Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (23): 5915-5924.doi: 10.12307/2026.334

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Biological mechanisms and future research trends of cartilaginous endplate degeneration

Jiang Chao, Che Yanjun   

  1. Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu Province, China
  • Received:2025-04-03 Accepted:2025-07-27 Online:2026-08-18 Published:2025-12-30
  • Contact: Che Yanjun, MD, Associate chief physician, Associate professor, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu Province, China
  • About author:Jiang Chao, MS candidate, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Jiangsu Province Shuangchuang Talent Program Project, No. JSSCBS20211588 (to CYJ); Suzhou Gusu Health Talent Program Scientific Research Project, No. GSWS2021035 (to CYJ); Suzhou Multicenter Clinical Research Project for Major Diseases, No. DZXYJ202307 (to CYJ [project participant]); Suzhou Science and Technology Development Program (Healthcare Science and Technology Innovation), No. SKY2022185 (to CYJ); Suzhou City Combined Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Research Fund Project, No. SKYD2023254 (to CYJ); Clinical Research Projects of Gusu College of Nanjing Medical University, Nos. GSKY20240208 (to CYJ) and GSKY20230402 (to CYJ [project participant]); Educational Research Project of Nanjing Medical University, No. 2023ZC081 (to CYJ)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The cartilaginous endplate is the bridge connecting the intervertebral disc to the vertebral body. Degeneration of the cartilaginous endplate is a central link in various degenerative spinal disorders. 
OBJECTIVE: To conduct an in-depth analysis of the biological mechanisms of cartilaginous endplate degeneration and to reveal the key role of cartilaginous endplate degeneration in intervertebral disc degeneration.
METHODS: Computerized searches were conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP databases. The search terms included “cartilaginous endplate degeneration, inflammatory factors, biomechanics, extracellular matrix” in Chinese and English. The literature search spanned from the inception of each database to August 2024. Based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 68 articles were ultimately selected for review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Intervertebral disc degeneration is a cascade reaction triggered by changes in the mechanical environment, leading to cell-mediated biochemical, mechanical, and structural changes. The cartilaginous endplate, as a dynamic mechanical barrier of the intervertebral disc, has biomechanical properties determined by the components of the extracellular matrix. The degeneration of the cartilaginous endplate is characterized by changes in the extracellular matrix components, including the degradation of type II collagen and proteoglycans, and the increase in type I collagen and type X collagen. These changes directly impact the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of cartilaginous endplate cells. Maintaining and restoring a healthy extracellular matrix is the main direction for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration in the present and future. Cartilaginous endplate degeneration is a complex process involving multiple factors and mechanisms, involving multiple disciplines such as biomechanics, biochemistry, and cell biology. Through multidisciplinary collaboration, such as the combination of biomechanics and molecular biology, controlled immobilization and traction therapy could provide more effective treatment for patients with intervertebral disc degeneration through fully understanding the mechanisms by which traction promotes intervertebral disc regeneration.


Key words: cartilaginous endplate, degeneration, biological mechanisms, apoptosis, inflammatory response, intervertebral disc degeneration, cartilaginous endplate degeneration

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