Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2015, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (3): 478-482.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.03.027
Previous Articles Next Articles
Li Rui, Sun Ying-chun, Zhou Hui, Wang Chen, Wei Wei
Online:
2015-01-15
Published:
2015-01-15
About author:
Li Rui, M.D., Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
Supported by:
the Applied Basic and Advanced Technololgy Research Plan of Tianjin City (General Project of Natural Science Foundation), No. 12JCYBJC31300
CLC Number:
Li Rui, Sun Ying-chun, Zhou Hui, Wang Chen, Wei Wei . Oral zirconia ceramic bonding methods[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2015, 19(3): 478-482.
2.1 氧化锆陶瓷修复体表面处理方法 针对氧化锆陶瓷表面不含有氧化硅这一物理性质,为了提高陶瓷与树脂的粘接强度,许多学者考虑选择陶瓷表面喷砂对瓷面进行预处理的方法,来清洁陶瓷体表面并增加其表面粘接面积,制造出微米级的粗糙面,使树脂-陶瓷形成微机械锁结结构。当使用氧化铝颗粒喷砂时,其颗粒播散并且沉积于陶瓷表面,极大增加了陶瓷表面活性和湿润性[6]。另外也有考虑利用热硅涂层预处理,使陶瓷表面在热硅涂层处理之后可以与硅烷偶联剂偶联,从而利用这一化学结合的方法提高陶瓷与树脂之间的粘接强度。 2009年西班牙马德里大学学者Raquel Castillo de Oyague和意大利锡耶纳大学学者Rapuel Osorio联合报道,对氧化锆陶瓷进行喷砂及热硅涂层处理无法提高陶瓷与树脂的粘接强度[7]。而与传统的自酸蚀树脂水门汀粘接系统相比,使用含有10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate(10-MDP)的粘接系统,如Clearfil Esthetic Cement (CEC)可以得到较高的粘接强度,且在粘接之前不需表面预处理。获得此结果是由于CEC使用了含有10-MDP的粘接性磷酸脂类单体,其可与氧化锆陶瓷表面含有的金属氧化物形成化学键结合。含磷酸单体的CEC与氧化锆陶瓷的粘接揭示了酸性功能性单体与氧化锆陶瓷反应的能力,而10-MDP与硅烷偶联剂的联合使用可以增强粘接效果。使用硅烷偶联剂可提高陶瓷表面湿润度,与陶瓷表面的氢氧基形成硅氧烷键,同时另一侧与树脂内的甲基丙烯酸脂基团交联。但其微拉伸强度结果是粘接试验体未经疲劳耐久测试的初始粘接强度,而且通过电子显微镜观察可见试验体出现大量界面和混合性破坏,陶瓷和树脂的内聚破坏只占很小的一部分,由此可分析该实验所获得的陶瓷-树脂之间的粘接远未达到理想强度。 德国学者 Matthias Kern也曾报道过,在对氧化锆陶瓷进行氧化铝喷砂结合硅烷偶联剂及热硅涂层预处理的条件下,只有含磷酸单体的树脂水门汀Panavia 2 可以在150 d温水保存后获得较好的陶瓷-树脂粘接强度[8]。然而,对修复体喷砂会去除大量的表层物质,影响修复体适合性[9],特别需要提到的是全瓷修复体的边缘瓷体薄,使用传统的125 µm氧化铝颗粒喷砂,这种方法会导致边缘瓷体机械强度和边缘密合度下降。 2.2 化学摩擦硅涂层系统的使用 近期,有应用化学摩擦硅涂层技术Tribochemical silica-coating system (Rocatec system, Espe, Seefeld, Germany)于氧化锆-树脂粘接的报道。这项技术在对氧化锆陶瓷硅烷化处理前进行两部喷砂处理,通过使用特殊的小粒径含氧化硅颗粒的氧化铝粉末对陶瓷进行表面喷砂,从而形成含硅粒子的粗糙覆盖表层。经过处理后硅粒子埋入陶瓷表面,改变陶瓷表面形态,为树脂提供微小的机械固位。该技术最为重要的特点是改变氧化锆陶瓷表面的物质成分,提供进一步与硅烷偶联剂形成牢固硅氧烷键必不可少的氧化硅。通过X射线能谱分析仪(EDS)分析,陶瓷表面硅含量可以达到13%-20%。由于在硅涂层表面的疏松硅粒子会成为危害界面粘接效果的不良因素,比如超声波震荡清洗的使用可有效去除疏松的硅粒子,避免粘接及表面上存在的疏松颗粒对树脂粘接强度产生影响。有报道称经超声波清洗后,在使用热硅涂层方法处理的陶瓷表面硅含量远小于化学摩擦硅涂层法,超声波震荡清洗的确会降低硅的含量,然而在震荡清洗应用化学摩擦硅涂层法预处理过的陶瓷后,仍然有12%-14%的硅附着在陶瓷表面,这也证明了大部分的硅颗粒被嵌入陶瓷,而不是单纯疏松的覆盖在陶瓷表面。另外在使用热硅涂层系统处理陶瓷表面后,扫描电镜无法观测到完整的硅颗粒层,其陶瓷表面性状与单独只用氧化铝喷砂处理后无显著性差异,这是由于热硅涂层系统形成的硅颗粒涂层非常薄(20 nm),其硅颗粒层的厚度甚至低于在扫描电镜观测试料时使用的金钯合金涂层厚度。 因此,化学摩擦硅涂层系统应用于口腔氧化锆陶瓷预处理的优点是:与传统氧化铝喷砂系统相比,可较少的损伤陶瓷基质,降低边缘瓷损害,提高边缘适合度;与热硅涂层相比,其氧化硅颗粒嵌入陶瓷表面,在超声波震荡清洗去除疏松粒子之后,仍然保持陶瓷表层大量的硅附着,为硅烷偶联剂应用于氧化锆陶瓷粘接成为可能,进而可增强树脂与陶瓷粘接强度。 2.3 硅烷偶联剂的改进 使用硅烷偶联剂增强粘接效果在口腔陶瓷粘接领域已被广泛接受,对硅烷偶联剂的不断改进也成为近期研究的热点。国内学者在研究过程中使用的是商业硅烷偶联剂,商业硅烷偶联剂中普遍使用甲基丙烯酸酯类酸性有机单体作为硅烷水解的引发剂。商业硅烷粘接系统一般分为两液型,一瓶为γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(γ-MPTS)液体,另外一瓶使用含有酸性液体的处理剂作为加速硅烷水解的引发剂。普遍可以被接受的观点是向硅烷溶液添加酸性成分,可以加速γ-MPTS分子内硅功能基团的甲氧基水解,并且使水解后的γ-MPTS硅烷种更容易通过硅氧烷这一化学键形式吸附在陶瓷表面。最终水解后的γ-MPTS硅烷种牢固地化学吸附或物理吸附在瓷体表面。典型的树脂水门汀都是以Bis-GMA为主要基质,当其暴露在紫外线或蓝色光源下时或与引发剂混合时,会产生聚合反应,同时Bis-GMA也作为口腔封闭剂和充填材料的树脂成分。树脂复合物普遍含有稀释的单体如HEMA、TEGDMA和硅烷化后的氧化硅填料,填料诸如硅和玻璃颗粒经常需要硅烷化以增加树脂强度和耐磨性。硅烷偶联剂含有的有机功能基团可与树脂水门汀单体的未反应碳-碳双键发生共聚反应[10-13],但应用甲基丙烯酸酯类单体会影响硅烷的水解效率,并阻碍硅烷在陶瓷表面的附着,影响树脂的粘接强度。 有学者针对商业用硅烷偶联剂应用甲基丙烯酸酯类单体会影响硅烷的水解效率,阻碍硅烷在陶瓷表面附着,从而影响树脂的粘接强度这一缺点,设计使用Hcl水溶液代替甲基丙烯酸酯类单体作为硅烷溶液水解引发剂的新型硅烷偶联剂,FTIR分析对比显示,当使用盐酸水溶液作为水解引发剂时,≡Si-O-CH3(或者≡Si-O-CH2CH3)中的C-H基团明显变小,同时≡Si-OH基团变长,最终非常强的-Si-O-Si基团出现,分析说明盐酸可以有效促进γ-MPTS水解,并使水解后的γ-MPTS以化学键形式附着在陶瓷表面。之后的粘接试验也同时证明应用该硅烷偶联剂对陶瓷表面进行预处理,可以显著增强陶瓷与树脂之间的粘接强度,并且冷热循环试验的结果显示大部分粘接试料为树脂的内聚破坏,此新型硅烷偶联剂对树脂-陶瓷粘接耐久性的提升更为明显[14]。 2.4 非功能性硅烷偶联剂的使用 2008年Matinlinna报道添加非功能性硅烷进入传统的γ-MPTS硅烷。非功能性交联硅烷是拥有双可水解烷氧基基团,有报道称含有1,2-双三甲氧基硅基乙烷(BTS)的混合硅烷,可提供优秀钢铁的防腐蚀性,提高硫化橡胶与黄铜之间的粘接强度,其利用硅氧烷在界面处与聚合物交联形成互穿网络体系(IPN),可有效地将树脂共价接枝到硅烷表面;其特殊的双可水解烷氧基基团而不是甲基丙烯酸酯基团,可以提升硅烷分子与陶瓷的附着能力,并且使其有效提高树脂与陶瓷之间的粘接强度[15-16]。 2.5 选择性渗透-酸蚀技术在氧化锆粘接上的使用 由于完全烧结的锆基质材料在微观结构水平上是种动态材料,对这种材料施加热或者机械压力能够使其发生相变转移[17]。口腔领域常用氧化钇稳定的四方氧化锆多晶陶瓷材料(Y-TZP),以四方-单斜晶相的转移为特征,它伴随着体积的膨胀,导致扩展裂纹尖端的钝化,因此增加了材料的断裂韧性[18]。 当氧化锆被加热到1 450 ℃持续2 h,可以观察到晶粒生长和立方晶粒的形成[19]。当相对低温(700-900 ℃)持续30 min,根据报道氧化锆表面会有一个热应力老化过程。在微观水平上,热应力老化导致表面提升的产生,晶粒被拔高和分离,并且增加晶界厚度[20-22]。氧化锆在经过12 min 1 350 ℃热酸蚀后,之前有报道通过原子力显微镜科观察到其表面提升,皱粒面及晶面垂直凹槽。观察到的这些现象与表面粒子中氧化锆晶体的四方形单斜晶体转移有关,表面粒子能够容纳适应与之相伴随的体积增加[23-24]。然而深层粒子由于材料体积原因被抑制和强迫而变得拉紧。 这个氧化锆的热动力反应揭示了表面粒子的结构是可以被温度和加热时间这两方面操控的。热诱导成熟(HIM)是一个新的方法可以靠两次短的热循环拉紧晶界范围,但无法提供足够的能量让晶粒增长或立方晶粒成型。氧化锆被加热到750 ℃持续2 min,冷却到650 ℃持续1 min,再次加热到750 ℃持续1 min,而后冷却到室温状态,在这次热处理后,晶粒变得有预应力,并且更容易被其他物质渗透。 钇是用于口腔修复氧化锆的首要稳定性元素,它在晶界和表面的浓度高于晶粒的内部。钇也提供其他的一些动力特性,比如说晶界滑动、重排和移动,以及塑形变形[25-26]。另外观察到当氧化锆表面与不同的掺杂相在充足的温度范围接触时会增加晶界移动性,当增加温度到700-810 ℃范围持续1 min,小的掺杂物如硅或者钛可以渗透到全烧结氧化锆材料的晶界层[27-29]。控制掺杂物扩散或者第二相沿着晶界表层增强的小颗粒氧化锆,它拥有更高的晶界表面积。使用二次离子质谱分析,钙和镁的晶界扩散也被发现在温度是799 ℃时。这些发现揭示了在一个相对较低的温度范围内(700-900 ℃)加热氧化锆几分钟,完全烧结氧化锆能够被掺杂剂所渗透。 选择性渗透蚀刻技术利用热诱导成熟和晶界扩散,来转变相对疏松无固位力Y-TZP表面,成为有较强固位力的表面。结合热诱导成熟这一可以使晶界具有预应力的方法,依靠往氧化锆表面涂布一薄层的渗透玻璃,可使这些部位能够进一步扩展。在半流体态,熔化的玻璃选择性地渗入表层晶粒的界面之间,并且发挥便面张力和毛细管力,允许表面粒子移动重排,导致创造出粒间孔隙的一种3D网状结构。这种表面处理是选择性的,因为它仅包含表面粒子与渗透玻璃间的接触,因此能够控制需要被处理的氧化锆区域。为了获得与热诱导成熟-选择性渗透蚀刻技术处理过的氧化锆之间强大的纳米-机械黏结,一个最佳的表面结构应该允许黏结性树脂渗透入到氧化锆表面,并且同时不会导致额外表面损害或者为了增大表面粗糙度而损害氧化锆。"
[1]Ashizuka M,Kiyohara H,Okuno T,et al.Fatigue behavior of tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) containing 2 and 4 mol% Y2O3 (part 2). J Ceram Soc Jpn Int.2008;96:731-736.
[2]Derand P,Derand T.Bond strength of luting cements to zirconium oxide ceramics. Int J Prosthodont.2007; 13: 131-135.
[3]Tinschert J,Natt G,Mautsch W,et al.Fracture resistance of lithium dislocate-,alumina-,and zirconia-based three-unit fixed partial dentures: a laboratory study.Int J Prosthodont.2006;14: 231-238.
[4]Burke FJ.Fracture resistance of teeth restored with dentin-bonded crowns: the effect of increased tooth preparation. Quintessence Int.2006;27:115-121.
[5]Atsu SS,Kilicarslan MA,Kucukesmen HC,et al.Effect of zirconium-oxide ceramic surface treatments on the bond strength to adhesive resin.J Proshtet Dent.2006;95:430-436.
[6]Wolfart M,Lehmann F,Wolfart S,et al.Durability of the resin bond strength to zirconia ceramic after using different surface conditioning methods.Dent Mater. 2007;23:45-50.
[7]De Oyagüe RC,Monticelli F,Toledano M,et al.Influence of surface treatments and resin cement selection on bonding to densely-sintered zirconium-oxide ceramic. Dent Mater.2009; 25(2):172-179.
[8]Kern M,Wegner SM.Bonding to zirconia ceramic: adhension methodsand their durability. Dental Mater.2008;14:64-71.
[9]Kern M,Thompson VP. Sandblasting and silica-coating of dental alloys: volume loss, morphology and changes in the surface composition. Dental Mater.2009;9:155-161.
[10]Saka M,Yuzugullu B.Bond strength of veneer ceramic and zirconia cores with different surface modifications after microwave sintering.J Adv Prosthodont.2013;5(4):485-493.
[11]Matinlinna JP, Lassila LVJ, Ozcan M,et al.An introduction to silanes and their clinical applications in dentistry.Int J Prosthodont.2010;17:155-644.
[12]Seabra B,Arantes-Oliveira S,Portugal J.Influence of multimode universal adhesives and zirconia primer application techniques on zirconia repair. J Prosthet Dent. 2014; 112(2):182-187.
[13]Liu D,Pow EH,Tsoi JK,et al.Evaluation of four surface coating treatments for resin to zirconia bonding.J Mech Behav Biomed Mater.2014;32:300-309.
[14]Li R. Development of a ceramic primer with higher bond durability for resin cement. J Oral Rehabil.2010;37(7): 560-568.
[15]Matinlinna JP,Özcan M,Lassila L,et al.Effect of the cross-linking silane concentration in a novel silane system on bonding resin-composite cement. Acta Odont Scand.2008;66: 250-255.
[16]Matinlinna JP,Lassila L,Vallittu P. Pilot evaluation of resin composite cement adhesion to zirconia using a novel silane system. Acta Odont Scand.2007;65:44-51.
[17]Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic material. Biomaterials.1999;20:1-25.
[18]Aboushelib MN, Kleverlaan CJ, Feilzer AJ. Microtensile bond strength of different components of core veneered all-ceramic restorations: Part II: Zirconia veneering ceramics. Dent Mater. 2006;22:857-863.
[19]Menani LR,Farhat IA,Tiossi R,et al.Effect of surface treatment on the bond strength between yttria partially stabilized zirconia ceramics and resin cement. J Prosthet Dent.2014; 112(2): 357-364.
[20]Aboushelib MN,de Jager N,Kleverlaan CJ,et al.Microtensile bond strength of different components of core veneered all-ceramic restorations.Dent Mater. 2005;21:984-991.
[21]Lankford J,Page RA,Rabenberg L.Deformation mechanisms in yttria-stabilized zirconia.J Mater Sci.1988;23:4144-4156.
[22]Deville S,Chevalier J,EI Attaoui H.Atomic force microscopy study and qualitative analysis of martensite relief in zirconia.J Am Ceram Soc.2005;88:1261-1267.
[23]Deville S,Chevalier J,Dauvergne C,et al.Microstructural investigation of the aging behavior of (3y-TZP)-Al2O3 composite.J Am Ceram Soc.2005;88:1273-1280.
[24]Inokoshi M,Kameyama A,De Munck J,et al.Durable bonding to mechanically and/or chemically pre-treated dental zirconia. J Dent.2013;41(2):170-179.
[25]Chen C,Kleverlaan CJ,Feilzer AJ.Effect of an experimental zirconia–silica coating technique on micro tensile bond strength of zirconia in different priming conditions. Dent Mater. 2012;28(8): e127-134.
[26]Kawai N,Lin J,Youmaru H,et al.Effects of three luting agents and cyclic impact loading on shear bond strengths to zirconia with tribochemical treatment. J Dent Sci. 2012;7(2):118-124.
[27]Queiroz JR,Benetti P,Massi M,et al.Effect of multiple firing and silica deposition on the zirconia–porcelain interfacial bond strength.Dent Mater.2012;28(7):763-768.
[28]Piascik JR,Swift EJ,Braswell K,et al.Surface fluorination of zirconia: Adhesive bond strength comparison to commercial primers Dent Mater.2012;6(28):604-608.
[29]Aboushelib M,Feilzer A.New surface treatment for zirconia based materials. European patent application No 050773969; 2006. |
[1] | Xu Xiaomin, Zhu Yanping, Chen Chunxia, Zhang Kai, Fan Hong. Effect of glaze technology on adhesive and mechanical properties of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal ceramics [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2020, 24(16): 2520-2525. |
[2] | Wang Qiuyue, Feng Yuchi . Mechanical properties of three kinds of zirconia ceramics under chairside rapid sintering [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2019, 23(6): 877-882. |
[3] | Feng Ming, Zhang Guomei, Hu Yang, Zhu Jun. A three-dimensional finite element model of mesio-occluso-distal cavity zirconium dioxide inlay and its bonding interface: a stress analysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2019, 23(14): 2183-2189. |
[4] | Yu Lu-lu, Gu Wei-ping. Compressive strength of three all-ceramic chairside CAD/CAM onlays [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2018, 22(26): 4128-4132. |
[5] | Jin En-long, Wu Da-hong, Yan Liang, Wang Jue, Jiao Yan-jun. IPS e.max ceramic veneers versus VITA VM9 porcelain laminate veneers [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2018, 22(22): 3474-3479. |
[6] | Hu Yang, Feng Ming, Zhu Jun. Stress analysis of two kinds of adhesives used in a three-dimensional finite element model of mesio-occluso-distal cavity gold alloy inlay [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2018, 22(18): 2877-2883. |
[7] | Qi Lu, Wang Xing, Wu Pei-ling. Bonding effects of different adhesive materials with no ferrule effect in the dental restoration with CAD/CAM-fabricated one-piece fiber post-and-core after bypass obturation of oval root canals [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2018, 22(14): 2162-2167. |
[8] | Lu Xiao-feng, Ling Li, Dong Ning. Influence of arch curvature and all-ceramic materials on fatigue life of fixed bridges: a finite element analysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2018, 22(14): 2174-2178. |
[9] | Sun Jia-qi, Gu Wei-ping, Chen Zhi-fei, Li Lin. Influence of different surface treatments on color of chairside porcelain veneer made of CEREC Blocs [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2017, 21(6): 888-892. |
[10] |
Qin Jing-jie, Zheng Xiang-yu, Li Rui.
Effects of different surface treatments and binders on the bonding strength of zirconia crowns
[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2017, 21(34): 5455-5458.
|
[11] |
Wang Jia-ning.
Effects of zirconia/alumina ceramic composite on proliferation, apoptosis and bone induction activity of human periodontal ligament cells
[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2017, 21(26): 4155-4159.
|
[12] | Lu Chen-pei, Wang Xu-dong, Shen Guo-fang. Bioceramics in bone tissue engineering [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2017, 21(22): 3576-3582. |
[13] | Feng Xin-yan, Gao Cheng-zhi. ffect of ultrasonic cleaning of post space on the apical microleakage following treatment with two kinds of root canal sealers [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2017, 21(2): 254-259. |
[14] | Wang Qiang, Yin Jiao-jiao, Yang Hua-zhe. Preparation of zirconia bioceramics and its application in prosthodontics [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2016, 20(21): 3178-3184. |
[15] | Nie Ting-hong, Sun Ying-chun, Zheng Lin, Gao Ping. Esthetic effects of porcelain laminate veneer versus all-ceramic crown in anterior tooth restoration [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2015, 19(8): 1239-1244. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||