Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (3): 579-589.doi: 10.12307/2025.140

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Mechanotransduction proteins in intervertebral disc degeneration

Gao Xilin1, 2, Wu Si1, 2, Zhang Chao1, 2, Zhu Liguo3, Fu Bifeng1, 2, Wang Ping1, 2   

  1. 1First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; 2National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; 3Wangjing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China

  • Received:2023-11-30 Accepted:2024-03-06 Online:2025-01-28 Published:2024-06-04
  • Contact: Fu Bifeng, PhD, Attending physician, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China Wang Ping, PhD, Chief physician, Doctoral supervisor, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China
  • About author:Gao Xilin, Doctoral candidate, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China
  • Supported by:
    Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project, No. 21JCQNJC01690 (to WS); Tianjin Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Studio Construction Project, No. 881022 (to WP); National Key Research and Development Program Topic, No. 2021YFC1712802 (to ZLG); Tianjin Education Commission Research Plan Project, No. 2023KJ156 (to FBF); Construction Project of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Traditional Chinese Medicine Specialized Alliance for Collaborative Development

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent research indicates that disc degeneration is closely related to abnormal stress load, and mechanotransduction proteins play a key role in it. 
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role and mechanism of mechanotransduction proteins in the mechanotransduction process induced by abnormal mechanical stimulation in disc degeneration, and to summarize the current treatment strategies targeting mechanotransduction to delay intervertebral disc degeneration.
METHODS: Using “intervertebral disc, nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, cartilaginous endplate, cell, mechanics, signal transduction, protein, biomechanics” as Chinese search terms, and “intervertebral disc, nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, cartilaginous endplate, cell, mechanical stimulation, signal transduction, protein, biomechanics” as English search terms, relevant literature in the PubMed and CNKI databases was searched. A total of 88 articles were ultimately included for review. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Disc cells can sense external mechanical stimulation through various mechanotransduction proteins and convert it into biological responses within the cells. These transduction proteins mainly include collagen proteins in the extracellular matrix, cell membrane surface receptors (such as integrins and ion channels), and cytoskeleton structural proteins. Their regulation of mechanotransduction processes primarily involves the activation of multiple pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, nuclear factor-kB signaling pathway, and Ca2+/Calpain2/Caspase3 pathway. Mechanotransduction proteins play a key role in the mechanotransduction of disc cells. Abnormal expression of these proteins or resulting changes in the extracellular matrix environment can disrupt the mechanical balance of disc cells, leading to disc degeneration. In-depth study of the expression and regulatory mechanisms of mechanotransduction proteins in disc cells, and identification of key pathological links and therapeutic targets, is of significant importance for developing treatment strategies for disc degeneration. Current strategies to delay intervertebral disc degeneration by targeting mechanotransduction mainly include regulation of transduction proteins and improvement of the extracellular matrix. However, research in this area is still in its early stages. As research continues, new breakthroughs are expected in the regulation of disc degeneration by mechanotransduction proteins.

Key words: mechanotransduction, protein, intervertebral disc degeneration, targeting mechanical signal, biomechanics

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