Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2024, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (32): 5243-5248.doi: 10.12307/2024.495

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High tibial osteotomy promotes cartilage regeneration in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis

Fu Qiangchang1, 2, 3, 4, Zheng Liming1, 2, 3, 4, Jiang Lifeng1, 2, 3, 4   

  1. 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; 2Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; 3Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; 4Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
  • Received:2023-08-02 Accepted:2023-09-25 Online:2024-11-18 Published:2023-12-29
  • Contact: Jiang Lifeng, MD, Associate chief physician, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China Zheng Liming, MD, Researher, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
  • About author:Fu Qiangchang, Master candidate, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China (Youth Project), No. 81801371 (to JLF); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (General Project), No. 2022M722769 (to ZLM) 

Abstract: BACKGROUND: For early knee osteoarthritis in which total knee arthroplasty fails to achieve satisfactory results, high tibial osteotomy that has been found to promote regeneration of damaged cartilage and alleviate symptoms in patients is considered a classic knee-preserving procedure.
OBJECTIVE: To review and discuss the effectiveness, mechanism, and application prospects of high tibial osteotomy in stimulating cartilage regeneration in knee osteoarthritis and to provide a theoretical basis for the use of high tibial osteotomy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
METHODS: A computerized search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and WanFang databases for relevant literature published from 2013 to 2023. The search terms used were “knee osteoarthritis, high tibial osteotomy, limb alignment, chondrocytes, biomechanics, intra-articular” in both English and Chinese. Finally, 75 articles were included for review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: High tibial osteotomy correcting the lower limb alignment has been found to be effective in alleviating symptoms and potentially delaying or preventing the need for total knee arthroplasty. This is an important aspect of orthopedic step-down treatment in knee osteoarthritis. Maintaining a normal mechanical microenvironment is crucial for the proper functioning and maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype. Abnormal mechanical signals can be converted into intracellular chemical signals through mechanosensors like primary cilia, integrins, cytoskeleton and nucleoskeleton, resulting in disruptions to the balance of matrix metabolism and regulation of inflammatory responses. Chondrocytes after abnormal stress action still have the potential to revert to a normal phenotype under appropriate stress; correction of the mechanical microenvironment by high tibial osteotomy leads to spontaneous cartilage repair and remission of synovial inflammation. The combination of high tibial osteotomy and cartilage regeneration strategy holds promising prospects for patients with early knee osteoarthritis who are not candidates for total knee arthroplasty.

Key words: knee osteoarthritis, high tibial osteotomy, lower limb alignment, cartilage regeneration, inflammation, biomechanics, mechanical microenvironment, intra-articular injection

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