Transplantation of allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes the recovery of skeletal muscle function

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1722

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: An extensive damage beyond the ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate itself can lead to irreversible fibrosis, scarring and dysfunction. Previous studies have shown that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be used for the regeneration of various muscle tissues. The effect of stem cells on functional recovery after acute skeletal muscle injury has rarely been reported.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on skeletal muscle regeneration and functional recovery in rats with acute skeletal muscle injury.
METHODS: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissues of 10 Sprague-Dawley rats and identified by flow cytometry for multidirectional differentiation. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, collagen group and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation group. A rat model of acute blunt injury of the gastrocnemius muscle was established in the latter three groups. Then, 1 mL of type collagen I alone or containing 1×10⁶ adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells was injected into the gastrocnemius muscle in the collagen and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation groups, respectively, and there were five injection sites per rat. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the structure of gastrocnemius muscle and measure the cross-sectional area of gastrocnemius muscle fiber 7, 14 and 28 days after transplantation. The isometric contraction force of gastrocnemius muscle was measured. The wet weight of gastrocnemius muscle was measured and the ratio of wet weight to body weight was calculated. The expressions of Pax7, MyoG and MyoD in gastrocnemius muscle tissue were detected by western blot assay.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Isolated rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were positive for CD29 and CD90, and negative for CD31 and CD34. These cells had the ability of adipogenesis, osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Neonatal skeletal muscle fibers were observed in the injured site of the gastrocnemius muscles at 28 days after adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation, and no fibrogenesis was observed in the gastrocnemius muscles of the four groups. At 28 days after transplantation, the wet weight of gastrocnemius muscle and its ratio to body weight in the adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation group were higher than those in the model group and collagen group (P < 0.01), and the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers in the gastrocnemius muscle in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation group was larger than that in the model group and collagen group (P < 0.05). At 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation, the isometric contractile muscle strength of the gastrocnemius muscle in the model group, collagen group and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation group were lower than that in the normal control group (P < 0.01). At 28 days after transplantation, the isometric contractile muscle strength of the gastrocnemius muscle in the adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation group was higher than that in the model group and collagen group (P < 0.01). The expressions of Pax7 and MyoD in the gastrocnemius muscle of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation group were higher than those of the model group and collagen group at 14 days after transplantation (P < 0.05). The expressions of MyoD and MyoG in the gastrocnemius muscle of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation group was higher than that of model group and collagen group at 28 days after transplantation (P < 0.05). To conclude, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for acute skeletal muscle injury can promote the regeneration of muscle fibers and functional recovery.

Key words: acute skeletal muscle injury, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, cell transplantation, muscle fiber regeneration, gastrocnemius, allogeneic transplantation, skeletal muscle cells, myoblasts

CLC Number:

He Li, Zheng Xiaoli. Transplantation of allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes the recovery of skeletal muscle function[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2019, 23(17): 2739-2745.

Figures/Tables 2

2.1 SD大鼠脂肪干细胞的鉴定结果传代至第3代的脂肪干细胞形态均一，呈梭形或多角形，见图1A；流式细胞术检测结果显示，第3代大鼠脂肪干细胞表达间充质干细胞的表面标志物CD29和CD90，阳性率为96.4%和99.5%，不表达血管内皮细胞表面标志物CD31和造血干细胞标志物CD34，见图1B；油红O染色结果显示，脂肪干细胞胞质内有淡红色脂滴，大小不一，见图1C；阿利新蓝染色结果显示，细胞间可见浅蓝色块状组织，结构较致密，见图1D；茜素红S染色结果显示，细胞间可见暗红色结节，见图1E。上述结果提示，分离获得了脂肪干细胞。 2.2 实验大鼠数量分析共使用72只SD大鼠进行体内实验，其中正常对照组18只，54只用于造模和移植，整个实验过程顺利，72只大鼠的实验结果计入数据分析。 2.3 脂肪干细胞移植对骨骼肌纤维再生的影响为了观察新生肌纤维出现的时间将观察时间点设定为7，14，28 d，由于骨骼肌组织修复时间较长，在移植后7，14 d没有观察到组织学结构变化，只有28 d后才出现差异，故实验对28 d观察结果进行描述。组织学观察结果显示，移植后28 d，正常对照组骨骼肌纤维排列整齐，结构正常，见图2A；模型组局部骨骼肌纤维排列紊乱，肌纤维间距离增大，见图2B；胶原蛋白组肌组织结果与模型组相似，见图2C；脂肪干细胞移植组大鼠腓肠肌损伤部位周围出现散在分布的新生骨骼肌纤维，新生的骨骼肌纤维直径小于原有骨骼肌纤维，且肌纤维直径大小不等，细胞核位于细胞中央，见图2D；4组大鼠腓肠肌损伤部位均未观察到明显的纤维增生。为了进一步证实肌纤维的再生，测量了腓肠肌的湿质量及其与体质量的比值，见图2E，F。在移植后28 d，脂肪干细胞移植组、模型组和胶原蛋白组大鼠腓肠肌湿质量及其与体质量比值均低于正常对照组(P < 0.01)，脂肪干细胞移植组腓肠肌湿质量及其与体质量比值则高于模型组和胶原蛋白组(P < 0.01)；移植后28 d，脂肪干细胞移植组腓肠肌中肌纤维横截面积大于模型组和胶原蛋白组，差异有显著性意义(P < 0.01)，见图2G。上述结果一致说明脂肪干细胞移植可促进骨骼肌纤维的再生，但不能明确新生骨骼肌纤维来源于移植的干细胞。 2.4 脂肪干细胞移植对骨骼肌收缩力的影响移植后7，14，28 d，模型组、胶原蛋白组、脂肪干细胞移植组腓肠肌等长收缩肌力均低于正常对照组(P < 0.01)；移植后28 d，脂肪干细胞移植组腓肠肌等长收缩肌力高于模型组和胶原蛋白组(P < 0.01)，提示脂肪干细胞移植可改善骨骼肌的收缩力，见图3。 2.5 脂肪干细胞移植影响肌纤维的再生修复的时期为了深入研究移植的脂肪干细胞是否在肌纤维再生的不同阶段均发挥作用，进行Western blot半定量检测。移植后14 d，脂肪干细胞移植组腓肠肌组织中Pax7和MyoD的表达高于模型组、胶原蛋白组和正常对照组，差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)；移植后28 d，脂肪干细胞移植组腓肠肌组织中MyoD和MyoG的表达高于模型组、胶原蛋白组和正常对照组，差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)，见图4。以上结果提示，脂肪干细胞移植通过影响肌纤维的早期与晚期再生发挥修复作用。"

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