Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (31): 8219-8229.doi: 10.12307/2026.783

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Exosomes from different sources and osteoarthritis: engineering technology, targeting, and drug carrier function

Liu Jinrui, Yang Xianguang, Liu Haolong, Li Li, Ruan Zhaohui, Li Yanlin   

  1. Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
  • Received:2025-09-22 Accepted:2026-02-10 Online:2026-11-08 Published:2026-05-25
  • Contact: Li Yanlin, MD, Chief physician, Professor, Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
  • About author:Liu Jinrui, MS, Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Kunming Medical University Joint Special Project - Key Project, No. 202401AY070001-007 (to LYL); Yunnan Provincial Academician (Expert) Workstation Project, No. 202405AF140051 (to LYL); Joint Special Project - General Project of Kunming Medical University, No. 202401AY070001-242 (to YXG); Graduate Innovation Fund of Kunming Medical University, No. 2024S250 (to LJR)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative joint disease for which there is currently no effective treatment to significantly alleviate symptom and prevent disease progression. In recent years, exosomes, as key mediators of intercellular communication, have become a research hotspot in the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis. 
OBJECTIVE: To systematically summarize the latest progress of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis, introduce the biological characteristics of exosomes from different sources, and discuss their effects and challenges in the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis so as to provide optimized strategies for further improving the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis using exosomes.
METHODS: Using the search terms “exosome, osteoarthritis, OA” in English and “mesenchymal stem cells, exosomes, osteoarthritis” in Chinese, we searched for studies on the application of exosomes in osteoarthritis in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Database, VIP, and PubMed databases. The literature search covered the period from January 2010 to October 2024, and 167 articles were ultimately included in this review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Exosomes from different sources have the ability to inhibit inflammation and repair cartilage. Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells not only regulate inflammatory responses through multiple mechanisms but also promote chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, thereby positively impacting the repair of cartilage degeneration. Improving the targeting and drug carrier functions of exosomes is key to improving the clinical efficacy of exosomes. Cell pretreatment, exosome engineering, and modified exosome carriers can optimize therapeutic efficacy. However, the clinical translation of exosomes remains challenging, and further in-depth research is needed to achieve precise application.

Key words: exosomes, osteoarthritis, mesenchymal stem cells, cartilage repair, engineered exosomes, nanomedicine carriers, bioengineering, regenerative medicine

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