deng Jiu-peng, Wang Shu-jun, Chen Yan-qing 2014, 18 (25):  4073-7077.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.024 Abstract ( 362 )   PDF (649KB) ( 449 )   Save BACKGROUND: How to improve effective connection strength between fiber post and resin, to reduce the failure rate of repairing, has become the focus of current researches. Without surface treatment, the fiber post surface bonding strength is relatively low, is prone to appear adhesive failure, so the surface treatment of fiber post to increase the fiber post-resin bonding strength is the key to achieve a successful repair. OBJECTIVE: To review the progress of fiber post surface treatment technology in the crown restoration. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was performed among CNKI and PubMed databases between 2003 and 2013, by using the key words of fiber-reinforced post, surface treatment, bond strength in English and Chinese. The recent literatures concerned with the fiber post surface treatment were extensively reviewed, 32 ones were summarized and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The failure of bonding between fiber post and resin is a major problem in fiber posts restoration techniques. In recent years, scholars try to use a variety of methods for processing fiber post surface, the fiber post-resin bonding strength is significantly improved. Mechanical or (and) chemical treatment on the surface of fiber post can significantly improve fiber post-resin bonding strength, which could increase the success rate of the crown restoration. Among them, H2O2+silicane coupling agent achieved the best effects. However, long-term clinical observations are needed to verify these methods. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of McConnell Taping on the quadriceps muscle strength and patellofemoral pain Luo Sheng-fei, Qu You, Chen Jian, Li Ping 2014, 18 (25):  4078-4083.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.025 Abstract ( 476 )   PDF (583KB) ( 704 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is little attention focused on the effect of isokinetic testing about the variation of angular velocity on pain and muscle strength in the evaluation of curative effect of McConnell taping. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes of quadriceps muscle strength and perceived pain levels in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome before and after corrective McConnell taping in isokinetic testing. METHODS: A total of 34 patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome were evaluated in isokinetic testing for concentric contraction muscular strength, including the maximum torque, the total work, and the average work in 60 (°)/s and 180 (°)/s angular velocity, before and after the interventions of McConnell taping. The visual analogue scale scores were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The visual analogue scale scores were slightly decreased in angular velocity of 60 (°)/s after obturation when compared to before obturation (P > 0.05), while the scores were significantly decreased in angular velocity of 180 (°)/s (P < 0.05). The maximum torque, the total work, and the average work were slightly increased after obturation, but showed no significant difference in angular velocity of 60 (°)/s (P > 0.05), while significantly increased in 180 (°)/s angular velocity (P < 0.05). McConnell taping significantly improves the curative effect in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome under low load joint movement. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ruptured Achilles tendon repaired with hernia repair materials using a wrap method Xu Jun-ping, Guan Ping, Sun Dong-ping, Song Jiang-run, Ma Wei 2014, 18 (25):  4084-4089.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.026 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (630KB) ( 421 )   Save BACKGROUND: The incidence of complications following conventional repairing for the ruptured tendon is up to 73%, such as delayed healing, adhesion, secondary rupture. These complications severely affect ankle joint function of the patients. OBJECTIVE: To reduce the complications following the repair and investigate the role of hernia repair materials in the repairing of ruptured Achilles tendon. METHODS: Eleven patients who underwent repair of ruptured Achilles tendon were retrospectively studied. Among them there were eight males and three females with the mean age of 42 years (26-58 years). Three cases were injured in left side and eight cases were in right side; four cases were open injury by sickle-induced damage and seven cases were closed injury by exercise-induced damage. The hernia repair materials after pruning was applied with a “wrap” method to strengthen the anastomosis repair of Achilles tendon after the conventional repair surgery had been completed. At the time of follow-up, all patients were observed for postoperative local appearance and function recovery, and assessed with Arner Lindholm standards. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The follow-up interval was 6-45 months (average 24.5 months). Two cases were lost to follow-up. According to the Arner Lindholm standards, the effects were excellent in seven cases (78%) and good in two cases (22%). Local appearance and function recovered well postoperatively, and no complications occurred such as wound infection, secondary rupture and so on. A “wrap” method with hernia repair materials is suggested to strengthen the anastomosis repair of ruptured Achilles tendon after the conventional repair surgery is completed, it can significantly promote the healing of Achilles tendon ruptured end anastomosis, prevent Achilles tendon recurrent ruptures, local adhesion and infection. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vacuum sealing drainage therapy using polyvinyl alcohol hydrated foam material for large soft tissue defects Jiang Xue-jin, Yin Xia 2014, 18 (25):  4090-4094.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.027 Abstract ( 438 )   PDF (611KB) ( 432 )   Save BACKGROUND: In various clinical treatments of soft tissue defects, vacuum sealing drainage technology can effectively control wound infection, shorten the treatment time, and accelerate wound healing. OBJECTIVE: To further understand the features and characteristics of hydrated ethanol polyethylene foam vacuum sealing drainage treatment, and compare the treatment effects against soft tissue defects with the conventional dressing change treatment. METHODS: A total of 140 cases of large soft tissue defects were divided randomly into two groups. Observation group received hydrated ethanol polyethylene foam vacuum sealing drainage treatment, while control group was treated by conventional dressing change. The degree of pain relief during treatment, the family satisfaction, the survival rate of first skin-grafting, the time needed before skin-grafting, the hospitalization time, the number of operations, the readmission rates, the complication rate and other clinical effectiveness indicators were compared between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the observation group, visual analog scale scores decreased 5.76±0.68, in the control group visual analog scale score decreased 2.85±0.53, with significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05), and family satisfaction degree of the observation group was higher (P < 0.05). The survival rate of first skin-grafting of the observation group was higher than the control group (P < 0.05), the time needed before skin-grafting, the hospitalization time, the number of operations, the readmission rates, and the complication rate were lower than the control group (P < 0.05). The results showed that, compared with conventional dressing change treatment, hydrated ethanol polyethylene foam vacuum sealing drainage has advantages of light pain, short treatment time, low rate of complications, and high efficacy. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of ankle-foot orthoses on muscle fatigue of the lower limbs Xiong Bao-lin, Zhou Da-wei, Xu Jing 2014, 18 (25):  4095-4100.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.25.028 Abstract ( 298 )   PDF (828KB) ( 512 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, there is no relevant systematic research about the effects of ankle-foot orthoses on lower limb muscles. OBJECTIVE: To extract the main features of the surface electromyography signals of the lower limbs from normal people with ankle-foot orthoses and to analyze the effects of the fixed ankle-foot orthoses on lower limb muscle fatigue. METHODS: Each of five male healthy young adults was respectively required to walk with and without special ankle-foot orthoses for three times. (1) Group 1, walking in a nature gait without orthoses. (2) Group 2, walking in a natural gait with ankle-foot orthoses (the ankle center was packaged over 1.0 cm by the orthoses that was recorded 1.0 cm); wearing the same orthoses but 1.0 cm in the ankle was removed and the ankle plastic edge was just through the ankle center to collect the data (recorded as 0 cm); after 1.0 cm was removed again in the ankle, walking in a natural gait (recorded as -1.0 cm). (3) Group 3, wearing 1.5 cm heel-height ankle-foot orthoses and walking in a natural gait; wearing the same orthoses but with 1.0 cm and 2.0 cm heel-height and walking in a natural gait. During walking, surface electromyography signals were collected from the biceps femoris muscle, rectus femoris muscle, tibialis anterior muscle, and gastrocnemius of the lower limbs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Without orthoses, the surface electromyography signals were the weakest.  (2) For any muscle, the electrical activity of subjects without orthoses was weaker than that of subjects wearing orthoses at different hardness. (3) For the biceps femoris muscle, the integral electrical value without orthoses was very close to that wearing orthoses with normal heel height. Meanwhile, these two values were lower than that wearing orthoses with abnormal heel height. These findings indicate that the fixed plastic ankle-foot orthoses  could cause the fatigue of the biceps femoris muscle, rectus femoris muscle, tibialis anterior muscle, and gastrocnemius; and the orthoses with abnormal heel height can further increase the fatigue of the biceps femoris muscle. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics