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08 December 2025, Volume 29 Issue 34 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Comparison of Mg-Li-Gd alloy and stainless steel intramedullary nail for fixation of femoral annular hemi-defects in rats Wang Jingshuai, Zhang Xiaotong, Zhang Yange, Wan Zedong, Kong Lingwei, Cao Haiying, Jin Yu 2025, 29 (34):  7261-7268.  doi: 10.12307/2025.894 Abstract ( 657 )   PDF (2264KB) ( 176 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the increasing demand for orthopedic implants, the search for materials with good biocompatibility and degradability has become a research hotspot. Magnesium-lithium-gadolinium (Mg-Li-Gd) alloy has good degradability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties, providing ideal supporting conditions for fracture healing.  OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Mg-Li-Gd alloy implants on bone healing in rats.  METHODS: A circular half-defect model was made on the lateral side of the right mid-femoral segment in 28 SD rats, and the rats were randomly divided into two groups. The stainless steel group was fixed with a stainless steel intramedullary nail, and the magnesium alloy group was fixed with an Mg-Li-Gd alloy intramedullary nail, with 14 rats in each group. At 2, 8, and 14 weeks after surgery, right femur X-ray and Micro-CT examinations, as well as hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, and western blot assay were performed.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) X-ray film: At 2 weeks after surgery, the osteotomy lines of both groups were clear, the density of the intramedullary nail in the magnesium alloy group was close to that of bone tissue, and the density of the intramedullary nail in the stainless steel group was higher than that of bone tissue. At 8 weeks after surgery, the osteotomy lines of both groups were blurred, and the intramedullary nail in the magnesium alloy group had corroded and degraded. At 14 weeks after surgery, the osteotomy lines of both groups disappeared, and the intramedullary nail in the magnesium alloy group further corroded and degraded. (2) Micro-CT: At 2 weeks after surgery, callus began to form in both groups; 8 weeks after surgery, the stainless steel group entered the callus remodeling stage, and a relatively dense bone structure was formed at the bone defect site, and the magnesium alloy group showed obvious callus hyperplasia at the bone defect site. At 14 weeks after surgery, the stainless steel group showed a mature bone remodeling process, and thick cortical bone was formed at the bone defect site, and thinner cortical bone was formed in the magnesium alloy group. (3) Hematoxylin-eosin staining: At 2 weeks after surgery, a large number of osteoblasts, osteocytes, a small number of osteoclasts and trabecular structures were observed in the magnesium alloy group, while relatively few osteoblasts and osteocytes were observed in the stainless steel group. At 8 weeks after surgery, a large number of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and mature trabecular structures were observed in the magnesium alloy group, while a large number of osteocytes and lamellar bones were observed in the stainless steel group. At 14 weeks after surgery, lamellar bones were observed in the magnesium alloy group, while mature bone tissue was observed in the stainless steel group. (4) Immunohistochemical staining and western blot assay: At the same time point, the expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2, osteocalcin, and RUNX2 proteins in the magnesium alloy group were higher than those in the stainless steel group. (5) The results showed that compared with stainless steel materials, Mg-Li-Gd alloy had no obvious advantage in promoting the formation of fracture healing structure. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Thermosensitive antibacterial hydrogel for treatment of infected bone defects Ren Bo, Tang Yongliang, Li Ni, Liu Bangding 2025, 29 (34):  7269-7277.  doi: 10.12307/2025.498 Abstract ( 465 )   PDF (2933KB) ( 209 )   Save BACKGROUND: The traditional method for treating infected bone defects is thorough debridement, filling with antibiotic-impregnated bone cement, and then autologous bone transplantation. However, there are problems such as insufficient antibiotic concentration and drug resistance, and limited bone mass. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to seek dual-functional biomaterials that can locally release antibiotics at the site of infection and promote bone repair. OBJECTIVE: To design an injectable hydrogel composed of hyaluronic acid and oxidized dextran as a local delivery system for vancomycin to treat infection and promote bone regeneration. METHODS: (1) Vancomycin-loaded hyaluronic acid/oxidized dextran hydrogels were prepared to characterize the morphology, mechanical properties, and in vitro drug release of the hydrogels. (2) Hyaluronic acid/oxidized dextran hydrogels and vancomycin-loaded hyaluronic acid/oxidized dextran hydrogels were co-cultured with rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell activity and proliferation were detected by live-dead staining and CCK-8 assay. After osteogenic induction, alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red staining, RUNX2 immunofluorescence staining, and RT-qPCR detection (osteocalcin and bone morphogenetic protein 2 mRNA expression) were performed to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (3) The above two hydrogels were co-cultured with Escherichia coli (or Staphylococcus aureus) to detect the antibacterial ability of the hydrogels. (4) Thirty rabbits were selected to establish a 1.5 cm infected bone defect model in the middle of the left radius. Two weeks after modeling, they were randomly divided into three intervention groups: the blank group (n=10) did not receive any treatment; the control group (n=10) was injected with hyaluronic acid/oxidized dextran hydrogel at the bone defect site; the experimental group (n=10) was injected with vancomycin-loaded hyaluronic acid/oxidized dextran hydrogel at the bone defect site. 12 weeks after injection, the samples were collected for Micro-CT scanning, tissue morphology observation, RT-qPCR detection (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6 mRNA expression), and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Vancomycin-loaded hyaluronic acid/oxidized dextran hydrogel had a good porous structure with a pore size between 100-300 μm, and had good mechanical properties and in vitro drug sustained release performance. (2) Live-dead staining and CCK-8 assay results confirmed that vancomycin-loaded hyaluronic acid/oxidized dextran hydrogel had good biocompatibility. Alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red staining, RUNX2 immunofluorescence staining, and RT-qPCR test results showed that both hydrogels could promote osteogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (3) Compared with hyaluronic acid/oxidized dextran hydrogel, vancomycin-loaded hyaluronic acid/oxidized dextran hydrogel could significantly inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. (4) Micro-CT scanning results showed that the bone volume fraction and bone density of new bone in the bone defect area of the experimental group were higher than those of the blank group and the control group (P < 0.05). The bone tissue morphology observation results showed that the experimental group had better repair effect of bone defects compared with the blank group and control group. The expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 mRNA in the bone defect site in the experimental group was lower than that in the blank group and control group (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the protein expressions of osteocalcin and RUNX2 at the site of bone defects in the experimental group and control group were higher than those in the blank group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that vancomycin-loaded hyaluronic acid/oxidized dextran hydrogel can effectively promote bone regeneration under infection. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differences in physicochemical properties and collagen secretion stimulation of natural and synthetic hydroxyapatite particles Shi Tongtong, Deng Rongxia, Zhang Jianguang 2025, 29 (34):  7278-7285.  doi: 10.12307/2025.495 Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (2000KB) ( 171 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, hydroxyapatite has been used more and more widely in the field of facial fillers due to its good biocompatibility and low immunity. The main sources are divided into natural extraction and artificial synthesis. However, there are few comparative studies on natural extraction and artificial synthesis of hydroxyapatite, especially the difference in stimulating collagen secretion between the two.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the physicochemical differences between naturally derived and commercially available synthetic calcium hydroxyapatite particles and promoting collagen secretion.  METHODS: (1) Natural hydroxyapatite particles from pig bones and two kinds of commercially available synthetic hydroxyapatite particles (denoted as SYN1 and SYN2) were used to characterize the microstructure and surface element content of the three kinds of materials. (2) The three kinds of materials with different mass concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/mL) were co-cultured with human skin fibroblasts. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. The three kinds of materials at 5 mg/mL were co-cultured with human skin fibroblasts. Cell adhesion was observed by CCK-8 assay and scanning electron microscopy. The expression of type I collagen was detected by RT-PCR, ELISA, and western blot assay. (3) Twelve New Zealand rabbits were selected, of which six were subcutaneously injected with a mixture of natural hydroxyapatite and 2% sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel on the back. The remaining six rabbits were subcutaneously injected with a mixture of SYN2 and 2% sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel on the back. The samples were collected 1 and 3 months after injection and stained with Masson and Sirius red. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscope showed that the crystal grains of natural hydroxyapatite particles were more regular and uniform, with holes evenly distributed between particles. The SYN1 grains were smaller and densely arranged, while the SYN2 grains were irregular. The median particle sizes of natural hydroxyapatite particles, SYN1, and SYN2 were 38, 24, and 40 μm, respectively. Natural hydroxyapatite contained Mg and Zn, SYN1 did not contain Mg and Zn, and SYN2 did not contain Zn. (2) CCK-8 assay showed that 1 and 5 mg/mL of natural hydroxyapatite and SYN2 promoted the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts, while 5 and 10 mg/mL of SYN1 inhibited the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts. The number of cells adhered to the surface of natural hydroxyapatite particles was more than that of SYN1 and SYN2, and the cells on the surface of natural hydroxyapatite particles spread well, with visible filopodia. RT-PCR, ELISA, and western blot assay results showed that the expression of type I collagen in the natural hydroxyapatite particle group was higher than that in the SYN1 group and the SYN2 group. (3) The results of Masson and Sirius red staining showed that the amount of type I collagen in the subcutaneous tissue of the natural hydroxyapatite particle group was greater than that of the SYN2 group 1 and 3 months after injection. (4) The results show that compared with synthetic hydroxyapatite particles, natural hydroxyapatite particles have a richer distribution of trace elements and can better promote fibroblast adhesion, proliferation and collagen regeneration. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cement-augmented short-segment percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for the stage II Kümmell’s disease Sheng Wenbo, Liu Bingli, Li Sibo, Ao Rongguang, Yu Baoqing 2025, 29 (34):  7286-7292.  doi: 10.12307/2025.493 Abstract ( 171 )   PDF (1072KB) ( 88 )   Save BACKGROUND: Stage II Kümmell’s disease has traditionally been treated with percutaneous kyphoplasty, but this approach is associated with a high incidence of complications such as poor postoperative pain relief, suboptimal cement dispersion, and adjacent vertebral fractures. Studies have shown that cement augmentation of the injured vertebra combined with posterior spinal canal decompression and short-segment fixation has a good effect on the treatment of Kümmell’s disease with neurological symptoms.  OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes of cement-augmented short-segment percutaneous pedicle screw fixation with those of percutaneous kyphoplasty for the treatment of stage II Kümmell’s disease. METHODS: From January 2020 to January 2023, a total of 49 patients with stage II Kümmell’s disease from Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were included in this study, with 15 males and 34 females. According to the treatment method, the patients were divided into the trial group (n=23) and the control group (n=26). The patients in the trial group received cement-augmented short-segment percutaneous pedicle screw fixation, and the patients in the control group received percutaneous kyphoplasty. The postoperative complications were recorded, and the spinal Cobb angle and the ratio of the anterior edge height of the injured vertebra were compared between the two groups at 1, 6, 12 weeks, 6, and 12 months after surgery. The Oswestry disability index and lumbar visual analog score were compared at 1 week and 12 months after surgery.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) All patients in the two groups were followed up for more than 12 months after surgery. Five patients in the control group had adjacent vertebral fractures, three patients had severe kyphosis, and one patient in the trial group had postoperative incision complications. (2) Compared with preoperative data, the spinal Cobb angle and the ratio of the anterior edge height of the injured vertebra in both groups were significantly improved after surgery (P < 0.05). The spinal Cobb angle of the trial group was lower than that of the control group at 1, 6, 12 weeks, 6, and 12 months after surgery (P < 0.05), and the ratio of the anterior edge height of the injured vertebra in the trial group was higher than that of the control group at 1, 6, 12 weeks, 6, and 12 months after surgery (P < 0.05). (3) Compared with preoperative data, the Oswestry disability index and lumbar visual analog scale score of the two groups were significantly improved after surgery (P < 0.05). The Oswestry disability index and lumbar visual analog scale score of the trial group were lower than those of the control group at 1 week and 12 months after surgery (P < 0.05). (4) The results show that compared with percutaneous kyphoplasty, cement-augmented short-segment percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for stage II Kümmell’s disease can better restore the height of the affected vertebra, maintain the shape of the affected vertebra, improve spinal function, and alleviate lumbar pain. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of crocin hydrogel on chondrocytes and MC3T3-E1 cells Yin Hang, Song Kui 2025, 29 (34):  7293-7300.  doi: 10.12307/2025.888 Abstract ( 359 )   PDF (1314KB) ( 78 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have found that crocin can inhibit the apoptosis of osteoarthritis chondrocytes, reduce the inflammatory response of osteoarthritis rats, promote bone formation and inhibit bone loss in osteoporotic rats, and has great application potential in cartilage and bone damage. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of crocin hydrogel on chondrocytes and MC3T3-E1 cells. METHODS: Crocin hydrogels were prepared by Schiff base crosslinking method by adding different concentrations of crocin solution (0, 15, 20, and 25 mmol/L) into oxidized hyaluronic acid -oxidized chondroitin sulfate -type II collagen mixed solution, and then four kinds of hydrogel extracts were prepared. Human chondrocytes were cultured with four kinds of crocin hydrogel extracts to detect glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. Cell migration was detected by Transwell chamber assay. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of SOX9, type II collagen, and aggrecan in cells. Four kinds of crocin hydrogel extracts were co-cultured with MC3T3-E1 cells, respectively. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of RUNX2, type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin in cells. and the alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized nodule formation after osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) CCK-8 assay results showed that 15 and 20 mmol/L crocin hydrogel extract promoted the proliferation of chondrocytes, while 25 mmol/L crocin hydrogel extract inhibited the proliferation of chondrocytes. 15, 20, and 25 mmol/L crocin hydrogel extracts could all promote the migration of chondrocytes, increase the expression of SOX9, type II collagen, aggrecan mRNA and glycosaminoglycan synthesis of chondrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. (2) 15, 20, and 25 mmol/L crocin hydrogel extract could promote the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and increase the expression of RUNX2, type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin mRNA in cells after osteogenic differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. 15, 20, and 25 mmol/L crocin hydrogel extract could increase the alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized nodule formation of MC3T3-E1 cells after osteogenic induction differentiation. Among them, 20 mmol/L crocin hydrogel extract is the most significant in improvement effect of the extract liquid. (3) The results show that crocin hydrogel can promote the proliferation and migration of chondrocytes and the synthesis of cartilage extracellular matrix, and enhance the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Among them, the comprehensive effect of 20 mmol/L crocin hydrogel is best. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Inhibition of hypertrophic scar in rats by beta-sitosterol-laden mesoporous silica nanoparticles Zhang Fei, Zuo Jun 2025, 29 (34):  7301-7309.  doi: 10.12307/2025.889 Abstract ( 175 )   PDF (2073KB) ( 75 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that β-sitosterol has a good inhibitory effect on hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. However, its clinical application is limited by its poor water solubility and unstable physicochemical properties.   OBJECTIVE: To prepare β-sitosterol-laden nanoparticles with sustained drug release function and to analyze the therapeutic effect of the drug-laden nanoparticles on hypertrophic scars in rats.   METHODS: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles and mesoporous silica@β-sitosterol nanoparticles were prepared, and the physicochemical properties of the two nanoparticles were characterized. A self-made traction device was used to continuously apply traction force to the wound surface of the tail of 48 SD rats (deep to the periosteum) to establish a tail hypertrophic scar model. On day 21 of continuous traction, the 36 rats with successful modeling were randomly divided into 4 groups for intervention using a random number table method, with 9 rats in each group: the control group was injected with normal saline into the scar tissue, and the mesoporous silica group, β-sitosterol group, and mesoporous silica@β-sitosterol group were injected with mesoporous silica nanoparticle solution, β-sitosterol suspension, and mesoporous silica@β-sitosterol nanoparticle solution into the scar tissue, respectively, once a week for 6 consecutive weeks. Scar area and clinical scar score were recorded before injection and 14 and 42 days after injection. One week after the last injection, hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining were used to evaluate dermal thickness and collagen fiber deposition and arrangement. Immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate the expression of type I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin in scars. Western blot assay was used to detect the protein expression of autophagy marker LC3-II and apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-3 in scars. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under transmission electron microscopy, both nanoparticles were hollow spheres, and the mesoporous structure of mesoporous silica@β-sitosterol nanoparticles was fuzzy and the average particle size was slightly larger. Infrared spectroscopy showed that β-sitosterol was successfully encapsulated in mesoporous silica nanoparticles. The drug encapsulation rate and drug loading rate of mesoporous silica@β-sitosterol nanoparticles were 88.34% and 39.77%, respectively. The solubility of mesoporous silica@β-sitosterol nanoparticles was stronger than that of free β-sitosterol, and β-sitosterol could be slowly released in vitro for more than 6 days. (2) The results of animal experiments showed that the scar area of the mesoporous silica @β-sitosterol group was smaller than that of the other three groups 42 days after injection (P < 0.05). The clinical scar scores at 14 and 42 days after injection were lower than those of the control group and the mesoporous silica group (P < 0.05). The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining showed that the scar dermis thickness of the mesoporous silica@β-sitosterol group was reduced compared with the control group, the mesoporous silica group, and the β-sitosterol group (P < 0.05), and the collagen arrangement was relatively neat and regular in direction. The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of type I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin in the mesoporous silica@β-sitosterol group was lower than that of the other three groups (P < 0.05). The results of western blot assay showed that the expression of LC3-II protein in the mesoporous silica@β-sitosterol group was lower than that of the other three groups (P < 0.05), and the expression of cleaved Caspase-3 protein was higher than that of the other three groups (P < 0.05). (3) The results showed that mesoporous silica@β-sitosterol nanoparticles effectively improved the water solubility and water dispersibility of β-sitosterol, and had excellent drug controlled release properties. They could inhibit the autophagy of fibroblasts in the lesions and induce their apoptosis, thereby inhibiting collagen deposition, promoting the fading and remodeling of hypertrophic scars. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Inhibitory effect of ferroptosis inhibitor toxicity induced by cobalt nanoparticles through reactive oxygen species Wang Chen, Zhang Weinan, Shen Jining, Liu Fan, Yuan Jishan, Liu Yake 2025, 29 (34):  7310-7317.  doi: 10.12307/2025.492 Abstract ( 262 )   PDF (1245KB) ( 58 )   Save BACKGROUND: Soft tissue damage induced by cobalt nanoparticles is currently the most noticeable complication in patients with artificial joint prostheses. Therefore, an effective therapeutic strategy is needed to limit the toxicity of cobalt nanoparticles.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of a ferroptosis inhibitor on cobalt nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity.  METHODS: To evaluate the detoxification effect of ferroptosis inhibitor on mouse fibroblasts (Balb/3T3), Balb/3T3 cells were treated with cobalt nanoparticles and ferroptosis inhibitor for 24 hours. The cell viabilities were measured by cell viability assay. Based on the results of the cell viability assay, the concentrations of cobalt nanoparticles and deferiprone were determined. The experiment was divided into four groups: the cobalt nanoparticles group (400 μmol/L cobalt nanoparticles), the cobalt nanoparticles + deferiprone group (400 μmol/L cobalt nanoparticles and 25 μmol/L deferiprone), the deferiprone group (25 μmol/L deferiprone), and the control group. The expressions of glutathione peroxidase 4 and solute carrier family 7 member 11 protein were examined by western blot assay.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The cell viability assay results showed that as the exposure time or the drug concentration increased, cell viability decreased further, indicating that the cytotoxic effect of cobalt nanoparticles was time- and dose-dependent. Additionally, after 24 hours of exposure, cobalt nanoparticles significantly reduced cell viability and glutathione levels compared with the control group (P < 0.05). At the same time, compared with the control group, there was an increase in reactive oxygen species production, intracellular iron levels, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. After the addition of deferiprone, compared with the cobalt nanoparticles group, cell viability significantly improved, and reactive oxygen species production, intracellular iron levels, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). This demonstrated that deferiprone had a protective effect on cells exposed to cobalt nanoparticles. (2) Western blot assay results showed that cobalt nanoparticles reduced the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 and solute carrier family 7 member 11 protein (P < 0.05), while deferiprone inhibited this effect (P < 0.05). (3) The above findings verify that cobalt nanoparticles are highly cytotoxic and ferroptosis inhibitor deferiprone has a detoxification effect on cytotoxicity induced by cobalt nanoparticles. Ferroptosis plays an important role in the process by which cobalt nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effect of ferroptosis inhibitors on the toxicity of cobalt nanoparticles may provide valuable insights for further research into the mechanisms of cobalt nanoparticle toxicity and potential detoxification strategies. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prussian blue nanoparticles restore mitochondrial function in nucleus pulposus cells through antioxidation Zhang Xiaoyu, Wei Shanwen, Fang Jiawei, Ni Li 2025, 29 (34):  7318-7325.  doi: 10.12307/2025.895 Abstract ( 330 )   PDF (1891KB) ( 93 )   Save BACKGROUND: Restoring the normal level of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial function of nucleus pulposus cells and inhibiting apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells are key targets for delaying intervertebral disc degeneration. Prussian blue nanoparticles have peroxidase-like activity, which can effectively remove reactive oxygen species in the pathological microenvironment and protect nucleus pulposus cells from oxidative stress damage. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biological functions and mechanisms of Prussian blue nanoparticles in delaying nucleus pulposus degeneration in rats. METHODS: Prussian blue nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method, and their micromorphology and particle size were characterized. Prussian blue nanoparticles with different mass concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µg/mL) were used to intervene in the caudal nucleus pulposus cells of passage 2 SD rats. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay after 24 hours. 60 µg/mL Prussian blue nanoparticles were used to intervene in the caudal nucleus pulposus cells of passage 2 SD rats. The viability of nucleus pulposus cells was observed by live-dead staining after 1 and 3 days. Passage 2 SD rat caudal vertebrae nucleus pulposus cells were obtained and observed for cell adhesion before being divided into three intervention groups. The control group did not receive any intervention. The lipopolysaccharide group was added with lipopolysaccharide. The lipopolysaccharide + Prussian blue nanoparticle group was added with lipopolysaccharide and 60 µg/mL Prussian blue nanoparticles. Reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial superoxide, and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected 24 hours after intervention. RT-qPCR detection and Alcian blue staining were performed 48 hours after intervention.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under transmission electron microscopy, Prussian blue nanoparticles were uniform nanocubes with an average particle size of 130 nm. (2) CCK-8 assay results showed that 20-60 µg/mL Prussian blue nanoparticles had no obvious cytotoxicity, and 60 µg/mL Prussian blue nanoparticles were selected for cell intervention in subsequent experiments. Live-dead staining results showed that 60 µg/mL Prussian blue nanoparticles had no effect on the viability of nucleus pulposus cells. (3) Compared with the control group, the levels of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide in nucleus pulposus cells in the lipopolysaccharide group were increased (P < 0.01), the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased (P < 0.01), the mRNA expressions of type II collagen and aggrecan were decreased (P < 0.01), the mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 13 and thrombospondin integrin metallopeptidase 5 were increased (P < 0.01), and the positive area of Alcian blue staining was reduced (P < 0.01). Compared with the lipopolysaccharide group, the levels of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide in nucleus pulposus cells in the lipopolysaccharide + Prussian blue nanoparticle group were decreased (P < 0.01), mitochondrial membrane potential increased (P < 0.01), mRNA expression of type II collagen and aggrecan increased (P < 0.01), mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 and thrombospondin integrin metallopeptidase 5 decreased (P < 0.01), and positive area of Alcian blue staining increased (P < 0.01). The results showed that Prussian blue nanoparticles delayed the degeneration of rat nucleus pulposus by reducing oxidative stress of nucleus pulposus cells, restoring mitochondrial function, and maintaining the balance of extracellular matrix synthesis and catabolism.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantitative analysis on effect of dimethyl sulfoxide penetration in cryopreservation of rabbits’ severed hindlimb Li Tangbo, Song Diyu, Hao Guobing, Zhang Shuming, Zhu Zexing 2025, 29 (34):  7326-7332.  doi: 10.12307/2025.462 Abstract ( 194 )   PDF (1164KB) ( 68 )   Save BACKGROUND: The effect of protective agent penetration is crucial in organ cryopreservation. Quantitative analysis of the effect of cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide introduction can provide a theoretical basis for the successful cryopreservation of organs.  OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide penetration on the cryopreservation of rabbits’ severed hindlimb.  METHODS: Fifty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into group A1 (n=8), group A2 (n=8), group B1 (n=8), group B2 (n=8), group C1 (n=6), group C2 (n=6), and group C3 (n=6) by random number table method. The severed hind limb cryoprotectant perfusion model was established in all groups. Groups A1 and A2 were perfused with 10% and 20% dimethyl sulfoxide solution through the femoral artery for 50 minutes, respectively. The concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in muscle tissue was detected by microdialysis-freezing osmometer. Group B1 and group B2 were perfused with 10% and 20% dimethyl sulfoxide solution through the femoral artery for 30 and 20 minutes, respectively. The concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in perivascular, muscle and subcutaneous tissue was detected by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Group C1, group C2, and group C3 were immersed in 50%, 35%, and 20% dimethyl sulfoxide solution for 30 minutes, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to detect the concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in perivascular, muscle and subcutaneous tissues. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in the muscle tissue of groups A1 and A2 increased with the extension of perfusion time. The concentration of group A1 stabilized at about 5% after 30 minutes of perfusion, and the concentration of group A2 stabilized at about 12% after 20 minutes of perfusion. The concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in the muscle tissue of group A2 at each perfusion time point was higher than that of group A1 (P < 0.05). (2) The concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide in the muscle, perivascular and subcutaneous tissue of group B2 were 12%, 20%, and 8.6%, respectively. The concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide in the perivascular, muscle tissue and subcutaneous tissue of group B1 were 10.9%, 6.9%, and 1%, respectively. There were significant differences in the concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide in the same tissues between the two groups (P < 0.05). (3) The presence of dimethyl sulfoxide was not detected in the muscle and perivascular tissue of groups C1, C2, and C3. The concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide in the subcutaneous tissue of groups C1, C2, and C3 were 6.5%, 2.3%, and 1.85%, respectively, and the difference between the groups was significant (P < 0.05). (4) These results suggest that for the rabbits’ severed hindlimb model, the dimethyl sulfoxide penetration is ineffective by traditional immersion method, while 20% dimethyl sulfoxide can reach or approach effective vitrification concentration in most tissues after being introduced into the model through arterial perfusion.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and antibacterial evaluation of nanosilver-reduced graphene oxide/polydopamine/methacrylated gelatin@Gap19 hydrogel Li Ruotong, Wu Yuening, Deng Yunyi, Chen Shichao, Lan Xiaorong, Li Shiting, Li Guangwen 2025, 29 (34):  7333-7343.  doi: 10.12307/2025.886 Abstract ( 291 )   PDF (3193KB) ( 174 )   Save BACKGROUND: Vital pulp therapy is one of the main treatments for common oral diseases such as deep caries. The antibacterial properties of pulp-capping materials are crucial to the efficacy of the treatment. Currently, commonly used pulp-capping material has weak antibacterial properties and may induce a certain degree of inflammatory response in the pulp tissue, leading to treatment failure.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibacterial effects of nanosilver-reduced graphene oxide/polydopamine/methacrylated gelatin@Gap19 (AgNPs-rGO/PDA/GelMA@Gap19) hydrogel material. METHODS: Nanosilver-reduced graphene oxide was prepared. Human dental pulp stem cells were cultured in complete medium containing different mass concentrations of nanosilver-reduced graphene oxide. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. The inhibition zone assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of different mass concentrations of nanosilver-reduced graphene oxide on Staphylococcus aureus. The nanosilver-reduced graphene oxide mass concentration with the most obvious cell proliferation and antibacterial effects was screened by the results of CCK-8 and inhibition zone assays, and loaded into hydrogels. Human dental pulp stem cells were cultured in complete medium containing different concentrations of Gap19 (a specific inhibitor of connexin 43 hemichannels), and cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. The Gap19 concentration with the most obvious cell proliferation effect was screened and loaded into hydrogels. AgNPs-rGO/PDA/GelMA@Gap19 hydrogel was prepared, and the physicochemical properties of the hydrogel material were characterized. The suspension of Staphylococcus aureus (or Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus) was co-cultured with mineral trioxide aggregates, polydopamine/methacrylated gelatin hydrogel, nanosilver-reduced graphene oxide/polydopamine/methacrylated gelatin hydrogel and AgNPs-rGO/PDA/GelMA@Gap19 hydrogel. The bacterial suspension cultured alone was used as the blank control group to detect the antibacterial rate of each group of hydrogels.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The optimal mass concentration of nanosilver-reduced graphene oxide was determined to be 12.5 μg/mL by CCK-8 assay and inhibition zone test results, and the optimal concentration of Gap19 was determined to be 20 μmol/L by CCK-8 assay. (2) Scanning electron microscopy showed that AgNPs-rGO/PDA/GelMA@Gap19 hydrogel was wrinkled and porous, and nanosilver was loaded on the surface and inside of the hydrogel. Energy spectrum analysis results showed that nanosilver-reduced graphene oxide and Gap19 were successfully loaded on the hydrogel. (3) The four hydrogels had obvious inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus, and the antibacterial effects of nanosilver-reduced graphene oxide/polydopamine/methacryloyl gelatin hydrogel and AgNPs-rGO/PDA/GelMA@Gap19 hydrogel were the most significant, indicating that AgNPs-rGO/PDA/GelMA@Gap19 hydrogel, as a new type of pulp capping material, has an obvious antibacterial effect. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Deer antler stem cell exosome composite hydrogel promotes the repair of burned skin Zhao Jianwei, Li Xunsheng, Lyu Jinpeng, Zhou Jue, Jiang Yidi, Yue Zhigang, Sun Hongmei 2025, 29 (34):  7344-7352.  doi: 10.12307/2025.491 Abstract ( 334 )   PDF (2620KB) ( 208 )   Save BACKGROUND: The study of deer antler stem cells and exosomes to promote the repair of acute skin injuries has received increasing attention in recent years, but the effect and mechanism of exosomes composite hydrogel to promote the repair of burn wounds are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of deer antler stem cell exosome composite hydrogel on the healing speed and quality of rat deep third-degree burn wound and its mechanism of action. METHODS: Deer antler stem cell exosomes and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes were extracted and compounded with Pluronic F-127 to prepare a temperature-sensitive hydrogel. A constant temperature and pressure burn apparatus was used to prepare a rat model of deep third-degree burn. The drug was administered to four groups: deer antler stem cell exosome composite hydrogel group, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosome composite hydrogel group, human epidermal growth factor gel group, and the control group. The healing of burned rats was observed and the wound healing rate was calculated. At 28 days after burn, hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the generation of skin accessory structures in the healing tissues. Masson staining was used to analyze the accumulation of collagen in the healing tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the angiogenesis and inflammatory response in the healing tissues. qRT-PCR was used to examine the expression level of mRNA of the wound healing-related genes in the healing tissues.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Deer antler stem cell exosome composite hydrogel can significantly promote the healing rate of deep burn wounds in rats, and improve the quality of wound healing by promoting the regeneration of skin collateral structures, increasing the dermal thickness and enhancing the accumulation of collagen. (2) The number of myofibroblasts in the wound healing tissues of deer antler stem cell exosome composite hydrogel group was significantly reduced, and the number of neovascularization and M2 macrophages was significantly increased. (3) The mRNA levels of transforming growth factor β3 and type III collagen in the wound healing tissue of deer antler stem cell exosome composite hydrogel group were significantly higher than those of the blank group, and the mRNA levels of transforming growth factor β1, matrix metalloproteinase 3, and type I collagen were significantly lower than those of the blank group, and there was no significant difference between the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosome composite hydrogel group and the human epidermal growth factor gel group. In conclusion, deer antler stem cell exosome composite hydrogel can promote the healing speed and the quality of healing of deep burned wounds in rats, which may be achieved by inhibiting fibroblastogenesis, promoting angiogenesis, macrophage M2 polarization, and regulating the expression of genes for collagen production/degradation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect and mechanism of polystyrene microplastics on prostate in male mice Pan Chun, Fan Zhencheng, Hong Runyang, Shi Yujie, Chen Hao 2025, 29 (34):  7353-7361.  doi: 10.12307/2025.887 Abstract ( 306 )   PDF (2724KB) ( 179 )   Save BACKGROUND: Microplastics are a common environmental pollutant that can cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney, and reproductive system. However, little is known about the effects of microplastics on the prostate. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different charge-modified polystyrene microplastics on prostate tissues of male mice and its mechanism. METHODS: A total of 48 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a control group, an unmodified microplastic group, a negatively charged microplastic group, and a positively charged microplastic group using a random number table, with 12 mice in each group. The mice in the control group were given ddH2O by gavage; the mice in the unmodified microplastic group were given unmodified polystyrene microplastics by gavage, and the mice in the negatively charged microplastic group and the positively charged microplastic group were given negatively charged polystyrene microplastics and positively charged polystyrene microplastics by gavage, respectively, once a day for 4 consecutive weeks. The body weight, drinking water, and food intake of the mice were detected every week. After gavage, the prostate mass, prostate coefficient, prostate histopathological morphology, inflammatory factor expression, microplastic accumulation in the prostate tissue of the mice, and the mRNA and protein expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor were compared among the groups of mice. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) With the prolongation of microplastic exposure time, the body weight of mice in the unmodified microplastics group and the positively charged microplastics exposure group was significantly suppressed. (2) After exposure to microplastics, they could enter the urinary system of mice, including prostate and bladder tissue. Among the mice in the positively charged microplastic group, the prostate mass and prostate coefficient increased most significantly. (3) Compared with the control group, the mass concentration and mRNA expression of interleukin 6, interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor α were increased in the prostate tissue of the other three groups of mice (P < 0.05). Among them, the positively charged microplastic group exhibited most obvious increase. (4) Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the prostate tissue of mice in the unmodified microplastic group, negatively charged microplastic group, and positively charged microplastic group showed obvious proliferation of prostate epithelial cells and matrix, a significant increase in acini, and infiltration of a large number of inflammatory cells. Masson and Sirius red staining showed that compared with the control group, the prostate tissue of mice in the other three groups had obvious fibrosis. Immunohistochemical staining showed that compared with the control group, angiogenesis in the prostate tissue of mice increased in the other three groups (P < 0.05). (5) Compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor were increased in the prostate tissue of the other three groups of mice (P < 0.05), among which the negatively charged microplastic group and the positively charged microplastic group exhibited more significant increase. (6) The results show that polystyrene microplastics can enhance the release of inflammatory factors in mouse prostate tissue, promote angiogenesis in prostate tissue by activating the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway, and provide nutrition support for prostate hyperplasia and fibrosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and application of fully automated intelligent intravenous medication dispensing robot ML300 in Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services Wang Guanyuan, Li Wenli, Liu Jinglin, Zhang Jie 2025, 29 (34):  7362-7368.  doi: 10.12307/2025.896 Abstract ( 514 )   PDF (843KB) ( 237 )   Save BACKGROUND: Dispensing robots have many advantages such as high accuracy, high efficiency, and ensuring a sterile environment, and are playing an increasingly important role in the medical field.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the development and application of ML300, a fully automated intelligent intravenous medication dispensing robot, in intravenous medication dispensing centers.  METHODS: From June 1 to 30, 2024, 100 prescriptions of Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital containing three kinds of drugs: omeprazole sodium for injection, vitamin C injection, and magnesium isoglycyrrhizate were taken. According to the different methods of prescription configuration, they were divided into a control group (n=100) and an experimental group (n=100). The control group used an artificial simulated clinical work mode to prepare the above three drugs, and the operation was completed by several people; the experimental group used the fully automatic intelligent intravenous medication preparation robot ML300 to prepare the above three drugs, and the operation was completed by one person. The two groups were compared in terms of the dispensing efficiency, the amount of drug residue, the pass rate of insoluble particles, and the microbial detection rate in the configuration of the above three drugs.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The dispensing efficiency and pass rate of insoluble particles of the three drugs in the experimental group were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.001), and the drug residue and microbial detection rate were lower than those of the control group (P < 0.001). Taking Omeprazole Sodium for Injection, Vitamin C Injection, and Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizate as examples, ML300 can improve the dispensing efficiency and optimize the dispensing quality of Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services staffs. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Material characterization of finite element computational models of knee joints at different ages Chen Jing, Zhang Nan, Meng Qinghua, Bao Chunyu 2025, 29 (34):  7369-7375.  doi: 10.12307/2025.499 Abstract ( 327 )   PDF (867KB) ( 113 )   Save BACKGROUND: Finite element modeling, as an important engineering analysis technique, has been widely used in various fields of bioengineering research. However, there is little literature on what material properties should be selected for each anatomical structure of the knee joint finite element modeling at different ages for different research purposes.  OBJECTIVE: To summarize the material properties of knee joint finite element models at different ages based on previous knee joint finite element studies.  METHODS: The search terms were “knee, finite element, material selection, ligament injury, osteoarthritis, elderly, children, young people” in Chinese and English. Articles were searched on CNKI and PubMed, with a timeframe of 1950 to 2024. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 108 articles were finally included for summary.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Children's knee bone density will increase with age, reaching peaks in adulthood. From middle-aged to the age, the elastic modulus of knee joint femur, tibia, fibula, and patella will decrease with age, and then return to the elastic modulus of childhood. The elastic modulus of children and adult cartilage is basically the same, and the elastic modulus of the elderly increases. With the increase of age, the elastic modulus of the knee ligament will decrease to a certain extent, but there is no significant difference in the elastic modulus of the knee ligament of young people and the elderly. With the increase of age, the loss of mechanical integrity of the knee meniscus will damage the biomechanical function of the tissue and disturb the various anisotropic biomechanical responses that are effectively carried and transmitted by the tissue. Knee joint finite element modeling can be used to deeply understand the biomechanical characteristics of the knee joints, develop new implanted materials, predict knee joint diseases, improve surgical technology, and guide patients to rehabilitate exercise.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of novel antioxidants and antioxidant combination carried by nano-hydrogel systems in treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration Su Yongkun, Sun Hong, Liu Miao, Yang Hua, Li Qingsong 2025, 29 (34):  7376-7384.  doi: 10.12307/2025.477 Abstract ( 447 )   PDF (1429KB) ( 123 )   Save BACKGROUND: Antioxidants can alleviate cellular damage and matrix degradation caused by oxidative stress, protect the structure and function of intervertebral discs, and thus delay the occurrence and development of intervertebral disc degeneration.  OBJECTIVE: To review the research status of antioxidants in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration.  METHODS: The first author searched the articles included in CNKI and PubMed databases. The literature search time was from inception to June 2024. Chinese search terms were “intervertebral disc degeneration, antioxidants, oxidative stress, signaling pathways.” English search terms were “antioxidants, oxidative stresses, oxidative DNA damage, intervertebral disc degenerations, degenerative disc disease*, disc degeneration*, signal pathway.” Finally, 92 articles that met the criteria were selected for review.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Antioxidants have multiple roles in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration, including reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory responses, promoting autophagy, inhibiting apoptosis, and protecting the extracellular matrix. Through the combined effect of multiple pathways, antioxidants are expected to become an important means in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. (2) The nano-hydrogel system can quickly and stably target the delivery of antioxidants to the inside of the intervertebral disc and improve the bioavailability of antioxidants. Therefore, the development of new antioxidants and antioxidant combination treatment strategies carried by nano-hydrogel systems will be the focus of future research. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Decellularized tendon scaffold: a biomedical material for tendon injury repair Yi Xiaoding, Zhang Di, Guo Hong, Qing Liang, Zhao Tianyu 2025, 29 (34):  7385-7392.  doi: 10.12307/2025.496 Abstract ( 316 )   PDF (988KB) ( 330 )   Save BACKGROUND: Due to the lack of blood supply to tendons and the low repair ability of tendon cells, the repair cycle of tendon tissue is long. With the maturity of decellularization technology, decellularized extracellular matrix is receiving increasing attention in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Due to its high activity, low immunogenicity, and ability to support cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, decellularized tendon scaffolds are expected to promote tendon repair. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the biological characteristics of decellularized tendon scaffolds, elucidate the mechanism by which decellularized tendon scaffolds promote tendon healing, and explain the application methods and future limitations of decellularized tendon scaffolds in combination with other materials.  METHODS: Relevant literature was retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure and PubMed databases using the Chinese search terms “tendon injury, tendon repair, tendon disease, decellularized tendon scaffold” and English search terms “tendon injury, tendon repair, tendinopathy, decellularized tendon scaffold, decellularized tendon scaffolds.” By reading and screening relevant literature, 77 articles were ultimately included for result analysis.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Decellularization technology can be divided into physical treatment, chemical treatment, and biological procedures. (2) Decellularized tendon scaffolds, as a common biomedical material, have certain biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biomechanical properties, which provide a prerequisite and foundation for tendon injury repair. (3) Decellularized tendon scaffolds can alleviate the inflammatory response of tissues, promote the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells/tendon derived stem cells, and maintain the biomechanical properties of tissues. (4) Decellularized tendon scaffolds can be used in combination with other materials, such as electrospinning, hydrogel, stem cell implantation, and 3D printing technology. (5) Future research can further investigate its pathogenic mechanism and improve tendon tissue repair by combining other biomaterials with decellularized tendon scaffold applications.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer in stomatology Wu Ziwei, Luo Yicai, Wei Yinge, Liao Hongbing 2025, 29 (34):  7393-7404.  doi: 10.12307/2025.483 Abstract ( 358 )   PDF (1163KB) ( 267 )   Save BACKGROUND: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer with good biosafety, biodegradability, and superior mechanical properties has become a focal point of research in stomatology.  OBJECTIVE: To review the advance in stomatology of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer. METHODS: Using a computer-assisted search of relevant literature published in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and PubMed databases, the search terms included “polylactic acid-hydroxyacetic acid, PLGA, oral defect, tissue engineering” in Chinese, and “PLGA, polylactic acid-hydroxyacetic acid copolymer, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer, dent*, regeneration, caries, periodontal, pulp, implant, alveolar bone” in English. Preliminary screening was conducted by reading titles and abstracts, excluding literature unrelated to the theme of the article. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 119 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the field of stomatology, the application scope of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer is rapidly expanding, gradually replacing the traditional therapeutic drugs and restorative materials. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer nanoparticles/microspheres can carry a variety of hydrophobic and hydrophilic active substances, demonstrating excellent delivery capabilities in caries prevention, root canal disinfection, and pulp capping treatment. In periodontal therapy, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer is widely used as a barrier membrane and drug carrier for periodontal tissue regeneration. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer used for surface modification of implants not only enhances the antibacterial ability of the implant surface but also improves the bio-inert nature of the implant surface. The effect of pure poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer scaffolds on treating bone defects is limited and requires the integration of 3D printing, various bioactive components, and inorganic materials to enhance scaffold performance. The combination of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer and stem cells can improve the effectiveness of nerve therapy, meeting clinical needs. Based on the great potential of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer in the field of stomatology, it is expected that in the future, repair materials with specific functions for different diseases will be produced according to different needs of oral tissue engineering. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of scaffold materials combined with biological factors on biological characteristics of dental follicle cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation Li Zhongzheng, Chen Zhenghao, Tang Ziyou, Lou Kaiyang, Zhang Rui, Liu Qi, Zhao Na, Yang Kun 2025, 29 (34):  7405-7414.  doi: 10.12307/2025.891 Abstract ( 258 )   PDF (1503KB) ( 213 )   Save BACKGROUND: Dental follicle cells are widely used in periodontal tissue regeneration engineering because of their excellent characteristics. With the development of biological scaffold materials, their relationship with periodontal tissue regeneration technology is increasingly close. OBJECTIVE: To review the performance of ivory follicle cells under the influence of internal and external biological factors by different experiments, and analyze their effects on the biological characteristics of dental follicle cells with scaffold materials. METHODS: Using “dental follicle cell, scaffolds, material, periodontal tissue regeneration, tissue engineering, review” as English and Chinese key words, the articles published in PubMed, Sciencedirect, and CNKI from 2013 to 2023 were searched, and finally 95 articles were included for analysis and discussion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Dental follicle cells originate from dental follicle tissue, which has certain stem cell differentiation potential. Because of its excellent performance, it is actively used in periodontal tissue regeneration engineering research. (2) The proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of dental follicle cells are affected by many biological factors, and both endogenous and exogenous factors can promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of dental follicle cells to a certain extent. (3) 3D printing technology and nanotechnology enable researchers to manufacture more suitable scaffold materials. (4) Polymer materials show us their flexibility and plasticity in periodontal tissue regeneration. We can manufacture targeted scaffold materials according to different defect sites to achieve efficient tissue regeneration. The good biocompatibility of inorganic materials makes them widely used in periodontal tissue regeneration engineering. By adjusting the content of nanoscale inorganic materials or improving the performance of scaffolds, scaffolds with better biocompatibility can be prepared. (5) There are many new synthetic (composite) materials, which show us excellent characteristics. However, because the mechanism of biological factors in scaffold materials on dental follicle cells is complicated, and the research on dental follicle cells is mostly concentrated on in vitro culture, so how to make scaffold materials more suitable for the growth and development of dental follicle cells and apply them safely and effectively in clinical treatment is the future research direction. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Induction of M1/M2 polarization of macrophages by lipopolysaccharides and titanium particles in peri-implant tissues Deng Ran, Wei Yi, Ji Xiaowei 2025, 29 (34):  7415-7422.  doi: 10.12307/2025.883 Abstract ( 342 )   PDF (1255KB) ( 210 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the popularization of implant technology, the incidence of peri-implantitis is increasing year by year, but the etiological mechanism is still unclear. Highly plastic macrophages can be polarized into M1 and M2 types under microenvironment stimulation, which play pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively, and play an important role in host defense, immune response, and maintenance of internal environment homeostasis in peri-implant tissues. The polarization trend of M1/M2 macrophages is closely related to the balance of foreign body response around implants. OBJECTIVE: Lipopolysaccharide and titanium particles are important pathogenic factors causing peri-implantitis, in order to further explore their inducible effect on macrophage polarization in peri-implant tissues. METHODS: The Chinese keywords were “peri-implantitis, macrophage polarization, lipopolysaccharide, titanium particles.” The English keywords were “macrophage polarization, peri-implant inflammation, peri-implantitis, LPS, TLRs, NF-κB.” The CNKI and PubMed databases were searched, and the relevant literature was screened and sorted to analyze the induction effect and related mechanism of lipopolysaccharide and titanium particles on M1/M2 polarization of macrophages in peri-implant tissues. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Lipopolysaccharide and titanium particles may induce macrophage polarization in peri-implant tissues through Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor κB and other related signaling pathways, causing M1/M2 polarization imbalance and thus affecting the occurrence and progression of peri-implantitis. Some drugs can also regulate macrophage M1/M2 polarization through Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor κB signaling pathway to treat related inflammatory diseases. (2) By analyzing the induction effect of lipopolysaccharide and titanium particles on macrophage M1/M2 polarization in peri-implant tissues, the mechanism of their regulation of Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor κB signaling pathway to induce macrophage polarization is further explained, in order to provide some new ideas and strategies for the study of immune prevention and treatment of peri-implantitis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of biodegradable magnesium and magnesium-based materials in oral diseases Zhao Cong, Fu Huiyuan, Su Nite, Ji Jie, Zhang Lei, Wang Yaxian 2025, 29 (34):  7423-7430.  doi: 10.12307/2025.500 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (1026KB) ( 375 )   Save BACKGROUND: Magnesium and magnesium-based materials have good biocompatibility, stable osteogenic properties, and biological activities such as vascularization and immune regulation, and show a broad application prospect in stomatology. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the mechanism of magnesium-based materials in the treatment of oral diseases in terms of osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation, and to review the application prospects of magnesium and magnesium-based materials in the field of oral diseases in recent years. METHODS: Chinese search key words were “magnesium, magnesium alloys, magnesium-based metals, fractures, implants, restorations, endodontics, periodontitis, periodontal disease, cysts, oral cancer.” English search key works were “magnesium, magnesium-based alloy, fracture, facial bone fractures, denture, dental implant, restorative dentistry, pulpitis, periodontitis, periodontal diseases, oral cancer.” The articles were retrieved on CNKI, WanFang, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. By analyzing and reading literature for screening, 84 articles were finally included for review. Results and conclusion: Magnesium and magnesium-based materials can be used as bone internal fixation devices for jaw fracture or orthognathic surgery. Due to the special biological properties of magnesium, it can not only ensure stable osteogenesis, but also avoid the possibility of secondary surgery, which has the potential to be widely used. In the field of bone regeneration in stomatology, magnesium, relying on its superior biological properties, shows better mechanical properties and antibacterial properties than existing clinical materials, providing more options for the development and application of materials in this field. With the help of the biological activity of magnesium, magnesium-based coating materials give full play to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, further promote implant bone bonding and soft tissue integration, and have great application prospects in implant surface modification and promoting implant stability. Although magnesium has been involved in maxillofacial intraoral soft tissue regeneration and treatment, dental tissue engineering, there are still a lot of gaps. To ensure the stable biological characteristics of magnesium, it is usually necessary to add other alloys or carry out magnesium surface modification. However, the biological evaluation system of degradable metal implants is not perfect at present. The clinical application of magnesium in oral diseases still needs to be further clarified in the future. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Antioxidant nanomedicine-mediated targeted therapy for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury Wu Qingyun, Su Qiang 2025, 29 (34):  7431-7438.  doi: 10.12307/2025.713 Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (845KB) ( 202 )   Save BACKGROUND: Excessive reactive oxygen species accelerate myocardial injury during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Antioxidant therapies are effective but have limitations such as low bioavailability and poor target specificity. Nanomedicines, with their advantages of precise targeting and prolonged efficacy, show a broad application prospect in myocardial protection. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the pathways of reactive oxygen species production during myocardial ischemia and the latest advances in nanomedicine for the treatment of myocardial ischemic injury. METHODS: We searched CNKI and PubMed databases for relevant literature on antioxidant nanomedicine-mediated targeted therapy for myocardial ischemia- reperfusion injury, using “nano, nanomedicine, nanomaterials, nanotechnology, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species” as Chinese search terms and “nanostructures, nanomedicine, nanomaterials, nanotechnology, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species” as English search terms. The search time limit was from August 2019 to August 2024. Totally 65 articles were included in the analysis by reading the titles and abstracts of the literature for preliminary screening and excluding those with low relevance to the title of the literature. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The buildup of high levels of reactive oxygen species is a key factor in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. These reactive oxygen species, generated from various sources, can disrupt the metabolic processes of substances and energy, ultimately leading to apoptosis or necrosis of cardiomyocytes and causing significant damage to cardiac tissue. As a result, removing or reducing reactive oxygen species has become an important therapeutic approach to effectively prevent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Traditional medications often have short half-lives, low bioavailability, and lack targeted delivery. Additionally, the chelation effects of the liver and spleen, along with the continuous blood flow in the myocardial region, significantly impair the expected efficacy of these clinical drugs. Nanomedicines present a promising solution to these challenges and have opened new avenues for treating ischemic diseases. Carefully designed nanoparticles can facilitate targeted drug delivery, greatly increasing the concentration and retention of drugs in damaged myocardial areas, thereby enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, as carriers of antioxidants, growth factors, or cell therapies, nanomedicines effectively reduce oxidative stress and promote the repair and regeneration of cardiomyocytes, offering hope for restoring myocardial function.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of exosome-loaded hydrogel in nerve injury regeneration and wound healing Yan Rui, Wang Yiyu, Liu Xue, Jiang Yourong, Cheng Huanzhi, Ma Zhe 2025, 29 (34):  7439-7446.  doi: 10.12307/2025.490 Abstract ( 382 )   PDF (1351KB) ( 276 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent studies, hydrogel loaded with exosomes has attracted wide attention as an emerging therapeutic strategy in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, and is considered as a promising means for the treatment of nerve regeneration and wound healing. OBJECTIVE: To review the application of hydrogel loaded with exosomes in nerve regeneration and wound healing and to provide reference and guidance for future research and clinical application. METHODS: The first author used a computer in May 2024 to retrieve the relevant literature published from January 2000 to May 2024 on PubMed and CNKI, searching for “exosome, hydrogel, nerve, nerve regeneration, wound, wound healing” in Chinese and English, eventually incorporating 66 papers for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Hydrogel loaded with exosomes provides a promising path for nerve injury repair by exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation, stimulating axon growth and myelin regeneration. (2) Exosome-loaded hydrogel suppresses the level of inflammation and oxidative stress, accelerates the proliferation and migration of skin cells, collagen expression, and promotes blood vessel formation, significantly accelerates the wound healing process, and improves the healing quality. (3) The role of hydrogel loaded with exosomes in nerve regeneration and wound repair is still limited to cell and animal experiments, and does not involve clinical practice. In the future, more mechanistic studies, safety evaluation, and supplementary related clinical trials are still needed in the future. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of efficacy of different biological scaffolds for pulp regeneration therapy in immature permanent teeth: a Bayesian network meta-analysis Wang Kaigang, Hao Dongsheng, Ma Pei, Zhou Shuo, Li Ruimin 2025, 29 (34):  7447-7460.  doi: 10.12307/2025.885 Abstract ( 275 )   PDF (2884KB) ( 103 )   Save OBJECTIVE: There are many kinds of biological scaffolds used for pulp revascularization in clinical practice, and the difference of efficacy between different scaffolds is controversial. The efficacy of nine kinds of biological scaffolds in endodontic revascularization was evaluated by Bayesian network meta-analysis. METHODS: The computer was used to search the literature in CNKI, VIP, WanFang, China Biomedical Literature Service System, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases. Randomized controlled trials of different biological scaffolds for the treatment of pulp revascularization in young permanent teeth meeting inclusion criteria were collected from each database up to April 1, 2024. Two researchers sifted through the literature, data collection, sorting and extraction were completed independently, and the quality of the included literature was assessed for risk of bias. A network meta-analysis was performed using BUGSnet1.1.1 package of R4.2.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies with 926 affected teeth and 9 different interventions were included in this study. The results of network meta-analysis showed that: (1) Clinical success rate (primary goal): platelet-rich fibrin was superior to blood clot [OR=1.45, 95%CI (0.32, 2.69)], and the top three ranking results were: concentrated growth factor (82.77%) > platelet-rich fibrin (75.38%) > modified platelet-rich fibrin (62.39%). (2) Increased root length (secondary goal): There was no difference among the 7 biological scaffolds at 1-6 months of follow-up (P > 0.05), the top 3 ranking results of rank probability were: concentrated growth factor (86.25%) > platelet-rich plasma (53.76%) > platelet-rich fibrin (51.11%). When followed up for > 6 months and ≤ 12 months, concentrated growth factor was superior to blood clot [MD=9.59, 95%CI(0.52,18.40)], the top 3 ranking results of rank probability were: concentrated growth factor (92.42%) > platelet-rich plasma (56.03%) > platelet-rich fibrin (55.76%). When followed up for more than 12 months, concentrated growth factor was superior to modified platelet-rich fibrin [MD=11.01, 95%CI(0.02 , 22.72)], the top 3 ranking results of rank probability were: concentrated growth factor (86.95%) > platelet-rich fibrin (68.61%) > blood clot combined with collagen (52.5%). (3) Increased root wall thickness (secondary goal): at 1-6 months of follow-up, platelet-rich fibrin was superior to blood clot [MD=11.37, 95%CI (4.74, 17.71)], the top 3 ranking results of rank probability were: platelet-rich fibrin (93.66%) > concentrated growth factor (63.11%) > modified platelet-rich fibrin (50.48%). At > 6 months and ≤ 12 months of follow-up, there was no difference among the 6 biological scaffolds (P > 0.05), the top 3 ranking results of rank probability were: modified platelet-rich fibrin (73.63%) > platelet-rich fibrin (62.36%) > concentrated growth factor (56.25%). When followed up for more than 12 months, there was no difference among the 9 biological scaffolds (P > 0.05), and the top 3 ranking results of rank probability were: blood clot combined with collagen (81.9%) > platelet-rich plasma (62.67%) > modified platelet-rich fibrin (59.49%). (4) Pulp vitality (third-level goal): there was no difference among the 6 biological scaffolds (P > 0.05), and the top 3 ranking results of rank probability were: blood clot combined with collagen (84.22%) > concentrated growth factor (67.71%) > platelet-rich fibrin (48.79%). CONCLUSION: Existing evidence shows that the clinical success rate of different scaffolds is higher in pulp revascularization, among which platelet-rich fibrin is better than blood clots. In terms of comprehensive comparison of root length and root wall thickness increase, concentrated growth factor performs best in the follow-up period of 1-6 months and > 6 months and ≤ 12 months, while blood clot combined with collagen performs best after follow-up of more than 12 months; concentrated growth factor performs outstandingly in all levels of goals, and may be more conducive to the continued development of the tooth root than other scaffolds, and has great potential in pulp regeneration treatment. Limited by the quality and quantity of literature, the above conclusions still need to be verified by more high-quality studies. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Patent technology analysis of platelet-rich plasma preparation devices Que Meng, Gao Fengqing, He Yang, Ruan Changgeng 2025, 29 (34):  7461-7469.  doi: 10.12307/2025.884 Abstract ( 248 )   PDF (1536KB) ( 326 )   Save BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich plasma is an important material for tissue repair and is widely used in orthopedics, wound repair, plastic surgery and other fields. The device for preparing platelet-rich plasma has become a hot spot in the field of patent applications.  OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend of patent applications for platelet-rich plasma separation devices at home and abroad.  METHODS: Using the patent retrieval system of China National Intellectual Property Administration, Patsnap and Himpat patent databases, we searched the patent literature of platelet-rich plasma separation devices, and analyzed the patent application trend of platelet-rich plasma separation devices from the aspects of patent application volume, licensing rate, technical theme, typical applicant patent layout, etc. The patent retrieval system of China National Intellectual Property Administration was developed by the China National Intellectual Property Administration and includes patent data from 103 countries, regions and organizations. The Patsnap patent database was developed by PatSnap, Singapore and has 120 million patent data from more than 100 countries, providing multi-language translation and multi-language search. The Himpat patent database was developed by Himpat, China and includes more than 160 million patents from 123 countries/organizations/regions around the world since 1800, and is translated into high-fidelity Chinese and English versions, and is updated twice a week. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The patent application for platelet-rich plasma separation devices in China started about 10 years later than abroad, and the number of patent applications in China has sharply increased since 2017. The trend of patent applications abroad is relatively stable. Most domestic and foreign patent applications are in the stage of authorization and maintenance, with enterprises being the main applicants. The classification of platelet-rich plasma devices on the market is very confusing. In this study, they are divided into nine subcategories based on device structure. Chinese patent applications mainly focus on separation cylinder devices, while foreign applications focus on automated separation devices. China should be market-oriented and technology oriented, develop innovative platelet-rich plasma devices, lay out global patent layouts, and promote the development of China’s medical device industry. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tracking of research trends and hotspots in medical magnesium alloy materials Ma Yucong, Ouyang Zhengzheng, Liu Xiaojie, Yang Sifei 2025, 29 (34):  7470-7480.  doi: 10.12307/2025.882 Abstract ( 400 )   PDF (3561KB) ( 231 )   Save BACKGROUND: Research results related to medical magnesium alloy materials have increased year by year. However, the literature in the field of medical magnesium alloy materials has not yet passed the systematic evaluation of measurement. OBJECTIVE: To present the research status of medical magnesium alloy materials and explore the research trends and hotspots of this field.   METHODS: The core data set of Web of Science was used as the literature source to search the relevant researches on medical magnesium alloy materials from 2014 to 2024. The knowledge map was generated by using CiteSpace software with authors, countries, institutions, journals, keywords, and co-citations as nodes for visualization analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The number of papers on medical magnesium alloy materials has been growing steadily in the past decade. China has the largest number of articles, and is the backbone of the field, but the quality of articles and international influence need to be further improved. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and Peking University are the pioneering institutions in this field, constructing a cooperative network covering many well-known institutions at home and abroad. The journal BIOACT MATER has the greatest intensity of outbreaks, and the impact of journal in the field will be further expanded in the future. (2) The microstructure, degradation behavior, biocompatibility, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of medical magnesium alloy materials have been hot research topics in recent years. Alloying technology, as a key way to give medical alloys diversified characteristics, has become a research focus for researchers to explore. (3) Comprehensively applying various modification means to initially regulate the degradation mode of the material and to obtain the appropriate degradation rate may be a future research trend. In the future, magnesium alloy products should be customized for specific application scenarios, under the guidance of the concept of “precise bio-adaptation,” realizing the transformation from single material design to overall design of structure and function.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics