Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2024, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (9): 1436-1442.doi: 10.12307/2024.002

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Abnormal types of intervertebral disc structure and related mechanical loading with biomechanical factors

Weng Rui1, 2, Lin Dongxin3, Guo Haiwei1, 2, Zhang Wensheng1, 2, Song Yuke1, 2, Lin Hongheng1, 2, Li Wenchao1, 2, Ye Linqiang4   

  1. 1Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China; 2Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics & Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China; 3School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; 4Department of Orthopedics, Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523000, China
  • Received:2023-01-16 Accepted:2023-02-24 Online:2024-03-28 Published:2023-07-26
  • Contact: Ye Linqiang, MD, Attending TCM physician, Department of Orthopedics, Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523000, Guangdong Province, China
  • About author:Weng Rui, Master, Physician, Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics & Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation, No. 2019A1515110717 (to YLQ); Dongguan Science and Technology of Social Development Program, No. 202050715002180 (to YLQ)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The problem of intervertebral disc injury and degeneration has been studied in many ways. Many studies have shown that intervertebral disc injury and degeneration is driven by mechanical loading factors. However, the potential relationship between common phenotypes of intervertebral disc injury and degeneration and mechanical loading factors has been rarely summarized.  
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the types of common structural abnormalities exhibited by intervertebral disc injury and degeneration in the published literature, and sum up the potential links to the types of mechanical loading that lead to these structural abnormalities in in vitro and ex vivo experimental studies.
METHODS: Using the terms “intervertebral disc failure, intervertebral disc injury, mechanical load, mechanical factor, load factor, biomechanics” as Chinese and English key words in PubMed, CNKI, and WanFang databases, articles related to intervertebral disc injury degeneration and mechanical load factors were retrieved. Literature screening was performed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 88 articles were finally included.  
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Common structural abnormalities of intervertebral discs include decreased intervertebral disc height, disc bulge, osteophyte formation, annulus fibrosus tear, intervertebral disc herniation or disc prolapse, endplate damage, Schmorl nodes and intervertebral disc calcification. Intervertebral discs are susceptible to mechanical load types such as compression, bending, axial rotation, and compound loads. (2) The compressive load mainly causes the decrease of the proteoglycan content and the water-binding ability of the intervertebral disc, leading to the decrease or swelling of the intervertebral disc and further damage and degeneration of the intervertebral disc. In addition, the excessive compressive load causes greater damage to the endplate. (3) Bending load and axial rotation load damage the annulus fibrosus more than the endplate, and prolonged or repeated bending loads can cause tearing of the fibrous annulus and herniation or prolapse of the intervertebral disc, while pure axial rotation loads can induce less damage to the intervertebral disc and only cause the tear of the annulus fibrosus. (4) However, when different load types act in combination, it is more likely to result in high stress on the disc and a greater risk of disc injury. (5) Injury and degeneration of the intervertebral disc present progressive structural damage, and early prevention and protection are particularly important in clinical practice. Future tissue engineering research can start with early repair of the intervertebral disc.

Key words: abnormal intervertebral disc structure, intervertebral disc injury or degeneration, mechanical load, biomechanics, prevention, diagnosis and treatment, in vitro, load type

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