Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2023, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (9): 1403-1409.doi: 10.12307/2023.210
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You Zhengqiu, Zhang Zhongzu, Wang Qunbo
Received:
2021-12-23
Accepted:
2022-01-30
Online:
2023-03-28
Published:
2022-07-02
Contact:
Wang Qunbo, Master, Chief physician, Department of Orthopedics, Yongchuan Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
About author:
You Zhengqiu, Master candidate, Physician, Department of Orthopedics, Yongchuan Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
CLC Number:
You Zhengqiu, Zhang Zhongzu, Wang Qunbo. Early symptomatic intervertebral disc pseudocysts after discectomy detected on MRI[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2023, 27(9): 1403-1409.
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病例1:36岁男性患者,因“反复腰背部疼痛、右下肢胀痛3个月”入院。入院查体:L5/S1椎间隙及右侧椎旁肌肉压、叩痛明显,目测类比评分为6分,向右下肢放射,右下肢直腿抬高试验40°(+)、加强试验(+),右小腿后侧、足底浅感觉减退,右足跖屈肌力4级,左下肢未见明显异常。完善检查,腰椎动力位片未见明显失稳;腰椎MRI提示:L5/S1椎间盘突出(旁中央型),L5/S1右侧神经根受压,椎管变窄,见图1A-C。其余检查未见明显异常。择期在全麻下行经皮椎间孔镜下椎板间隙入路L5/S1椎间盘髓核摘除手术。术后腰腿痛症状明显缓解,术后第1天目测类比评分为1分,5 d后出院。 术后第20天,患者因抬重物后出现腰部胀痛不适,第2天疼痛明显加重,并出现右下肢大腿后侧、小腿后侧、外踝、右足外侧放射性疼痛。查体:L5/S1椎间隙和椎旁肌肉明显叩压痛,目测类比评分为6分。右下肢直腿抬高试验40°(+)、加强试验(+)。右小腿后侧、足底浅感觉减退,肌力未见明显减退。复查MRI示:L5/S1椎间盘术区软组织肿胀,L5/S1后缘异常信号灶,与椎间盘相通,见图1D-F。给予患者口服止痛药、活血化瘀药等,患者腰腿痛症状缓解不明显。给予患者保守治疗,止痛消肿、营养神经、卧床休息等对症治疗,1周后患者诉疼痛症状较前缓解,目测类比评分为4分。3个月后随访,患者诉疼痛好转,目测类比评分为2分,偶有右小腿后侧、足底处麻木不适感。 "
病例2:45岁男性患者,因“腰痛伴左下肢疼痛1年,加重3 d以上”入院。体格检查:腰椎棘突及椎旁肌肉压叩痛明显,伴左下肢大腿后侧、小腿外侧、外踝放射痛,目测类比评分为8分,左下肢直腿抬高试验40°(+),加强试验(+),左下肢小腿外侧、外踝、足背浅感觉减退。左下肢胫前肌、背伸肌肌力4级,其余肌力未见明显异常。双侧病理征未引出。术前检查:腰椎平片及动力位片未见明显异常,MRI示:L3/4、L4/5椎间盘后缘后方突出,硬膜囊受压,椎管狭窄,L4/5左侧神经根受压,见图2A-C。诊断:腰椎间盘突出症(L3/4、L4/5);腰椎椎管狭窄。择期行经皮椎间孔镜下椎板间隙入路L4/5髓核摘除手术。术后患者腰背部及左下肢疼痛症状明显缓解。 术后1个月患者就诊诉劳累后出现腰背部、左下肢大腿后侧及小腿外侧放射性疼痛,程度较轻,卧床休息可缓解。复查MRI提示:L4/5椎间盘术后改变,术区及腰背部皮下软组织肿胀,见图2D-F。因患者症状较轻且卧床休息后可缓解,暂给予患者保守治疗,连续3 d静脉输注七叶皂和甘露醇后症状缓解明显。之后口服非类固醇抗炎止痛药1周,目测类比评分为2分,之后1.5,3,6个月随访,患者未诉腰痛等不适。 "
病例3:60岁女性患者,因“反复右下肢胀痛10余年,加重4 d”入院,既往无其他病史。体格检查:L5/S1及右侧椎旁肌肉明显叩压痛,向右下肢放射,目测类比评分为7分。右下肢直腿抬高试验50°(+)、加强试验(+),双下肢浅感觉、肌力未见明显异常。术前腰椎动力位提示L4椎体失稳,CT提示L5-S1椎间盘突出,无明显钙化。MRI示:L4椎体不稳定,L5/S1椎间盘突出,L5/S1椎间盘后缘纤维环裂隙。其余检查无特殊。择期在全麻下行经皮椎间孔镜下椎板间隙入路L5/S1髓核摘除手术。术后右下肢疼痛症状缓解,目测类比评分为1分。 术后第21天,患者诉晨起时右侧腰骶部、右侧臀区胀痛不适,自行服用“塞来昔布胶囊”后疼痛缓解,体格检查:L5/S1及右侧椎旁肌肉明显叩压痛,向右侧臀区放射,目测类比评分为6分。右下肢直腿抬高试验50°(+)、加强试验(+)。其余检查无异常。复查MRI示:L5/S1椎间盘内异常信号,多系术后改变,L5-S1椎间盘右后方T2加权像呈现囊性高信号密度影,见图3。给予患者卧床、消炎止痛对症治疗后,症状缓解明显,目测类比评分为3分。3个月后随访患者诉右侧臀区间断疼痛,疼痛尚可忍受,未行进一步处理。6个月后随访,患者臀区疼痛较前无明显差异,可耐受,未行处理。 "
病例4:43岁男性患者,因“腰痛3年余,右下肢疼痛半年,加重7 d以上”入院。入院后查体:右下肢直腿抬高试验40°(+)、加强试验(+),双下肢肌张力未见明显异常,右小腿后侧浅感觉减退,其余部位感觉未见明显异常,右足跖屈肌力4级,其余肌力正常。术前腰椎MRI检查提示:L5/S1椎间盘突出,右侧神经根受压。无手术禁忌证,择期行椎间孔镜下经椎板间入路L5/S1髓核摘除手术。术后患者腰腿痛症状明显缓解,目测类比评分为1分。术后第4天,佩戴护腰出院。 术后10 d,患者诉偶有腰背部胀痛不适,无双下肢疼痛麻木症状,卧床休息后可好转。术后第20天,因腰背部胀痛不适次数较前增多,患者遂就诊。查体:L5/S1椎间隙及右侧椎旁肌肉压、叩痛明显,目测类比评分为4分,向右下肢放射痛,右下肢直腿抬高试验60°(-),双下肢肌力、浅感觉未见明显异常。复查MRI示:L5/S1椎间盘后缘右椎间孔见一囊性突出,与椎间盘相通,伴L5/S1右侧骶神经根受压,见图4。嘱患者佩戴护腰、口服止痛消肿等药物、卧床休息。2周后随访,腰背部胀痛症状好转,目测类比评分为2分。6个月后随访,患者未述腰腿痛等症状。 "
病例5:35岁男性患者,因“腰痛伴左下肢疼痛半年,加重10余天”入院。体格检查:L4-5椎棘突及椎旁肌肉压叩痛明显,伴左下肢小腿外侧,足背,足拇趾放射痛,目测类比评分为8分,左下肢直腿抬高试验30°(+),加强试验(+),左下肢小腿外侧、后侧、外踝、足背浅感觉减退。左下肢胫前肌、踇背伸肌力4级,其余肌力未见明显异常。双侧病理征未引出。术前检查:腰椎平片及动力位片未见明显异常。MRI检查提示:L4/5椎间盘突出,左侧神经根受压,硬膜囊受压。诊断为L4-L5椎间盘突出症。择期在全麻下经皮椎间孔镜下椎板间隙入路L4/5髓核摘除手术。术后患者疼痛症状明显缓解,目测类比评分为1分,麻木症状有所改善。1周后好转出院。 术后40 d,患者无明显诱因出现左下肢小腿外侧,足背,足拇趾胀痛不适。查体:左下肢小腿外侧,足背,足拇趾放射痛,目测类比评分为6分。左下肢直腿抬高试验50°(+),加强试验(+),左下肢小腿外侧、后侧、外踝、足背浅感觉减退。肌力未见明显异常。复查MRI示:L4/5椎间盘切除术后,L4/5椎间盘左后方见大小约1.0 cm×1.3 cm囊性异常信号影,T1加权像呈低信号,T2加权像及脂肪抑制呈高信号,并与椎间盘相通,邻近左侧椎间孔狭窄,见图5A-C。与患者及其家属沟通后,同意行椎间孔镜下囊肿切除手术,术中见肉芽组织增生,术后患者疼痛明显缓解,目测类比评分为2分,之后好转出院。出院后3个月复查MRI,假性囊肿消失,见图5D-F。术后6,9,12个月随访,患者未诉腰腿痛等不适。 "
病例6:52岁女性患者,因“腰痛伴右下肢放射痛半年,加重5 d”入院。查体:L5/S1棘突及椎旁肌肉压、叩痛,伴右臀部、大腿后外侧、小腿后侧放射痛,目测类比评分为7分,腰椎屈伸、旋转部分受限,以屈曲为主;右下肢直腿抬高试验50°(+)、加强试验(+);右足跖屈肌肌力约Ⅳ级,余下肢肌力V级,双下肢浅感觉未见明显减退。在另外一家医院完善腰椎MRI,提示:L3/4、L4/5椎间盘纤维环撕裂,L5/S1椎间盘突出,见图6。腰椎X射线片无明显异常,腰椎CT示L5/S1椎间盘突出。择期在全麻下行后路椎间盘镜下行L5/S1椎间盘髓核摘除手术,神经根松解手术。术后患者症状明显缓解,腰腿疼痛目测类比评分降至1分。之后护腰保护,出院随访。 "
术后36 d,患者无明显诱因再次出现腰痛伴右下肢放射痛。查体:腰椎屈伸、旋转部分受限;L5/S1棘突及椎旁肌肉压、叩痛,伴右臀部、大腿后外侧、小腿后侧放射痛,目测类比评分为8分,右下肢直腿抬高试验40°(+)、加强试验(+);双下肢肌力Ⅴ级,双下肢浅感觉未见明显减退。实验室检查:血常规、C-反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率及降钙素原未见异常。复查MRI示:L5/S1椎间盘髓核摘除术后,L5/S1后缘后纵韧带前方囊性灶大小约1.0 cm×1.7 cm,椎管受压明显,见图7A-C。诊断为术后症状性椎间盘假性囊肿,因患者腰腿疼症状明显,在全麻下行椎间盘镜下囊肿探查清除手术,术中镜下见淡红色肉芽组织增生,切除囊性肿物,神经根减压充分。囊液为清亮液体,未见明显突出或游离髄核样组织,取囊壁进行病理检查,术后组织病理学(提示L5-S1局灶肉芽组织增生伴大量炎性细胞浸润,见图8。术后腰部及右下肢放射痛症状明显缓解,随访1个月,患者未诉腰腿痛不适,复查腰椎MRI示原假性囊肿明显缩小,硬膜囊及神经根周围无明显受压,见图7D-F。随访3个月,患者未再出现腰腿痛等不适。 "
病例7:54岁男性患者,因“反复腰腿痛6年以上,加重10余天”入院。入院查体:L4/5椎棘突及椎盘肌肉压叩痛明显,右下肢放射痛,沿右大腿外侧、右小腿外侧放射至右足背,腰椎屈伸、旋转部分受限,以屈曲为著;右下肢直腿抬高试验40°(+),加强试验(+),右大腿外侧、右小腿外侧、右足背浅感觉减退,右侧股四头肌4级,右胫前肌力3+级,右足拇趾背伸肌力3+级,右跖屈肌力4级,左下肢肌力未见明显减退。入院完善腰椎MRI示:L2/3、L3/4、L4/5椎间盘膨出,L3椎体后缘低信号,游离髓核?其余检查无明显异常。结合患者症状和体征,择期在全身麻醉下行后路L2/3椎管减压、髓核摘除、L2/3椎间植骨融合内固定+后路椎间盘镜下L4/5椎间盘髓核摘除,神经根松解手术。术后患者腰腿痛症状明显减轻,病情平稳后出院。 术后1个月左右,患者诉右侧腰骶部及臀区间歇性胀痛,久站、久坐和久行后加重,卧床休息后可缓解。之后疼痛间断发作,术后约2个月,患者右侧腰骶部及臀区间歇性胀痛加重,伴右髋部活动受限,卧床休息后症状缓解不明显。查体:L4/5椎间隙、L5/S1椎间隙及右侧椎旁肌肉压叩痛明显;目测类比评分为7分,腰椎屈伸、旋转部分受限;右下肢直腿抬高试验45°(+)、加强试验(+);右臀部、大腿后外侧、小腿外侧、外踝浅感觉减退;右侧髂腰肌肌力2+级,股四头肌肌力3+级,右足背伸及足拇趾背伸肌力4级,跖屈肌肌力3+级;左下肢肌力、浅感觉未见明显异常。复查腰椎MRI示:腰椎术后改变,L4/5椎间隙及椎管右侧条状异常信号,术后包裹性积液,见图9A-C。实验室检查:血常规、C-反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率及降钙素原未见异常。回顾文献,考虑上述临床特征及影像学表现,诊断为术后症状性椎间盘假性囊肿,之后行椎间盘镜下囊肿探查清除手术,术中L4/5手术区域发现包裹性囊性积液,张力明显,尽可能地切除囊肿壁并送病理检查,术后组织病理学示致密纤维结缔组织,囊壁内未见内衬上皮细胞及新生血管,未见椎间盘及含铁血红素巨噬细胞成分,见图10。术后患者的腰骶部及臀区疼痛得到缓解,给予常规药物治疗,手术24 h后,患者起床,在腰支撑带的保护下行走。手术1周后,患者病情明显改善出院。在2个月的随访期间,患者未诉腰腿痛等不适。术后45 d复查MRI示:腰椎术后改变,L4/5椎间隙及椎管右侧条状异常信号,范围较前明显缩小,见图9D-F。硬膜囊及神经根周围无致压物。 "
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