Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (31): 8237-8246.doi: 10.12307/2026.336

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Applications and research advances of single-cell RNA sequencing in diseases of knee joint tissues

Yang Wenji1, 2, Dai Zhu2   

  1. 1University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan Province, China; 2The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan Province, China
  • Received:2025-06-06 Accepted:2025-08-15 Online:2026-11-08 Published:2026-05-25
  • Contact: Dai Zhu, PhD, Professor, Doctoral supervisor, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan Province, China
  • About author:Yang Wenji, MS candidate, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan Province, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Clinical Key Research Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission, No. 20201907 (to DZ); Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation, No. 2023JJ60050 (to DZ)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) isolates and sequences individual cells from tissue samples to construct molecular profiles, enabling the analysis of cellular heterogeneity and offering novel perspectives for studying tissue development and disease mechanisms. Recent advancements in scRNA-seq have broadened its applications across disciplines, including knee joint research.
OBJECTIVE: To introduce the technical principles of scRNA-seq, summarize its progress in knee joint studies, and discuss current challenges and future directions of scRNA-seq.
METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI databases. The search terms were “single-cell RNA sequencing, sequencing technology, articular cartilage, synovium, bone, meniscus, ligament” in English and Chinese. After excluding low-quality, redundant, or irrelevant articles, 79 studies were analyzed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) As a high-throughput technology, scRNA-seq overcomes the limitations of bulk RNA-seq by resolving transcriptomes at single-cell resolution. Its core advantages include revealing cellular heterogeneity, tracing differentiation trajectories, constructing intercellular networks, and identifying disease-specific subpopulations, making it pivotal for studying complex tissues like the knee joint. (2) Applications in knee cartilage, synovium, bone, meniscus, and ligaments have uncovered distinct cell subtypes and functional diversity. scRNA-seq allows researchers to better understand the heterogeneity of cells in knee joint tissues and the “driver” cell populations that initiate pathologies. (3) scRNA-seq analyses enhanced understanding of disease mechanisms by revealing the diversity of cells and associated changes in gene expression levels in complex tissues and finding molecular targets for pathogenic biological behaviors, pathways and potential therapeutic effects. (4) Despite breakthroughs, challenges persist, including technical bottlenecks, analytical complexity, and barriers to clinical translation. Future directions emphasize multi-omics integration, precision medicine, and technical optimizations.

Key words: single-cell RNA sequencing, cell heterogeneity, knee joint, sequencing technology, review

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