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12 November 2010, Volume 14 Issue 46 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Harvest of articular cartilage cells using digestion of trypsin and type Ⅱ collagenase Liu Ming-dong, Sheng Tian-jin, Wang Wan-zong 2010, 14 (46):  8551.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.001 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (306KB) ( 449 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recent years, most studies have attempted to repair defected articular cartilage using isolated articular cartilage cells. However, it is difficult to obtain purified articular cartilage cells that have biological activity. OBJECTIVE: To harvest articular cartilage cells using combined digestion of trypsin and type Ⅱ collagen. METHODS: Articular cartilages were obtained from the surface of normal femoral head of SD rats, digested by trypsin (0.25%) and collagease Ⅱ (0.2%). After observing numerous articular cartilage cells free under a phase contrast microscope, the big pieces of articular cartilage was abandoned, followed by centrifugation and washing with phosphate buffered saline for 2 times. And then, the mixture was cultured in cartilage cells culture medium. Toluidine blue and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to identify the articular cartilage cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With seriously controlling the concentrate of enzyme and the time of digestion, through enzymolysis of articular cartilage cells by trypsin (0.25%) and type Ⅱ collagease (0.2%). Articular cartilage cells were obtained by isolating and cultivating from femoral shaft of SD rats, which was identified with toluidine blue and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation, culture and morphological characteristics of rabbit articular cartilage cells Hu Zhi-jun, Hu Bo, Tang De-zhi, Zhang You-wei, Wang Shi-wei, Wang Yong-jun 2010, 14 (46):  8555.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.002 Abstract ( 345 )   PDF (306KB) ( 558 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cartilage cells are target cells during cartilage damage, which are the main cells secreted inflammatory cytokines. It is difficult to isolate osteoarthritis cartilage cells. OBJECTIVE: To isolate and culture rabbit articular cartilage cells and to observe the morphological characteristics of rabbit cartilage cells. METHODS: Articular cartilage cells were obtained by mechanical-enzymatic digestion from the cartilage of 4-week-old New Zealand white rabbits. The cells were identified by phase-contrast microscope, growth curve, hematoxylin-eosin staining, Alician blue staining and type Ⅱ collagen immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cultivation of cartilage cells presented with polygonal or triangle, and turned to dedifferentiation after third generation. Morphology and immunofluorescence staining showed that stable phenotype could be maintained within three generations. 90% cartilage cells maintained polygonal or triangle with circular or oval nuclei. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed nucleus stained purple, cartilage matrix stained red, and surrounding cells or cytoplasm stained amaranth. Alician blue staining showed that cell plasma and membrane presented with dark blue. Type Ⅱ collagen immunofluorescence staining showed clear cytoplasm and cell membrane, which presented with green fluorescence, but there was not green fluorescence in the nucleus. Experimental results demonstrated that, a system that can isolate and culture cartilage cell is successful established. Over 90% cartilage cells grow well within three generations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Variation of articular cartilages under abnormal stress Xu Ke, Ma Xin-long, Zhang Yuan, Wang Zhi-gang, Zhang Yi-xiu 2010, 14 (46):  8559.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.003 Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (303KB) ( 387 )   Save BACKGROUND: The normal function of articular cartilages is closely associated with normal stress stimulation. The study of effect of stress on articular cartilage degeneration plays an important role for the treatment of articular cartilage degeneration in clinic. OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristic of articular cartilage degeneration under abnormal stress, and to explore the effect of stress on normal growth and repair of articular cartilage. METHODS: Totally 42 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into the control and 2-, 4- and 6-week immobilization groups, all of them were immobilized the right hind limb with plaster bandage in extension position except those in the control group. The articular cartilage of the lateral tibial plateau was harvested for hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry to observe the pathological change and the content of type Ⅱ collagen. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The articular cartilage appeared destruction and erosion aggravated with time prolonged, and the pathological scores showed there were significant differences among groups (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry results showed that the articular cartilage secreted type Ⅱ collagen was increased followed by decreased with immobilization time prolonged. Abnormal stress can lead to articular cartilage degeneration and affect type Ⅱ collagen secretion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of tenocytes isolated by tissue block culture and enzyme digestion Shen Xiao-tao, Chen Si-yun, Zhao Bao-yin, Zheng Xin, Cai Dong-qing 2010, 14 (46):  8563.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.004 Abstract ( 291 )   PDF (578KB) ( 568 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is importance to activate tenocytes groups to repair the injured ligament and tendon. So, separating the different groups of tenocytes will elucidate the maintenance and repair of normal ligament and tendon structures. OBJECTIVE: To compare the cell morphology, proliferation, replicative senescence and the cell surface markers expression of tenocytes isolated by tissue block culture and enzyme digestion. METHODS: Tenocytes obtained from patellar tendon were isolated by tissue block culture and enzyme digestion. The cell morphology, proliferation, replicative senescence and the cell surface markers of isolated tenocytes were investigated.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were significant differences between tenocytes isolated by tissue block culture and enzyme digestion in cell morphology, proliferation, replicative senescence and the cell surface markers. It suggested that tenocytes of patellar tendon might include different groups and the individual group of tenocytes may play the unique function in normal tendon function and tendon healing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of growth factors on in vitro cultured articular chondrocytes   Chen Bei-bei 2010, 14 (46):  8568.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.005 Abstract ( 303 )   PDF (312KB) ( 430 )   Save BACKGROUND: Articular chondrocytes grow slowly and easily dedifferentiate in vitro. However, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can stimulate proliferation and differentiation of articular chondrocytes. OBJECTIVE: To explore the sequential interaction of bFGF and IGF-1 on articular condrocytes culture. METHODS: Articular chondrocytes was cultured using growth factors, single bFGF (10 μg/L), single IGF-1 (100 mg/L), sequential bFGF and IGF-1 and were managed by MTT and immunocytochemical technique. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: bFGF obviously promoted proliferation and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes in vitro. IGF-1 promoted proliferation of extracellar matrix and expression of chondrocyte phenotypes, but it failed to facilitate multiplication of chondrocytes. Sequential exertion of bFGF and IGF-1 in the culture medium can harvest abundant proliferative chondrocytes with ideal phenotypes in a limited period of culture time. Related Articles | Metrics

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Endothelial progenitor cells-seeding acellular matrix graft as a ureter substitute: Feasibility study Shen Hai-bo, Zhu Zhe, Pan Jun, Chen Fang 2010, 14 (46):  8572.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.006 Abstract ( 306 )   PDF (330KB) ( 325 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is lack of ureteral substitution for clinical application. Acellular matrix easily leads to ureteral stricture at the substitute segment. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can ameliorate ischemic tissue and participate in vascular angiogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical possibility of substitution of ureter using EPCs-seeding acellular matrix graft. METHODS: Swine EPCs and smooth muscle cells were implanted carotid artery-derived vascular acellular matrix. And then, the swine ureteral defect was replaced by EPCs-seeding acellular matrix graft. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The acellular matrix graft fused with ureter at 4 weeks after transplantation, and smooth muscle cells, urinary epithelial cells and new blood vessels could be found in the replaced part. After 12 weeks, when the stand canal was removed, graft shrunk, and the lumen was clearly strictured. The upper urinary system was dilated, and the kidney lost its function due to severe hydronephrosis.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 mRNA in alveolar bone of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with periodontal disease Qu Pan, Gao Xiu-qiu 2010, 14 (46):  8576.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.007 Abstract ( 252 )   PDF (406KB) ( 463 )   Save BACKGROUND: Research showed that diabetes can increase the risk of periodontal disease, diabetes can cause the disorder of bone metabolism and lead to osteoporosis, but the specific mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus on promoting periodontal disease by measuring rat alveolar expression of transforming growth factor β1 mRNA (TGF-β1 mRNA) and apical bone mineral density. METHODS: SD rats were prepared for type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus models by using high glucose and high fat diet, low-dose streptozotocin intraperitoneal injection and orthodontic ligation wire ligation. Expression of TGF-1 mRNA in alveolar bone was detected by RT-PCR, and the alveolar bone was performed bone mineral density measurement and pathological observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with other groups, the expression of TGF-1 mRNA was greatest, and the bone mineral density was smallest in the type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with periodontal disease group (P < 0.01). Type Ⅱ diabetic rats with periodontal disease tended to alveolar bone osteoporosis. The results suggest that type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus possibly promote alveolar bone osteoporosis through over-expression of TGF-β1, and type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus can also pass the transforming growth factor-β1 over-expression to promote periodontal disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression variation of the receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin in the gingival crevicular fluid of rats with orthodontic appliances Zhang Yun, Yang Lei, Ma Gang, Zhang Lin-qi, Gao Wei-ran, Zhang Hong-xia 2010, 14 (46):  8581.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.008 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (300KB) ( 396 )   Save BACKGROUND: Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B ligand ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) play an important role in the formation of odontclasts and the root resorption. Whether the expression and changes of RANKL and OPG in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may be an index of root resorption in orthodontic tooth movement remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes and significance of the receptor activator for RANKL and OPG in GCF of the rats with orthodontic appliances. METHODS: An animal model of orthodontic tooth movement was established in male SD rat. The rats were randomly divided into 0.49 N, 0.98 N, and 1.47 N groups, which assigned into 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days subgroups. Following careful sampling of GCF with absorbed paper points in the rats, the levels of RANKL and OPG were determined by ELISA. The effect of loading duration on RANKL and OPG ratio was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were obviously differences in RANKL/OPG in different groups (P < 0.01). The RANKL/OPG was increased as the force increased. In the 0.49 N-force application group, the level of RANKL/OPG increased significantly during the first 21 days (P < 0.01), but the changes were not significant at 28 days. In the 0.98 N and 1.47 N-force application groups, the level of RANKL/OPG increased significantly between different orthodontic force application days (P < 0.01). RANKL and OPG in GCF play an important role in the root resorption in the rats with orthodontic appliances, which can be served as an clinical index for testing root resorption. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulated weightlessness and apoptosis in bone tissue Mai Yan-xing, Huang Zhen, Jian Lian, Qin Jia-sheng, Du Jiang, Deng Wei-min 2010, 14 (46):  8585.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.009 Abstract ( 247 )   PDF (473KB) ( 470 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone loss in space presents with weakened activity of osteoblasts and osteocytes. Many factors, including Fas protein, can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteocytes, ultimately, regulate bone formation. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of weightlessness on apoptosis of bone tissues. METHODS: Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to simulated weightlessness and control groups. The rats were suspended by the tail for simulating weightlessness. At 7, 14 and 21 days after simulated weightlessness, contents of serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase were observed by an automated analyzer. The level of bone gla protein was measured by radio immunoassay. Condition of cell apoptosis in bone tissues was detected by in situ death detection. The expressions of Fas protein were detected with SP immunohistochemical method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The contents of serum bone gla protein and alkaline phosphatase were significantly lower in the simulated weightlessness group than those in corresponding control group (P < 0.05), whereas serum calcium, phosphorus concentration were increased, and the apoptotic index of osteoblasts, osteocytes and bone marrow stromal cells were higher than that in corresponding control group (P < 0.01). Skeletal unloading in rats induces an increase in Fas protein expression, thus, increase the apoptosis of osteoblasts, osteocytes and bone marrow cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tensile mechanical properties of normal and pathological corneas Wang Xiu-ling, Li Shuang 2010, 14 (46):  8590.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.010 Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (239KB) ( 442 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is necessary to understand the tensile properties of normal and pathological cornea for the research of corneal transplant and artificial cornea replacement and so on. There are some researches about animal corneas and normal human corneal tensile mechanical properties in previous studies, but it is rarely reported that of pathological cornea. OBJECTIVE: To compare the tensile mechanical properties of normal and pathological corneas. METHODS: Totally 20 normal and pathological corneas (cornea transplant patients) were performed tensile test on the electronic test machine. Temperature was simulated human body at (36.5± 0.5) ℃, and the load was applied using experimental speed of 5 mm/min. The experimental data were processed with minimum 2 multiplications, and the stress - strain curve was fitted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The corneal maximum load, maximum stress, maximum strain, and maximum displacement of the normal control group were greater than those of the pathological group (P < 0.05). The findings demonstrated that normal and pathological corneas have different tensile properties. The tensile mechanical properties of pathological cornea have some changes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of double gene eukaryotic expression vector carrying hypoxia inducible factor 1 alphamu and human renilla reniformis green fluorescent protein and its expression in HEK293A cells Zhang Zheng, Li Chen, Hu Liang, Liu Dan-ping 2010, 14 (46):  8594.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.011 Abstract ( 383 )   PDF (658KB) ( 591 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hypoxia inducing factor 1 is able to regulate co-expression of various gene and induce new vascular generation in bone defects areas. It can supply nutritional support and metabolism promotion for osteogenesis differentiation and osteogenesis activity in cells and accelerate bone healing. However, studies regarding the construction and expression of hypoxia inducing factor 1 are few.  OBJECTIVE: To construct a new adenovirus eukaryotic expression vector which can express mutant hypoxia inducible factor 1 α (HIF1-α) interest protein and reporter molecule of human renilla reniformis green fluorescent protein (hrGFP) and to transfect it into HEK293 cells to observe its expression. METHODS: Three aminoacid including the 402 location, the 564 location and the 803 location in gene coding region in donor vector pCMV6-XL5-HIF1α carrying HIF-1α were selected to complete site-directed mutagenesis and add new enzyme sites including Not Ⅰ and Pvu Ⅰ after removing stop codon pre and post gene sequence by polymerase chain reaction. The mutation was monitored by restriction enzyme and sequencing. The correct HIF-1α gene mutation HIF-1αmu was linked into adenovirus shuttle vector pShuttle-CMV-IRES- hrGFP-1 directionally. The recombinant adenovirus shuttle vector carrying HIF-1αmu gene was transferred to BJ5183-AD-1 electroporation competent cell after sequencing identification and Pme Ⅰ restriction enzyme linearization. The transfection status was determined by hrGFP fluorescent expression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Aminoacid including the 402 location, the 564 location and the 803 location in gene coding region in HIF-1α turned to alanine after rite-directed mutagenesis and removing stop codon was successful. Enzyme restriction and sequencing confirmed that the recombinant adenoviral expressing vector was successful constructed. Results of fluorescence microscope showed there was a large number of green fluorescence expression in HEK293A cells, which confirmed that the recombinant adenovirus vector was successful transfected into HEK293A cells by Lipofectamine 2000. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid containing mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene and its in vitro expression Lu Zhuo-qiang, Jin Xue-qing 2010, 14 (46):  8600.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.012 Abstract ( 253 )   PDF (327KB) ( 386 )   Save BACKGROUND: Overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) by transgene treatment is a tendency on curing angiocardiopathy. The construction of ACE2 gene expression plasmid can provide tools for those relative researches. OBJECTIVE: To construct eukaryotic expression vector containing mice ACE2 gene and to verify its protein expression. METHODS: The full-length cDNA of mice ACE2 was amplified from mouse kidney by RT-PCR, and cloned into pcDNA3.1/Hygro(+) to construct eukaryotic expression vector pm-ACE2 containing mouse ACE2 gene, and identified by enzyme digestion and sequencing. The constructed pm-ACE2 was transfected into COS7 cell by Lipofectamine 2000, and its expression in eukaryotic cell of pm-ACE2 was detected by Western-Blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Mice ACE2 gene was successfully cloned and linked to vehicle pcDNA3.1/Hygro(+). Sequencing result showed that there were three spots of samesense mutation. The pm-ACE2 expressed ACE2 protein in eucaryon. All findings demonstrated that a mouse ACE2 eukaryotic expression vector is constructed successfully, which can express ACE2 protein. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of recombinant plasmid PBS-RSKA/hIGF-1 and its expression Zheng Shui-chang, Gao Shi-chang, Ni Wei-dong, Liang An-lin 2010, 14 (46):  8604.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.013 Abstract ( 288 )   PDF (326KB) ( 362 )   Save BACKGROUND: The treatment for skeletal muscle atrophy is a difficult and hot point both in basic and clinical researches. In recent years, gene therapy has aroused extensive attention.  OBJECTIVE: To construct a recombinant plasmid for expressing the rat skeletal α-actin/human insulin-like growth factor-1 (RSKA/hIGF-1) gene and to observe its expression in C2C12 cells. METHODS: The construct consists of rat skeletal a-actin promoter sequence, hIGF-1 coding sequence and human growth hormone 3’UTR region. The construct was initially cloned into a pBluescript Ⅱ SK(+) after synthesized, which contains the plasmid origin of replication and Ampicillin resistance gene. The sequence of synthesized hIGF-1 was confirmed by restriction analysis and DNA sequencing, then transfected into C2C12 cell. HIGF-1 gene was detected by RT-PCR and hIGF-1 was found by Western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The restriction map of PBS-RSKA/hIGF-1 was identical to expectation, and sequencing verified that the inserted fragment was not changed. Specific bands could be seen in transfected C2C12 cells by RT-PCR and Western blot. Recombinant plasmid PBS-RSKA/hIGF-1 constructed successfully and it can be effectively expressed after being transfected into C2C12 cells in vitro. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of rat models with frostbite to varying degrees Wang Peng, Li Jian 2010, 14 (46):  8608.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.014 Abstract ( 408 )   PDF (345KB) ( 415 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is not a specific treating method for frostbite. A frostbite model has great significance in researching the mechanism of frostbite and its repair. OBJECTIVE: To construct rat models with varying degrees frostbite, and to explore a new method for frostbite model preparation.   METHODS: Coins were immersed into liquid nitrogen to reach -196℃ and then nestled up to the skin of rat for 3, 5 and 10 seconds. Specimens of frostbite tissue were harvested after 24 hours and performed routine hematoxylin-eosin staining. Changes of histopathologic structure after frostbite were also observed under a microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: For light frostbite (3 seconds), only superficial epidermis was damaged, underlayer appeared normal. For midrange frostbite (5 seconds), full-thickness of epidermis, including the underlayer, was damaged, however, deeplayer of dermis and hair follicle were intact. For severe frostbite (10 seconds), deeplayer of dermis and hair follicle were damaged wholly. Light frostbite and midrange frostbite could be used as a standard to construct animal models. Related Articles | Metrics

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Angiogenesis of a nude mouse model with human endometriosis Ma Ying, He Yuan-li 2010, 14 (46):  8612.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.015 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF (286KB) ( 425 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many studies indicated that angiogenesis play an important role in formation and development of endometriosis. Antiangiogenesis may be a useful way to treat endometriosis. OBJECTIVE: To establish a nude mouse model with human endometriosis, and to observe the angiogenesis in ectopic focus. METHODS: The nude mouse endometriosis model was established by abdominal cavity injection with the endometria of endometriosis patients. The morphological features of ectopic focus were observed by a light microscope, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The ectopic lesions were observed endometrium-liked structure with gland and substance under a light microscope. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the ectopic endometrium was greater than that of eutopic endometrium, and many microvessels formed. It is suggested that, the endometriosis nude mice model was successfully established. There are new born vessels in ectopic lesions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of puerarin combined with estradiol on bone tissues and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats Li Hai, Wang Jin-hua, Huang Hai-ling, Li Biao 2010, 14 (46):  8616.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.016 Abstract ( 280 )   PDF (332KB) ( 484 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chinese medication combined with estradiol can be used to treat osteoporosis, which may reduce estradiol dose, decrease the adverse reaction and complication. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of small dose of puerarin combined with estradiol on bone tissues and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: 5-month-old healthy female rats were divided into five experimental groups: sham-operated, model, puerarin, estradiol and low-dose puerarin + estradiol groups. All rats were prepared for ovariectomized models except those in the sham-operated group. Totally 100 μg/kg estradiol were subcutaneous injected into rats, twice per week, or 25 mg/kg puerarin were injected, once per day. The bone tissues were observed and the serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were measured at 4, 8, 12 and 20 weeks after operation.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the sham-operated group, the serum calcium and phosphorus of the model group was decreased significant at 4 and 8 weeks after operation (P < 0.01), but the ALP levels were notably increased (P < 0.01), the bone tissues presented with osteoporosis. Compared with the sham-operated group, there were no significances among the three medication groups in the serum calcium, phosphorus and ALP levels (P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significance intergroup comparison among three treatment groups (P > 0.05). The small dose of puerarin + estradiol shows similar effects to large single doses of puerarin or estradiol on the treatment of rat ovariectomized osteoporosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of breviscapine injection on survival of random pattern skin flaps in rats Chen Si-si, Cao Chang, Song Ye, Cen Ying 2010, 14 (46):  8620.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.017 Abstract ( 242 )   PDF (505KB) ( 473 )   Save BACKGROUND: Breviscapine injection can affect microcirculation, decrease ischemia-reperfusion injury, decline blood viscosity, as well as anti oxygen free radical injury, which plays an important role in the treatment following flap transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of breviscapine injection on the survival of random pattern skin flap with large length-to-width ratio in rats and the probable mechanism that contribute to this effects. METHODS: Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into the experimental groups and control group (n=10). Random pattern skin flap of 8 cm × 2 cm (length: width = 4: 1) in size was made on the back of each rat. Breviscapine injection (4.5 mg/kg), danshen injection (1.8 mL/kg) and normal saline with the same dose were injected into the abdominal cavity of rats in the experimental groups and the control group immediately after the operation and the next seven days. The rats were killed at 7 days after operation. The survival rate of the flap, the tissue pathology from the proximal, middle and distal flaps, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the level of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and nitrogen monoxide (NO) were compared between these groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The mean survival rate of the flap in the experimental groups was higher than that in the control group at 7 days after operation, especially in the breviscapine injection group (P < 0.05). Histological observation showed that compared with the control group, the edema, necrosis and inflammatory cells infiltration were less, while the microvascular growth and the fiber hyperplasia were more obvious in the experimental groups, especially in the breviscapine injection group (P < 0.05). SOD activity in experimental groups were higher than that in the control group, while the level of MDA and NO were lower than that in the control group, especially in the breviscapine injection group (P < 0.05). The intraperitoneal use of breviscapine injection may promote the survival rate of the random pattern skin flaps with large length-to-width ratio in rats, and the possible mechanism for improvement may lies in that the breviscapine injection can expand the microvascular, improve circulation, reduce the level of oxygen free radical and lipid peroxidation. The effects of breviscapine injection to promote the survival rate in flaps were better than that of danshen injection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of serum containing Jiangu granules on the expression of correlative factors in osteoblast integrin/focal adhesion kinase signal pathway Lin Yu, Lu Tian-xiang, Wu Yin-sheng, Huang Yun-mei, Lin Yan-ping 2010, 14 (46):  8625.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.018 Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (494KB) ( 580 )   Save BACKGROUND: Few studies addressing functional status of osteoblast integrin and regulation of integrin-signal transduction pathway. The effects of Jiangu granules on the expression of osteoblast integrin/focal adhesion kinase signal pathway remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of serum containing Jiangu granules on osteoblast adhesion, and to explore Jiangu granules on the expression of osteoblast integrin and regulation of signal transduction pathway.  METHODS: Male healthy Sprague Dawley rats, aged 3-month, were prepared for serum containing Jiangu granules and intervented on the 3rd passages of rat osteoblasts. The expressions of fibronectin, type Ⅰ collagen and vitronectin were measured by ELISA. Phosphorylation of osteoblast focal adhesion kinase was detected by Western blot. And the mRNA expressions of fibronectin, type Ⅰ collagen, vitronectin and focal adhesion kinase were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The proliferation rate of osteoblasts was the fastest when the concentration of the serum containing Jiangu granules was 20%. The expressions of type Ⅰ collagen, fibronectin, vitronectin, focal adhesion kinase, as well as focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation were gradually increased with time prolonged (P < 0.05), which were obvious greater than those of the normal saline control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Jiangu granules-containing serum has direct or indirect role on osteoblast integrin signal transduction pathway relevant factors, promotes osteoblasts entering a virtuous circle of “secretion increasing→adhesion enhancing→activity enhancing, proliferation increased→secretion increasing”, and has a positive regulatory effect on the osteogenesis of osteoblasts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Glycosaminoglycan expression in medial collateral ligaments of knee traumatic stiff rabbits following traditional Chinese medicine fumigation therapy Wang Feng, Xu Yong, Xia Yun-jian 2010, 14 (46):  8631.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.019 Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (310KB) ( 386 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese medicine fumigation therapy has shown good curative effects in the treatment of knee traumatic stiff, but the mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To construct a traumatic stiff knee model, and to explore the mechanism of Shangkexungxitang (SKXXT) for treating traumatic stiff knee. METHODS: Totally 24 rabbits were prepared for traumatic stiff knee models by injecting one’s own blood into right knee joint and immobilized the knee in extension position with plaster for 7 weeks. The traumatic stiff knees were steamed and washed with SKXXT or hot water in the Chinese medicine group and water control group. There was no treatment in the model group. The level of serum alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, as well as glycosaminoglycan content was measured at 2 weeks after treatment. At the same time, the range of motion (ROM) of the knee before and after therapeutic period and pathological changes of affected sides were observed.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 7 weeks of immobilization, the ROM of right knee joints were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). No obvious change of ROM happened, but the articular capsule became thickening, collagen fiber arranged disorderly, and membrane structure disappeared at 2 weeks after treatment. There were no significances of the alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in three groups (P > 0.05). But the content of glycosaminoglycan in Chinese medicine group was much greater (P < 0.01). SKXXT can enhance glycosaminoglycan content in ligaments, which has an effect of prevention and auxiliary therapy on traumatic stiff knee. Related Articles | Metrics

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Electro-acupuncture at Housanli (ST36) promotes the absorption of tanshinoneⅡA Li Zhong-han, Huang Lun, Liu Li-wei, Lu Jia, Yu Bin, Zhu Yi, Xu Bin, Fang Tai-hui 2010, 14 (46):  8635.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.020 Abstract ( 384 )   PDF (361KB) ( 444 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that acupuncture combined with medication can synergy to improve myocardial ischemia, but the mechanism of this treatment has not been clarified. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of electro-acupuncture of Housanli (ST36) in combination with oral doses of Salvia (varying concentrations) in the prevention of myocardial ischemia, and to observe the levels of tanshinone ⅡA in the blood and in myocardial muscle tissues after treatment. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into the sham-surgery, model, low- and high- dose drug, and low- and high- dose drug + acupuncture groups. Electro-acupuncture was given on Housanli (ST36) in the adult SD rats following intragastric administration of 0.1 or 0.2 mg/L Danshen decoction. The changes of electrocardiogram T wave, heart and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) were observed after intragastric administration. HPLC was used for observation of tanshinone ⅡA concentrations in serum and cardiac tissues. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Electro-acupuncture combined with different concentrations of Dansen decoction could protect the damage caused by myocardial ischemia by reducing the level of T wave and related enzymes. The content of Tanshinone ⅡA in the blood in the low dose and acupuncture group was higher than that in the low dose group in the same period (P < 0.05), but the content of Tanshinone ⅡA in the heart tissue in the low-dose + acupuncture group was not higher than that in the low-dose group (P > 0.05). Electro-acupuncture can promote the drug absorption in the low drug concentration, this role is mainly to promote the improvement of blood concentration, but does not increase the drug concentration on the target organ. Electro-acupuncture can promote drug absorption, thus, increasing the efficacy of the drug. Related Articles | Metrics

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Prevention of tendon adhesion using synoviolin gene modified synoviocytes Xie Zhi-xin, Liu Ju-hui, Nong Chun-hua, Xu Zhuo-fang, Wen Xiu-mei, Huang Yin-ting 2010, 14 (46):  8639.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.021 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (373KB) ( 435 )   Save BACKGROUND: The over expression of synoviolin gene leads to synoviocyte overgrowth and proliferation. Thus, it is possible to realize synovialization of non-synovial tendon by importing synoviolin gene into synoviocytes, which can prevent tendon adhesion. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of synoviolin gene modified synoviocyte on the prevention of tendon adhesion. METHODS: Totally 30 Leghom chickens were prepared for tendon injury models and randomly divided into the experimental and control groups. The adenovirus vector containing synoviolin gene was injected into the remnant of tendon sheathes. Gross observation, histological examination and biomechanical test were performed at 1, 3 and 8 weeks after operation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The adhesion at the fourth toe, gliding distance of the third toe and stimulate active flexion of the experimental group were superior to those in the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the typeⅠcollagen content was decreased in the experimental group, and the ratio of type Ⅲ collagen was declined. The findings demonstrated that synoviolin gene modified synoviocyte could transform the nonsynovial membrane tendon into a synovial membrane tendon, suggesting that it is an effective method for preventing flexor tendon from adhesion after operation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of peptidoglycan acetylation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae on catalysis activity of murein lytic transglycosylase A from E. coli Wu Teng-fei, Zhang Qiao-ling, Deng Xu-ming, Liu Bo 2010, 14 (46):  8643.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.022 Abstract ( 319 )   PDF (294KB) ( 438 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that E. coli peptidoglycan (PG) acetylation suppresses catalysis activity of lytic transglycosylase. However, whether PG acetylation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) has the same effect remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To identify effect of PG acetylation in N. gonorrhoeae on catalysis activity of lytic transglycosylase family 2 in gram-negative bacteria. METHODS: PG acetylation genes (pacAB) in N. gonorrhoeae FA19 were knocked out though transformation by homologous recombination. 3H-glucosamine labeled PG from either wild type N. gonorrhoeae FA19 (PG1) or pacAB mutant strain (PG2) were isolated respectively. We amplified, cloned, expressed and purified lytic transglycosylase (MltA) from E. coli. The catalysis activity of MltA on PG1 and PG2 was detected, and the optimum reaction temperature was measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The recombinant MltA was obtained at the concentration of 26.12 g/mL. Only 9.71% PG1 was cleaved, but around 93.45% of no-acetylation PG2 was cleaved. The optimum reaction temperature was 30 ℃. PG with O-acetylation decreased catalysis capability of MltA. It suggests acetylation of PG in N gonorrhoeae inhibited the autolysis caused by MltA. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of alpha-linolenic acid and vitamin compound on telomerase activation in mouse liver Zhu Bao-zhong, Li Lin 2010, 14 (46):  8647.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.023 Abstract ( 294 )   PDF (345KB) ( 426 )   Save BACKGROUND: α-linolenic acid and vitamin A, C, E can prevent aging. However, the mechanism is still not clear. Numerous studies have documented that telomerase can protect cells from aging. In our knowledge, no research showed that compound of linolenic acid and vitamin can protect cells from aging by promoting activity of telomerase. OBJECTIVE: α-linolenic acid and vitamin A, C, E compound was used to observe the telomerase mRNA expression, telomerase activity, and telomere shortening velocity, to explore whether α-linolenic acid and vitamin A, C, E compound can delay aging by promoting activity of telomerase.  METHODS: Old mice (22 months old) were grouped randomly: old control group, α-linolenic acid, group; α-linolenic acid + vitamin E group; α-linolenic acid + vitamin C group; α-linolenic acid + vitamin A group; and α-linolenic acid + vitamin E+A+C group. 2 months old mice were served as young control. All mice livers were taken out at 30 days after intragastric administration for measurement of telomerase mRNA expression by RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A higher expression of telomerase mRNA was showed in young mice compared with old control mice (P < 0.05). The expression of telomerase mRNA in all 5 groups treated by α-linolenic acid and/or vitamin was obviously increased compared with old control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the young control group, the expression of telomerase mRNA in all 4 groups treated by α-linolenic acid + vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, and vitamin ACE was obviously increased (P < 0.01). The inter experimental groups comparison showed that, the group treated by α-linolenic acid+vitamin ACE had a higher expression of telomerase mRNA (P < 0.01). The present study show that, combined application of α-linolenic acid + vitamin A, C, E can enhance activity of telomerase, prevent shorten of telomere and protect cells from aging. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and localization of protein 4.1 family in rat cerebral cortex neural cells Che Shu-qin1, Liu Su-fang1, Han Xue-fei2, Yan Wen-hai3, Zhao Tian-chun1, Duan Ping1, Xing Ying1,2 2010, 14 (46):  8651.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.024 Abstract ( 281 )   PDF (407KB) ( 328 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have showed that the protein 4.1 expression types and splicing vary significantly in different tissues and cells. The different structures of different protein domains and cellular localization of protein 4.1 are intrinsically linked. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of the mRNA, protein and the localization of 4.1R, 4.1N, 4.1G, and 4.1B in rat cortical neurons. METHODS: The expression of the mRNA, protein and the localization of protein 4.1 families in new born Sprague Dawley rats was detected by RT-PCR, Western blot, immunocytochemical staining and laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The differences of expression and localization of localization of 4.1R, 4.1N, 4.1G, and 4.1B in cells were compared.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Both mRNA and protein of 4.1R, 4.1N, 4.1G, and 4.1B in rat cortical neurons were expressed in vitro. 4.1R mainly appeared in nerve cell membrane and cytoplasm, especially highly expressed in neurite extension or axon extension. 4.1G mainly emerged in cytoplasm of nerve cells, especially the protruding parts. 4.1N mainly located in cytoplasm and membrane processes. 4.1B mainly expressed in cell bodies and in parts of the cytoplasm and membrane. The results demonstrated that the four kinds of protein 4.1 families in rat cortical neurons were expressed in vitro with distinct intracellular locations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Mallory trichrome staining in degenerative tissues of intervertebral disc Kong Huan-yu, Song Qing-hui, Zhu Jia, Li Li, He Li-qing 2010, 14 (46):  8655.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.025 Abstract ( 504 )   PDF (722KB) ( 635 )   Save BACKGROUND: Intervertebral disc degeneration accompanies by alterations in tissue structure and component. The component changes of intervertebral disc degeneration can be displayed in different colors when applying various stains for successive counterstaining. This method exhibits detectable changes than simple morphological observation.   OBJECTIVE: To observe the staining effect of the intervertebral disc by Mallory trichrome staining from the changes of both tissue morphology and colors. METHODS: L4-5 intervertebral disc of Hartley guinea pigs, which aged 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 months, respectively. Discs were made into the central cornal plane tissue sections. Mallory staining and a light microscope was used to observe morphology and component and colors changes of nucleus pulposus, cartilage endplate and annulus fibrosus. SPOT-Ⅱ digital imaging system was utilized to capture images. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Disc degeneration of Hartley guinea pigs aggravated naturally with age. Normal (1 month old) nucleus pulposus was colorless and transparent. At 1.5-3 months old, matrix of nucleus showed light blue color from local to all when degeneration, to indicate collagen eposition. Morphologically, notochord cells showed the degeneration of cartilage-like cells, the nucleus area was gradually narrowing and replaced by fibrous cartilage tissue. Nucleus was like to "serpentine" in modality at 3 months old. In the cartilage endplate, the purplish red cartilage cells belt showed irregular until disappear with age increasing. Morphologically, the cartilage cells were decreasing gradually, and the endplate was thinning, broken or disappeared. Red and orange area of outer annulus increased with age, to indicate fibrinoid degeneration. Lamellar structure could be seen clearly. The blue area of inner annulus was reduced gradually with age and the number of fibroblasts was decreased and disappeared. The results display that Mallory trichrome staining for Hartley guinea pigs intervertebral disc can show a good organizational resolutionin from both color and morphology, for matrix and cell which in the nucleus pulposus, cartilage endplate and the annulus, and visualizing the characteristic changes of intervertebral disc in the process of the natural increase of age from both morphology and component change. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanisms of electroacupuncture therapy for peripheral nerve injury Hu Lin-na, Shao Shui-jin, Liu Yan-xiang, Gao Wei 2010, 14 (46):  8662.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.027 Abstract ( 739 )   PDF (253KB) ( 643 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous clinical and experimental studies indicate that electroacupuncture is an effective therapy on repairing injured peripheral nerve, and its repair mechanism is always a hot focus of the studies on acupuncture. OBJECTIVE: To review the progress and the mechanisms of injured peripheral nerve repairing by electroacupuncture therapy, to explore more deeply on the mechanisms of injured peripheral nerve repairing by electro acupuncture therapy, and to improve the curative effect of acupuncture. METHODS: Papers related to therapy for peripheral nerve injury in CNKI and in Ovid database were searched with Keywords of “electroacupuncture; peripheral nerve regeneration” both in Chinese and English. The articles regarding electro acupuncture, or peripheral nerve regeneration were selected, and the duplicated study or Meta analysis was excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 138 literatures were collected, and 113 of them were excluded, thus, 27 documents were included. Analysis results showed that electro acupuncture is an effective treatment strategy on repairing injured peripheral nerve. The mechanisms are that the action of bioelectricity, the improvement of nutrient contents and structures in motor endplate, the promotion on increasing of nerve growth associated protein, the promotion on increasing of neurotrophy factor 3 and its acceptor, enhanced expression of neurotrophy factor-RNA, and the promotion on Schwann cell generation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of bone morphogenetic protein in the treatment of femoral head necrosis Tang Lei, Zhang Yuan-he 2010, 14 (46):  8665.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.028 Abstract ( 319 )   PDF (323KB) ( 394 )   Save BACKGROUND: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is a world wide difficult controlling diseases. Though many methods are used for treating this disease, there is not an accepted one got precise curative effect. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is an effective osteoinductive factor, which can induce local bone formation, promote necrotic bone repairing if implanted into necrotic region. OBJECTIVE: To observe the role and mechanism of BMP in the treatment of ANFH, and to summarize the relative research progress. METHODS: A compute-based research was performed in CNKI and PubMed for articles related to application of BMP in the treatment of ANFH using key words of “femoral head necrosis, bone morphogenetic protein, pathogenesy, and therapy” from January 1995 to April 2010. Relative documents concerning pathogenesis of ANFH, role of BMP, and BMP in the treatment of ANFH were included. The repetitive research or old data were excluded.     RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 300 articles were collected and 30 papers were included in the final analysis. BMP not only received definite effects on treating bone fracture and bone defects, but also widely used for the treatment of ANFH, which can basically repair bone defects after removal of necrotic bone. BMP can be used as adjuvant therapy for palliative surgery, such as core decompression, osteotomy, or bone transplantation, which can raise the therapeutic efficacy of traditional surgery. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone morphogenetic protein in the repair of articular cartilage injury Yu Guo-hui 2010, 14 (46):  8669.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.029 Abstract ( 458 )   PDF (323KB) ( 439 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein is a common scaffold material in tissue engineering, which plays an irreplaceable role in the repairing of articular cartilage injury. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the repairing ways of articular cartilage injury and the classification of bone morphogenetic protein; emphasize the application of bone morphogenetic protein in the repairing of articular cartilage injury. METHODS: Using “bone morphogenetic protein, sports injuries, articular and cartilage, repairing” as keywords in both Chinese and English to retrieve Pubmed Database and VIP Database for relevant documents published from January 1998 to April 2010. Papers addressing bone morphogenetic protein in the repair of articular cartilage injury were selected, and the repetitive studies were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 74 pieces of document have been searched and 20 of them were introduced in the literature review, with the others deleted. At present, it has been proved that bone morphogenetic protein contributes greatly to the activation of bone and leads mesenchymal cell to differentiate into bone and cartilage irreversibly. However, the members of bone morphogenetic protein family differ in capacity of leading the formation of bone and the most capable ones are bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-7. Meanwhile it is shown in some relevant study that, bone morphogenetic protein has auxo-action in the repairing of articular cartilage injury. There is still a long way to go to apply bone morphogenetic protein to clinical treatment because of the indefinite mechanism of action, the option of composite material, the indefinite security and effectiveness of applying bone morphogenetic protein to human bodies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Matrix metalloproteinase and vascular injury repair Zhu Yong-feng, Si Zhong-yi 2010, 14 (46):  8673.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.030 Abstract ( 406 )   PDF (313KB) ( 432 )   Save BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc (Zn)-dependent endopeptidases that are collectively capable of cleaving virtually all extracellular matrix substrates. Recently studies demonstrated that MMPs participate in early stress reaction and are closely related to restenosis following vascular injury. OBJECTIVE: To review the physiological and pathological processes of MMPs during vascular injury. METHODS: A compute based online search was performed on Medline, ovid, springerlink , VIP and CNKI, 29 documents (1990-2010) related to MMPs and vascular injury or drug intervention were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The ratio of restenosis was very high after the cardiovascular system injured or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. MMPs expression was increased in local area after vascular injury, which could accelerate restenosis by promoting endometrial thickness and changing vascular remodeling. Therefore, reduction of MMPs expression in the local area after vascular injury provides a direction for preventing and curing vascular restenosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in systematic evaluation/meta-analysis of rehabilitation medicine in China Zhou Yu-fan, Song Jun-sheng, Xiong Jun, Gao Cen, Xue Xiao-huan, Shang Tie-gang 2010, 14 (46):  8677.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.031 Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (306KB) ( 479 )   Save BACKGROUND: The combination of evidence-based medicine and rehabilitation medicine is increasingly close, and provides the evidence-based principle, method and reference particularly for the clinical practice of rehabilitation medicine. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the research situation of systematic evaluation/meta-analysis of rehabilitation medicine in China. METHODS: Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (1979/2009), VIP database (1989/2009), Wanfang (1998/2009) and CBMdisc (1978/2009) database were overall retrieved by the first author using computer. Each database was retrieved twice. The first research terms were “systematic review”, “systematic evaluation”, and “meta-analysis”, and language was limited to Chinese. The second research terms were “rehabilitation therapy”, “physiotherapy” (physical therapy), “occupational therapy”，“speech therapy” , and “music therapy”, and language was limited to Chinese and English. From the literature, evaluation methods, intervention targets, year of publication, literature sources, and trials were descriptively analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Since 2002, a total of 59 articles were retrieved. After screening, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria, including physical therapy/physiotherapy (6 articles), music therapy (3 articles), comprehensive rehabilitation therapy    (1 article), and evaluation of disease (8 kinds, most of them are nervous system disease). The number of articles increased year by year. Most contents were about physiotherapy. Clinical rehabilitation therapy was assessed from multiple perspectives. The systematic evaluation/meta-analysis of rehabilitation medicine in China is still in the initial stage. We look forward to explore a new style of methodology to be in conformity with the characteristics of rehabilitation medicine, based on the principle and methods of evidence-based medicine in the future research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Reliability and validity of World Health Organization-disability attitudes scales in Chinese version Tian Qi1,2, Hao Yuan-tao, Tao Jian-ting, Chen Xin-lin, Fang Ji-Qian, Liang Zuo-yi, Ruan Jian-hua, Ai Qiu-xiang 2010, 14 (46):  8681.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.032 Abstract ( 680 )   PDF (288KB) ( 468 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is necessary to format a disability attitude scale in order to evaluate attitudes toward disability and persons with disability and its influencing factors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese Version of World Health Organization-disability attitudes scales (WHO-DAS). METHODS: WHO-DAS was formatted according to the standard procedure in several centers around the world at the same time. Multi-stage sampling method was used to recruit respondents. Totally 1 037 disabled people, 507 carers and 354 healthy people were included in this study. Scale internal consistency reliability was determined by calculating Cronbach’s coefficient α. 109 disabled people of the disabled sample were retested to evaluate the test-retest reliability. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to evaluate the constructive validity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 1 000 questionnaires of disabled, 507 of carers and 354 of normal people were recruited. High response rate of above 95.0% and low missing item rate of less than 1.10% was reached. The α coefficients were between 0.588-0.837. There was no significant difference between the two evaluations. Different attitudes were detected between disabled people, carers and normal people. The common factor structure extracted by the exploratory factor analysis was similar to the designed structure. The results of this study support the reliability and validity of the Chinese Version of WHO-DAS scales of attitudes towards disability and persons with disability. The instrument could be used to measure the attitudes to disability and persons with disabilities in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of mindfulness training on pain endurance of participants Wang Si-si, Liu Xing-hua, Luo Zheng 2010, 14 (46):  8686.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.033 Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (287KB) ( 673 )   Save BACKGROUND: Mindfulness and acceptance-based therapies have been known as the “third wave” of psychotherapy, and this kind of therapies can improve the physical and social function, and reduce the effect of pain to the patient life with chronic pain. At present a number of published analogue studies have demonstrated that such approaches lead some positive results for laboratory-induced acute pain, but the results of researches are still inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of mindfulness training on subjective pain perception, pain tolerance and heart rate changes in healthy college students experienced laboratory-induced pain. METHODS: Eight students who came from Capital Normal University served as experimental group, and 8 university students from a psychological minor course served as control group. Participants in the experimental group were offered 8 weeks mindfulness training. Pre-post Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and cold pressor test were administrated. During the cold pressor tests, data of pain threshold, pain tolerance, subjective pain intensity, and heart rate were collected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Nonparametric tests indicated that the score of FFMQ (Z=-2.366; P < 0.05) and pain tolerance (Z=-2.117; P < 0.05) significantly increased in the mindfulness training group. There were no significant changes on pain threshold, subjective pain intensity, or heart rate (P > 0.05) in either group. The results showed that mindfulness training can enhance the pain endurance, but has no significant effect on the heart rate response to acute pain.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Manipulation and physical therapy for patients with chronic mechanical neck pain: Comparisons of immediate and short-term effects in pain and joint motion Mai Ming-quan, Wu Shao-ling, Ma Chao, Chen Li-shan 2010, 14 (46):  8691.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.034 Abstract ( 369 )   PDF (258KB) ( 586 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many researches indicated that both manipulation and physical therapy can predominance improve pain and motion of joint for patient with chronic neck pain. However, there are few studies concerning the comparisons of immediately and short-term results in pain and joint motion between two methods. OBJECTIVE: To compare the manipulation and physical therapy for the management of patient with chronic neck pain. METHODS: Patients with chronic mechanical neck pain were randomly divided into 2 groups, the manipulation group and the physical therapy group. The pain and function were assessed with visual analogue scale (VAS), pressure pain threshold (PPT) and range of motion (ROM). All the patients were evaluated three times: before treatment, 10 minutes after treatment (immediate effect) and 1 day after treatment (short term effect).  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 10 minutes and 1 day after the treatment, the scores of VAS, PPT and ROM were improved in the manipulation group, which compared with those before treatment (P < 0.05). After 10 minutes and 1 day after the treatment, the scores of VAS were improved in the physical therapy group, which compared with those before treatment (P < 0.05). After 10 minutes and 1 day of the treatment, the scores of VAS, PPT and ROM in the manipulation group were better than those in physical therapy group, and there were significant difference between two groups (P < 0.05). A single session of manipulation has good immediate effect and short-term effect on VAS, PPT and ROM for patient with chronic neck pain. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of anaerobic power test of traditional wingate riding style and hip-stress backward riding style Hong Tao, Chen Bo 2010, 14 (46):  8695.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.035 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (296KB) ( 369 )   Save BACKGROUND: The forward-down treading riding style of anaerobic power test by bicycle ergometer is widely used. This riding style is not suitable for the running events with the main characteristic of back driving and back pawing. Till now, the method of anaerobic test that can simulate the action of backward driving and backward pawing is not available yet. OBJECTIVE: To explore the new way of evaluating anaerobic capability in running events via comparing with traditional wingate riding style. METHODS: The Monark bicycle ergometer of Swiss and the hip-stress forward regulating seat was used in the anaerobic power test for 10 sprinters including backward driving riding style and down-forward treading riding style of classic anaerobic power test by comparison methods. The difference of anaerobic power measured by two riding style were observed and the biological reasons that caused difference were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Experimental results show that the anaerobic power obtained from the hip-stress backward driving riding style was obviously lower than that of traditional down-forward treading riding style of Wingate anaerobic power test (P < 0.05). The riding style of back driving was much closer to the action of running technique than Wingate traditional way, no matter in action structures or muscle groups’ mobilization. The anaerobic power measured by riding style of back driving can have a more realistic reflection of anaerobic capacity of athletes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of cytokine in the lumbar spinal stenosis and hypertrophic ligamentum flavum Kan Min-hui, Cai Su-fen, Wu Ying-lei 2010, 14 (46):  8699.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.036 Abstract ( 323 )   PDF (346KB) ( 387 )   Save BACKGROUND: A majority of clinical studies are focus on morphology and histology of hypertrophic ligamentum flavum. However, there is not unified understanding of the etiological significance of hypertrophic ligamentum flavum on lumbar spinal stenosis, rather than cytokine levels.    OBJECTIVE: To study the etiology of the degenerative and hypertrophic ligamentum flavum and its relationship to lumbar spinal stenosis on the level of cytokines. METHODS: Ligamentum flavum specimens were obtained at operation from 25 cases of lumbar spinal stenosis and 25 cases of lumbar disc herniation. These slices were selected for immunohistochemistry staining. The expression of transforming growth factor β1, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 were observed and compared between two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the lumbar disc herniation group, the positive expression of transforming growth factor β1, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 were higher in ligamentum flavum of the lumbar spinal stenosis group (P < 0.01). The findings demonstrated that the expression of transforming growth factor β1, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 in ligamentum flavum presetned with relative consistency. Sterile inflammatory cytokines also lead to the degeneration, proliferation and hypertrophy of lumbar ligamentum flavum. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of arteriovenous foot pump on hemodynamic changes in the common femoral vein of patients with spinal cord injury complicated with deep vein thrombosis Sun Yong-xin, Zhao Ying-yu, Liu Ning 2010, 14 (46):  8703.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.037 Abstract ( 294 )   PDF (241KB) ( 346 )   Save BACKGROUND: Lower limb deep venous thrombosis is a common concurrent disease following spinal cord injury (SCI). Arteriovenous (A-V) foot pump has received acceptable effects on prevention the formation of lower limb deep venous thrombosis after SCI. OBJECTIVE: To investigate effect of A-V foot pump on venous flow in patients with SCI complicated with deep vein thrombosis. METHODS: All cases, under 65 ages, were selected from the First Hospital of China Medical University from January 2008 to December 2009. A total of 17 cases of SCI complicated with deep vein thrombosis were served as case group. At the same time, 20 cases of SCI without deep venuous thrombosis served as control group. All cases were treated by A-V foot pump on the base of routine dose aspirin and graduated elastic compression stocking without contraindications for 3 months. The hemodynamics of venous flow were measured pre-treatment, 30 minutes after treatment and the moment of stopping treatment (less than 60 seconds) by using Color Dopplar ultrasonography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 30 minutes treatment, the maximal velocity of the vein (Vmax) and blood flow volume per minute in the common femoral vein of both groups were increased compared with before treatment (P < 0.05), however, the increase was smaller in the case group. Two-dimensional sonogram showed that, the irregular venous wall, irregular hypoechogenicity intracavity, and thin bundles blood flow signal could be found in the case group. Homogeneous hypoechogenicity, regular venous wall, and full of blood flow signal could be found in the control group. After stopping treatment, Vmax and blood flow volume per minute in the common femoral vein of both groups were lower than in the treatment (P < 0.05), but still increased compared with before (P < 0.05). The values of hemodynamics of venous flow were significantly augmented after 4 weeks treatment, and the Vmax of common femoral vein was increased, and peaked at 4 weeks after treatment. Both SCI-DVT and SCI groups, A-V foot pump may significantly increase the patient’s lower extremity venous blood flow and improve microcirculation function; make collateral circulation, which supplies a effective treatment for patients with SCI complicated with deep vein thrombosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Difference between predictive and measured resting energy expenditure in healthy subjects Rao Zhi-yong, Wu Xiao-ting, Hu Wen 2010, 14 (46):  8707.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.038 Abstract ( 593 )   PDF (312KB) ( 638 )   Save BACKGROUND: Indirect calorimetry is the most accrurcy in determinating resting energy expenditure in clinic. Becase of equipment deficiency, it often demands to select predictive equations to calculate resting energy expenditure. There is no final coclusion about any predictive equations that its value of calculation is the most near that of indirect calorimetry. When make use of predictive equations, it is constantly hotspot of clinical nutrition in using ideal body weight or using current body weight. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the accuracy of predictive resting energy expenditure and the meaning of indirect calorimetry, and whether it can increase the accuracy of predictive equations by the implement of ideal body weight by comparing the difference between predictive resting energy expenditure and measured resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. METHODS: Twenty-seven healthy subjects (13 males, 14 females) were measured indirect calorimetry for the determination of resting energy expenditure by use of ultima PFX Metabolic Cart between 8:30 am and 11:00 am. And male or female ideal body weight were calculated with Broca or Broca Meliorated Equations respectively, then two different predictive resting energy expenditures by use of ideal body weight or current body weight and Harris-Benedict, Schofield, WHO, Owen, Mifflin or Liu’s equations were estimated. Eventually, the difference of measured resting energy expenditure and predictive resting energy expenditure, and the accuracy of the two difference predictive resting energy expenditure by use of ideal body weight and current body weight were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: For male, all predictive resting energy expenditures were no significantly differences of measured resting energy expenditure (P > 0.05); but for female, predictive resting energy expenditure was significantly lower than measured resting energy expenditure with Liu’s and Owen (P < 0.05). For female, predictive resting energy expenditure with ideal body weight was significantly higher than that with current body weight for all predictive equations (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but for males there were no difference (P > 0.05). The accuracy of Harris-Benedict, WHO and Schofield was 62.96%. So we suggest that it can not select predictive equations to estimate resting energy expenditure for healthy individuals, but Harris-Benedict, WHO and Schofield equations may be used in the absence of indirect calorimetry. Related Articles | Metrics

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Scoliosis prevalence survey of adolescents in Guangzhou City during different periods Li Wei-ping, Wang Zhi-yong, Song Bin, Liu Shang-li, Shen Hui-yong, Huang Jian-rong 2010, 14 (46):  8712.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.039 Abstract ( 326 )   PDF (303KB) ( 524 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is not an etiological method for the treatment of scoliosis. Orthopedic therapy and fixation are the only ways for deformed vertebral column. Therefore, it is helpful to reduce the occurrence of scoliosis through regular investigation. However, there is not a scoliosis prevalence survey in a region at different periods. OBJECTIVE: To observe the prevalence changes of adolescents of Guangzhou City from 1996/1997 to 2005, and to compare the cause between two different periods. METHODS: A random sample survey of scoliosis was performed on 7-15 years old students in Guangzhou City from January 1996 to November 1997 and February to December 2005, respectively. Three-check screening method was used to calculate the scoliosis prevalence, andχ2 test was performed to analyze the differences of two investigations.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The prevalence of scoliosis was 1.07% in the period of 1996 to 1997, including 0.90% in boys, and 1.26% in girls, with ratio of 1:1.4. The type of scoliosis including 250 idiopathic scoliosis (96.95%), 6 congenital scoliosis and 5 neuropathic scoliosis. The prevalence of scoliosis was 1.21% in 2005, including 0.96% in boys, and 1.49% in girls, with ratio of 1: 1.5. The type of scoliosis including 134 idiopathic scoliosis (97.81%), and 3 neuropathic scoliosis (2.19%). There was no significant differences between two investigations in total prevalence (χ2=3.775, P > 0.05) and male prevalence (χ2=0.442, P > 0.05), but the male prevalence was increased (χ2=4.013, P < 0.05). Related Articles | Metrics

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Overweight and obesity features and their affecting factors in 7 414 adults from Guangxi Li Cui-xia, Li Yu-hua, Ning Xiao-chun 2010, 14 (46):  8717.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.040 Abstract ( 360 )   PDF (335KB) ( 392 )   Save BACKGROUND: Obesity has attracted extensive attention as a global chronic disease. Recently, Chinese adults have a tendency of obese, but the specific features and relative influencing factor remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To understand the Guangxi adult overweight and obesity and its impact risk factors, and to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific guidance of treating obesity and reducing the risk factors. METHODS: 2005 National physical monitoring was performed on urban and rural adults aged 20 to 59, including a questionnaire survey and height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference test. The overweight and obesity features of different age, type of work were analyzed, and the possible influencing factors were performed multi-factor non-conditional Logistic regression analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: From the age point of view, the overweight rate of adults in Guangxi showed an increasing tendency with age increased. The overweight rate maintained a high level in 30-59-year-old males or 40-59-year-old females. But the obesity rate maintained within 6%, which mainly presented with abdominal obesity. From the type of work, the overweight and obesity rates of male farmers were lower than that of manual and non-manual workers. The overweight and obesity rates of female farmers were lower than that of manual and non-manual workers. Non-conditional Logistic regression analysis found that age, gender, type of work, average weekly frequency of physical exercise, and average total daily walking time were the influencing factors. The results demonstrated that, overweight and obesity rates were higher in middle aged Guangxi adults, belong to abdominal obesity. Generally, overweight and obesity rates were lower in male farmers. Intervention work should be performed on middle-aged population to adopt a positive lifestyle, to prevent the development of overweight to obesity, thereby reduce the incidence of overweight and obesity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Multiple daily injections versus insulin pump therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A Meta analysis Li Xiu-lian 2010, 14 (46):  8722.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.041 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (247KB) ( 432 )   Save BACKGROUND: Insulin is necessary for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in residual lifetime, and it is dispute the superiority and inferiority of multiple daily injections (MDI) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of CSII and MDI in patient with T1DM using systematic review. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Chinese biomedical literature database, CNKI, VIP and bibliographies of retrieved articles for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing CSII versus MDI for patient with T1DM were analyzed using Review Manager 5.0. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Nine RCTs totaling 320 participants were included. The Meta analysis showed that there were significant differences in glycosylated hemoglobin between CSII group and MDI group [SMD=-0.43, 95%CI (-0.69, -0.18)]. The differences of two group in insulin requirement [WMD=-0.16, 95%CI (-0.29, -0.03)], all included studies suggested higher treatment satisfaction could be received using CSII therapy. Compared with MDI, CSII is more effective form in controlling blood sugar, reducing the daily insulin requirement, and improving the score of treatment satisfaction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Feasibility and safety of laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer Yao Guo-liang, Yu Jian-ping, Yao Qi-yuan 2010, 14 (46):  8726.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.042 Abstract ( 374 )   PDF (207KB) ( 452 )   Save BACKGROUND: There have been some prospective, randomized, controlled studies regarding the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer, but controversy exists. OBJECTIVE: To systemically assess the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer. METHODS: A computer-based online research of prospective, randomized, controlled studies addressing laparoscopic gastrectomy versus open gastrectomy published between January 1994 and December 2009 was performed in PubMed, Ovid Medline, Web of Knowledge, EMbase, Chinese Journal Full-text Database and Wanfang Database. Meta analysis of acquired data was performed through the use of RevMan 5.0 software. The inverse variance method was used to test the significance of continous data, while the Mantel-Haenszel method was used for dichotomous data. The chi-square test was used for evaluation of data heterogeneity. Homogenous data was calculated using the fixed effect model, and heterogeneous data was calculated using freedom model. Statistical data was expressed as 95% confidence interval. Funnel plot was used for sensitivity analysis to show potential publication bias. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Five papers that corresponded to inclusion criteria were included in this study. Among 326 cases included, 164 underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy and 162 received open gastrectomy. Meta analysis revealed that laparoscopic gastrectomy took longer operating time and removed fewer lymph nodes than open gastrectomy (both P < 0.01), but for early-stage gastric cancer, laparoscopic gastrectomy was superior to open gastrectomy in terms of blood loss and hospital stay  (P < 0.01). But there was no significant difference in terms of time to resumption of oral intake, postoperative complications, postoperative morbidity rate, and tumor recurrence. Sensitive analysis demonstrated that publication bias existed in all indices to different extents with the exception of lymph node. The five papers adopted two different modes to remove lymph nodes, so subgroup analysis was also used. Results showed that for D1 lymph node dissection, laparoscopic gastrectomy took significantly reduced blood loss than open gastrectomy. All these findings indicate that laparoscopic gastrectomy for early stage gastric cancer is feasible and safe. Related Articles | Metrics

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Melatonin combined with compound betamethasone for articular cartilage lesions in rats with knee osteoarthritis　 Huang Chong, Liu Jin-zhao, Xia Chang-suo 2010, 14 (46):  8737.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.044 Abstract ( 381 )   PDF (304KB) ( 572 )   Save BACKGROUND: Due to lack of the distribution of vessels and nerve, self-repairing capability of articular cartilage tissue is poor after inflammatory erosion. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of melatonin combined with compound betamethasone on the articular cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA) in rats. METHODS: Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats received intra-articular injection of papain solution for establishing knee OA models. Meanwhile, 20 of them underwent constant intensive light condition for establishing pinealectomy models. Ten rats that under pinealectomy were administered melatonin combined with compound betamethasone. Another 10 normal control rats receiving no treatment served as controls. After 4 weeks of treatment, serum melatonin concentrations at 2 a.m. (highest melatonin concentration within circadian rhythms) and 2 p.m. (lowest melatonin concentration within circadian rhythms) were detected by ELISA. At the same time, all rats were sacrificed to collect femoral condyle cartilage for gross observation. After decalcification and toluidine blue staining, articular cartilage lesions were evaluated based on Mankin scores. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After OA model was created, cartilage surface was uneven, lost their luster, the chondrocytes were poorly arranged, severe loss of staining was observed, serum level of melatonin was decreased, and circadian change was unobvious. Constant intensive light condition further aggravated cartilage damage. After treatment by melatonin combined with compound betamethasone, softened cartilage disappeared, there were more regular chondrocytes arrangement, and dispersed chondrocytes and loss of staining were gradually decreased. In addition, there was significant difference in Mankin scores of toludine blue staining among groups (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that melatonin combined with compound betamethasone can restrain the progression of cartilage damage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and the identification of major deletion-prone exons of dystrophin gene Du Wen-jin, Wan Qi, Chen Jin-wen, Wu Bao-ren 2010, 14 (46):  9732.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.46.043 Abstract ( 336 )   PDF (265KB) ( 405 )   Save BACKGROUND: Dystrophin gene is X-linkage recessive heredity nerve-muscle system disease. Dystrophin gene deletions cluster in two hotspot regions, comprising exons 2-20 and 44-53. The majority of deletions can be detected by examining only a subset of exons. However, little is known regarding systematic detection of 18 common deletion exons of dystrophin gene. OBJECTIVE: To obtain and identify the cloning of 18 deletion-prone exons of dystrophin gene. METHODS: A total of 18 fragments of dystrophin gene were obtained through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with human genomic DNA as template and 18 pairs of primers respectively. The fragments were connected with pGEM-T Easy vector. The recombinants were transformed into E.coli JM109 competent cells, followed by planted on Luria-Bertani (LB)/ampicillin(Amp)/isopropylthio-β-D-galactoside(IPTG)/X-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside (X-Gal) plates and cultured. Positive transformants were selected with blue/white color screening, and the recombinant plasmids DNA was extracted and digested with restriction enzyme Not I. DNA sequences of the fragments were analyzed. Nucleotide analyses were performed through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alighment Search Tool (BLAST) against GenBank. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Size of the18 fragments by PCR amplification was in accordance with anticipation. Size of the fragments of recombinant cloning by Not I digestion was in accordance with that of PCR and expectation. Sequence size of the 18 cloned fragments was in accordance with expectation. The cloned fragments have high homology with dystrophin gene through NCBI BLAST against GenBank. These cloned fragments were the main deletion-prone exons of dystrophin gene. Related Articles | Metrics