Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (13): 2784-2792.doi: 10.12307/2025.033

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Role and clinical application progress of exosome-derived non-coding RNA in microenvironment of osteoarthritis

Li Zhichao1, 2, Yang Zhenguo2, Wang Lei2, Wang Wenbo2, Xue Jingcai2, Liu Wenbin2, Cao Hui1   

  1. 1Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China; 2Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
  • Received:2023-12-14 Accepted:2024-02-24 Online:2025-05-08 Published:2024-09-12
  • Contact: Cao Hui, Master, Professor, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
  • About author:Li Zhichao, Doctoral candidate, Attending physician, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China; Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82374620 (to CH); Shandong Natural Science Foundation, No. ZR2021MH298 (to WL); Shandong Natural Science Foundation, No. ZR2022QH105 (to LZC)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative joint disease, and the etiology and development of its pathogenesis are still unclear. Timely diagnosis and treatment of early osteoarthritis are crucial, and there is currently no definite and effective method. Extracellular vesicles come from a wide range of sources, including non-coding RNAs such as small RNAs, circular RNAs, and long chain non-coding RNAs. Extracellular vesicles non-coding RNAs can be directly delivered from primitive cells to neighboring or remote cells, regulating cell activity through intercellular communication and playing an important regulatory role in reshaping the bone and joint microenvironment. 
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the intervention effects of exosome-derived non-coding RNAs on the joint microenvironment of osteoarthritis and the progress made in clinical application, and to clarify the potential of exosome-derived non-coding RNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis. 
METHODS: Search terms “exosomes, non-coding RNA, osteoarthritis, application, signal pathway, synovial fluid, cartilage cells, cartilage matrix, subchondral, mechanism” were used for the search on PubMed database. Finally, 66 related articles were included for review analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Exosome-derived non-coding RNAs play an important regulatory role in the joint microenvironment during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, mainly reflected in: exosome non-coding RNAs regulating the inflammatory response in the joint, degeneration of chondrocytes and cartilage matrix, subchondral bone remodeling, and intercellular communication. (2) The non-coding RNAs in exosomes can serve as biomarkers for osteoarthritis, aiding in the early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression and prognosis. (3) Exosome non-coding RNAs serve as therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis.  Exosomes carry miRNAs to the articular chondrocytes and cartilage matrix to play a regulatory role. (4) Exosomes non-coding RNAs can improve the effect of cartilage tissue engineering by regulating gene expression and promoting intercellular communication to repair or regenerate damaged cartilage. (5) In future research, researchers should continue to explore the intervention mechanism of non-coding RNAs derived from exosomes on osteoarthritis, and apply them to clinical practice in combination with the latest research outcomes in cartilage tissue engineering, which will effectively help solve the pain of osteoarthritis patients. 

Key words: exosomes, non-coding RNA, osteoarthritis, intraarticular microenvironment, signaling pathway, cartilage degeneration, biomarker, clinical application

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