Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2022, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (8): 1293-1298.doi: 10.12307/2022.238

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Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: from enthesis to tendon-to-bone healing

Wu Bingshuang1, Wang Zhi2, Tang Yi3, Tang Xiaoyu4, Li Qi5   

  1. 1Department of Sports Medicine, 2Department of Geriatric Orthopedics, 3Department of Arthritis, No. 1 Orthopedics Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China; 4Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China; 5Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
  • Received:2021-01-26 Revised:2021-02-23 Accepted:2021-06-05 Online:2022-03-18 Published:2021-11-02
  • Contact: Li Qi, MD, Associate chief physician, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
  • About author:Wu Bingshuang, Associate chief physician, Department of Sports Medicine, No. 1 Orthopedics Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    the Scientific and Technological Plan of Sichuan Province, No. 2020YFS0078 (to LQ)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: At present, tendon-to-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is still the key factor affecting tendon and bone healing. There have been relevant basic research and clinical research reports; however, there is still a lack of relevant reviews.
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the microanatomical structure, mechanical and distribution characteristics of related biological factors of tendon-bone enthesis of the ACL and to discuss the research progress in tendon-to-bone healing after ACL reconstruction.
METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases for relevant literature published within 10 years using the keywords, including “ACL, tendon-to-bone healing, ligament reconstruction,” and matched Mesh terms. We therefore reviewed the structural characteristics of the tendon-bone enthesis of the ACL and summarized the current research progress in clinical tendon-to-bone healing.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Studies have shown that the femoral and humeral entheses of the ACL are direct entheses, transitioning from fibrocartilage to osseous tissue. The fibrocartilage layer is thicker on the femoral side than on the tibial side and larger on the anterior medial bundle, which is related to the mechanical stimulation during development. In addition, there is a certain law for the transition of molecules and proteins from tendonous structure to osseous tissue, which is mainly present with type I collagen in the tendon, type II collagen at the attachment point, and then type I collagen in bone tissue. Currently, tendon-to-bone healing is mainly enhanced by biological factors such as platelet-rich plasma. The surgical method and the graft fixation method have been developed to promote tendon-to-bone healing by modifying the mechanical environment or using tissue engineering. However, the results are still somewhat different. By studying the basic level of native ACL enthesis, the surgical reconstruction method can be improved accordingly in order to restore its original healing and mechanical function. In clinical research, studies on the use of biological factors, surgical improvements, and the introduction of new materials have gradually increased, but there is still a lack of relatively systematic verification. In the future, it should be further verified from molecular, protein, cell, and animal experiments to clinical randomized controlled trials.


Key words: knee joint, anterior cruciate ligament, tendon-to-bone enthesis, tendon-to-bone healing, ligament reconstruction

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