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28 May 2019, Volume 23 Issue 15 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy versus intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate for knee osteoarthritis Liu Zhicheng1, Song Jian2, Zhang Qiliang3 2019, 23 (15):  2297-2302.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1165 Abstract ( 613 )   PDF (762KB) ( 676 )   Save BACKGROUND: Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate can safely and effectively treat knee osteoarthritis and obviously improves the pain and function of knee joint. The efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for early- and middle-term knee osteoarthritis still remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate for early- and middle-term knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: According to the inclusion criteria, a total of 77 patients with knee osteoarthritis were enrolled, and randomly divided into extracorporeal shock wave therapy group and sodium hyaluronate therapy group. The extracorporeal shock wave therapy group underwent 5 sessions of 2 000 shockwave pulses performed on the affected knee with the dosage adjusted to 0.2 mJ/mm2 energy. The sodium hyaluronate group was administered intra-articularly sodium hyaluronate once per week for 5 weeks. The results were assessed with the Visual Analogue Scale, Lequesne index and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) After 5 weeks of treatment, the Visual Analogue Scale, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index and Lequesne index in the two groups were significantly decreased compared with the baseline (P < 0.05). All above indexes in the extracorporeal shock wave therapy group were significantly lower than those in the sodium hyaluronate therapy group (P < 0.05). (2) These results indicate that the extracorporeal shock wave therapy and sodium hyaluronate therapy are effective for early- and middle-term knee osteoarthritis, and the former is more significant. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate combined with bone health exercise can promote bone mineral density and muscle strength in postmenopausal women: a random community trial Liu Feng1, Huang Xiaoming2, Ling Bin1 2019, 23 (15):  2303-2307.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1171 Abstract ( 1200 )   PDF (818KB) ( 312 )   Save BACKGROUND: Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are important compositions of cartilage tissues. Animal experiments have shown that glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate can treat osteoporosis synergistically, but the effect of their combinations with regular exercise on the bone and joint health of menopausal women is little reported. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of the combination of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and bone health exercises on skeletal and joint health in postmenopausal women by a random community trial.  METHODS: From January to June 2016, 206 eligible postmenopausal women were selected from Bishan District of Chongqing and randomly divided into two groups by random digital method. The trial group received glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (3 capsules/day, and bone health exercises (at least 3 times/week), while the control group did not receive special treatment. After 6 months of intervention, the bone mineral density, muscle strength of habitual knee, incidence of fracture, osteoarthritis and fall, and levels of symptom and function were compared between the two groups. The peak torque of extension and flexion of habitual knee at 0 and 60 (°)/s angular velocity was detected using Isomed 2000 Dynamometer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The bone mineral density and the peak torque of extension and flexion of habitual knee at 0 and 60 (°)/s angular velocity in the trial group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 6 months after treatment (P < 0.05). (2) The incidence of fall in the trail group was lower than that in the control group at 6 months (17.00% vs. 5.94%, P < 0.05). The incidence of fracture and osteoarthritis had no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05). (3) The self-ranking of joint pain, holding power of muscle, walking distance and joint stiff had significant differences between two groups (P < 0.05). (4) These results indicate that glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplements combined with regular bone health exercises can improve bone mineral density and muscle strength, and prevent joint pain and stiff in postmenopausal women to some extent, thus preventing fall, fracture and osteoarthritis of postmenopausal women.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between p38 signaling pathway and periodontal ligament fibroblasts secreting inflammatory factors under static pressure Tang Haifang1, 2, 3, 4, Peng Juanmin1, 2, 3, 4, Kang Na1, 2, 3, 4 2019, 23 (15):  2308-2313.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1175 Abstract ( 410 )   PDF (838KB) ( 298 )   Save BACKGROUND: p38 MAPK pathway has been shown to play an important role in the synthesis of inflammatory factors, but the relationship between p38 MAPK signaling pathway and interleukin 17, interleukin 6 and other inflammatory factors in periodontal ligament fibroblasts during orthodontic tooth movement is little reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin 17 and interleukin 6 with p38 MAPK in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts under continuous static pressure, and to explore the effect of p38 MAPK signaling pathway on the expression of interleukin 17 and interleukin 6.  METHODS: The periodontal tissues of fresh first and second premolars were obtained from the removed teeth of the orthodontic patients aged 11-15 years (informed consent had been obtained). Periodontal ligament fibroblasts were cultured in vitro, and the cell model loaded with gravity was established. Cell culture plates were loaded with 0, 1, 2 and 4 g/cm2 pressure for 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. The expression of p38 MAPK protein was detected. The passage 4 cells were seeded, and then randomized into six groups: blank, dimethyl sulfoxide, inhibitor (p38 MAPK blocker, SB203580), loading, loading plus dimethyl sulfoxide, and loading plus inhibitor groups. The intervention lasted for 60 minutes. The interleukin 17 and interleukin 6 protein and mRNA levels in periodontal ligament fibroblasts after loaded with 4 g/cm2 force were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS and CONCLUSION: (1) The expression level of p38 MAPK protein in the 2 and 4 g/cm2 groups was increased with time prolonged, peaked at 30 minutes, and began to decrease at 60 minutes. (2) Compared with the groups without loading, the loading groups showed an increase in the expression levels of interleukin 17 and interleukin 6. The expression level of interleukin 6 in the inhibitor group was down-regulated, and the expression level of interleukin 17 showed no significant difference. (3) To conclude, static pressure can promote human periodontal ligament fibroblasts to secrete interleukin 17 and interleukin 6. Interleukin 6 secretion may be related to p38 MAPK signaling pathway. However, there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in periodontal ligament fibroblasts inducing interleukin 17 expression under static pressure. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Modified platelet-rich fibrin repairs distal bone defect of adjacent teeth after mandibular wisdom tooth extraction  Luo Yi, Wang Enqun, Xu Yating, Ren Wei 2019, 23 (15):  2314-2319.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1143 Abstract ( 510 )   PDF (942KB) ( 367 )   Save BACKGROUND: Extraction method of modified platelet-rich fibrin has been determined, and its structure and constitutes have been investigated. Animal experiments have shown that modified platelet-rich fibrin can cooperate with osteoblasts to promote osteogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To extract modified platelet-rich fibrin and to explore the effect of modified platelet-rich fibrin gel on the repair of distal bone defect of adjacent mandibular second molar after extraction of mandibular wisdom tooth. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with proximal or horizontal obstruction of unilateral mandibular third molar were selected from the Department of Stomatology of Anqing Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University. Patients were randomly divided into modified platelet-rich fibrin group and control group. The third molar was removed and the tooth extraction socket was cleared by the same method. Modified platelet-rich fibrin gel made from the patient’s own blood was put into the distal surface of the second molar in the modified platelet-rich fibrin group at the same time. The control group did not put any materials after tooth extraction. All patients were followed up at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months after surgery to evaluate the periodontal status of adjacent mandibular second molars, including periodontal examination and imaging analysis. Full-oral curved tomography and cone-beam CT were taken at 4 months after surgery. Statistical analysis was conducted on SPSS 21.0 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) There was no significant difference in the periodontal depth of the adjacent second molars between modified platelet-rich fibrin and control groups. (2) At 4 months after surgery, the bone mineral density and bone yield in the modified platelet-rich fibrin group were significantly higher than those in the control group (both P < 0.05). (3) In summary, modified platelet-rich fibrin can promote osteogenesis of mandibular proximal second molar after mandibular wisdom tooth extraction. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 ORCID: 0000-0002-3754-2538(罗艺) Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Muscle activation characteristics during two balance tests in patients with functional ankle instability Sun Chenguang1, Wang Chun2 2019, 23 (15):  2320-2326.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1151 Abstract ( 501 )   PDF (773KB) ( 356 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have found that abnormal muscle activation in the feet of functional ankle instability patients is inconsistent, and whether wearing shoes or not affects the performance of the foot muscles is rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the activation of the soleus muscle and peroneus longus muscle of the lower extremities in functional ankle instability patients in double-to-single-leg stance test and single-leg landing test under the conditions of wearing shoes and barefoot. METHODS: Fifteen patients with functional ankle instability and 15 healthy individuals (control group) were recruited from a university in the western China. Double-to-single-leg stance test and single-leg landing test were performed under the two conditions of wearing shoes and barefoot. The surface electromyography of peroneus longus muscle and solesus muscles in two tasks were monitored, and appropriate statistical methods were applied to the relevant indicators. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In double-to-single-leg stance test, the start-up time and pre-muscle activation of the soleus muscle and peroneus longus muscle of the functional ankle instability patients and the controls were not affected by whether or not wearing shoes. But the responsiveness of muscle activation of the two muscles was obviously affected by group factors, which showed that the functional ankle instability patients were significantly weaker than the controls. (2) In the single-leg landing test, the start-up time of the soleus muscle and the peroneus longus muscle was not affected by the group factor. However, the start-up time of the functional ankle instability patients wearing shoes was significantly shorter than that in the barefoot condition. (3) In the single-leg landing test, the pre-muscle activation of the soleus muscle and the peroneus longus muscles was not related to the group and whether wearing shoes or barefoot. But the reactive muscle activation in the functional ankle instability group was significantly weaker than that in the control group, and the barefoot group was significantly higher than the footwear group. (4) These results suggest that during double-to-single-leg stance test and single-leg landing test, functional ankle instability significantly affects the degree of activation of the soleus muscle and peroneus longus muscle, and whether or not wearing shoes affects the start-up time and responsiveness of muscle activation. Therefore, wearing shoes may influence the control of ankle neuromotor to some extent, and this effect becomes more prominent as the difficulty of testing increases. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Strength of knee flexor and extensor in football athletes after vibration training Yu Hong, Liu Yan 2019, 23 (15):  2327-2331.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1152 Abstract ( 571 )   PDF (712KB) ( 231 )   Save BACKGROUND: Vibration training, as a new emerging method for muscular strength training, has been extensively applied in various fields at abroad. Football is a kind of exercise of guiding lower extremity, so it requires high quality of low limb strength. OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze the effects of vibration training and traditional strength training on the strength of knee flexors and extensors of football players, and to explore the significance of vibration training on the strength training of football players. METHODS: Twenty college football players were randomly divided into vibration and control groups (n=10 per group). The vibration group received vibration training (30 Hz, 2 mm, 8 weeks), and the control group received traditional training of lower limb strength without vibration. The peak torque, time to peak torque and total work of knee flexors and extensors were measured before and after training at 60 and 180 (°)/s angular speeds. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The peak torque at 60 and 180 (°)/s angular speeds in the two groups was increased significantly after training (P < 0.05). There was significant difference between two groups at 60 (°)/s angular speeds (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between two groups at 180 (°)/s angular speeds (P > 0.05). (2) The time to peak torque at 180 (°)/s angular speeds in the two groups was decreased significantly after training (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05). (3) The total work at 60 and 180 (°)/s angular speeds in the two groups was increased significantly after training (P < 0.05). The total work of flexors and extensors in the vibration group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). (4) These findings indicate that vibration training program of 8 weeks, 30 Hz frequency and 2 mm amplitude can effectively improve the maximum strength, explosive force and muscle endurance of knee flexor and extensor of college football players. Vibration training is superior to traditional strength training in terms of maximum strength and muscle endurance. In improving muscle explosive power, vibration training has no obvious advantage compared with traditional strength training. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Proprioception recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with and without remnant preservation Chai Hao1, Wu Ting2, Shu Li1, Zhang Lei3 2019, 23 (15):  2332-2337.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1150 Abstract ( 405 )   PDF (957KB) ( 178 )   Save BACKGROUND: Whether remnant preservation can improve proprioception of knee joint remains a controversy. Direct detection of proprioceptor, nerve growth and electrophysiological changes in the grafting tendon of remnant preservation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can objectively evaluate the effect of remnant preservation on proprioception recovery. OBJECTIVE: To establish the animal models of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with remnant preservation (femoral tensioning and augmented suture), with remnant preservation (graft passing remnant anterior cruciate ligament sheath) and without remnant, and to compare the differences in postoperative knee proprioception among methods. METHODS: Ninety-six New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into control group, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction groups with remnant preservation (femoral tensioning and augmented suture), with remnant preservation (graft passing remnant anterior cruciate ligament sheath) and without remnant (n=24/group). At 3, 6 and 12 weeks after surgery, electrophysiological examination of knee joint was performed. The mRNA expression of neurotrophic factor 3 was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The number of proprioceptor in graft tendon in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction groups was detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) At postoperative 3, 6 and 12 weeks, there were no significant differences in mRNA expression of neurotrophic factor 3, number of proprioceptor and electromyography hamstring among anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction groups (P > 0.05). (2) To conclude, there is no significant difference in the proprioception recovery of knee joint between anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with and without remnant preservation.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Muscle stiffness regulation and electromyographic changes of the lower limbs during descending stairs after visual deprivation Peng Yuanqiu 2019, 23 (15):  2338-2344.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1162 Abstract ( 470 )   PDF (836KB) ( 238 )   Save BACKGROUND: The balance and control of the human body depend on the coordination between the vestibular system of the inner ear, the proprioceptors and the visual system, as well as the central nervous system. However, it is unclear about the muscle stiffness regulation and motion control strategy for the lower limbs by the changes in neural control and sensory integration caused by visual deprivation (the eyes are blindfolded). OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference of muscle stiffness regulation and electromyography changes of the lower limbs during descending stairs in children and adolescents with the eyes blindfolded or not, and then to reveal the regulatory effects of visual sense on neuromuscular control and muscle stiffness regulation in adolescents. METHODS: Twenty adolescents with normal vision were randomly divided into blindfolded group and unblindfolded group (n=10 per group). The two groups of subjects were required to descend stairs from three different heights (20, 30, 40 cm) and do their best to perform a squat jump after landing. All subjects were asked to repeat the above-mentioned action thrice, and the data for the most natural actions were analyzed. Vision-based motion imaging analysis system, JP6 060 3D force-plate, and 8-channel wireless surface electromyography testing system were utilized to test the kinematic (landed knee and ankle joint angles), kinetic (joint stiffness and stiffness of the lower limbs), and electromyography parameters (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius) of the subjects during descending stairs. All the data were processed using SPSS17.0 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) During landing from three different heights, the knee and ankle joint angles of the blindfolded group were significantly larger than those of the unblindfolded group. At the moment of the appearance of the peak reacting force during landing, the knee joint angle of the blindfolded group was smaller than that of the unblindfolded group. Furthermore, the intergroup difference in the ankle joint angle was related to the height of the stair. (2) The first peak vertical force and its relative mean value during landing from different heights were significantly higher in the unblindfolded group compared to the blindfolded group, and both parameters significantly increased with the height increase. (3) During landing from different heights, the stiffness values of the knee joints and lower limbs in the unblindfolded group were significantly higher than those in the blindfolded group, and the stiffness values in the two groups were significantly increased with the height increase. (4) At the moment of pre-landing from different heights, the electromyography activities of the biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius in the unblindfolded group were significantly higher than those in the blindfolded group, whereas during the buffer period, the electromyography activities of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius were significantly lower in the blindfolded group than in the unblindfolded group. (5) In conclusion, during descending stairs from different heights, visual deprivation (no visual feedback) reduces the capabilities of identification and environmental observation. The lack of vision may result in a significant decline in the performance of related movements, and thus the central nervous system cannot receive information, thereby impacting the implementation of the action. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Balance ability and foot type characteristics during different postures of standing  Zhu Yaojia1, Huo Hongfeng1, 2 2019, 23 (15):  2345-2349.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1145 Abstract ( 913 )   PDF (809KB) ( 214 )   Save BACKGROUND: Changes in the center of body weight during standing reflects the structure, function and muscles of the lower limbs and even the whole body. The relationship between standing posture control and foot type, balance ability, and muscle activation is rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of natural, lean forward and lean backward standing on foot arch, body balance and muscle activation. METHODS: Fifteen subjects without foot lesions and diseases related to foot function were selected. Three-dimensional foot scanner was used to test and analyze the foot arch in three standing postures. BTS FREEMG 300 surface electromyography tester and balance tester were used to test and analyze the maximum root mean square of muscle and two balance ability indexes (envelope area and average velocity of center of gravity) in three standing postures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) For height index of foot arch: there was significant difference between natural standing and forward standing (P < 0.05). There was significant difference between natural standing and backward standing (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between forward standing and backward standing (P > 0.05). (2) The degree of muscle activation was as follows: when standing naturally, the medial peroneal muscles > erector muscles > rectus abdominis > gluteus medius > biceps femoris > external oblique femoris > anterior tibial muscle > rectus femoris muscle > gluteus maximus muscle. During forward standing: the medial of the peroneal muscle > medius gluteus > vertical ridge > long head of biceps femoris > anterior tibial muscle > rectus abdominis muscle > gluteus maximus. During backward standing: the obliquus externus femur > rectus femoris > long head of biceps femoris > erector spinae > musculus rectus abdominis > the medial of the peroneal muscle > gluteus medius > gluteus maximus. (3) Balance: there was no significant difference between natural standing and forward standing (P > 0.05); there was significant difference between natural standing and backward standing (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between forward standing and backward standing (P > 0.05). (4) In summary, it is easy to maintain body stability at low muscle activation intensity when the human body is standing naturally. During the body backward standing, the muscle activation intensity is highest due to instability. When the center of gravity moves forward and backward, the contralateral muscle is mainly activated. The arch of the foot rises when it leans forward and backward. The slight anterior and posterior movements of the center of gravity in the standing posture can lead to changes in muscle activation degree and balance control. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of vibration training in sitting posture on the lower extremity muscle strength, balance and walking abilities in older adults Tan Jingwang1, Wang Jichao2, Wu Xueping2 2019, 23 (15):  2350-2355.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1166 Abstract ( 619 )   PDF (983KB) ( 259 )   Save BACKGROUND: In China, population aging makes pension become prominent, so different pension patterns haven been developed. However, the existing patterns pay bare attention to the physical exercise of the elderly, and the elderly need regular exercise to delay the aging and improve the quality of life. Vibration training is an exercise method that popularized in the past decade. It can effectively enhance the muscle strength and balance function of the elderly. Little is reported on sitting posture, and exploring the effect of vibration training in sitting position on the elderly provides reference for physical intervention of the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of 12-week vibration training in sitting posture on muscle strength of lower extremity, balance and walking ability of the elderly living in the day-care center. METHODS: Thirty-six elderly with an average age of 82.9 years were randomized into trial (n=20) and control (n=16) groups. The trial group underwent 12-week vibration training in sitting posture (amplitude: 3 mm; frequency: 3-13 Hz; 5 min/set, 1 minute in between; 2-4 sets/session; 3 times/week) by using vibration platform BODYGREEN. The control group received no vibration training in sitting posture with normal rest. Only investigators were blind to grouping. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the baseline, the five times sit to stand test, intensive Romberg test results, time up and go test results and 10-m walking test results showed no significant changes in the trial group. The deviation length, deviation area and Y-axis deviation of eyes open, and the deviation length and Y-axis deviation of eyes closed in Win-Pod balance test were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The indexes showed no significant changes in the control group before and after training. The elderly had good adaptability to vibration training in sitting posture, with no dizziness or other adverse reactions. These results imply that 12-week vibration training in sitting posture is beneficial to overcome the deviation of the center of gravity in older adults. Nevertheless, the effect of improving muscle strength of lower extremity and walking ability is not obvious. Vibration training in sitting posture can be accepted by the elderly, which may be regarded as a way of daily exercising for older adults. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Gender differences in the relationship between sit-and-reach and body composition: a survey of college students in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Kong Cunqing, Chen Xingcai, Wu Huaqian, Chen Run, Wang Zefeng, Li Qiaoli, Tang Cheng, Zhang Wenhai, 2019, 23 (15):  2356-2363.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1147 Abstract ( 612 )   PDF (1052KB) ( 1321 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studying the relationship between flexibility and body composition of college students is of great significance for enhancing the levels of physical health and sports. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between sit-and-reach and body composition of college students in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and differences between sexes. METHODS: Totally 2 175 students from a Guangxi university were randomly selected. Body composition was determined by the MC-180 body composition tester. The students were divided into four groups: ≤ 12.10 cm group, > 12.10-16.40 cm group, > 16.40-20.70 group and > 20.70 group according to quartile of sit-and-reach measured in accordance with the National Physical Health Test Standard. All data were processed by SPSS 22.0 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Sit-and-reach was significantly correlated with body mass index, percentage of body fat, fat-free mass index, upper limb lean mass and lower limb lean mass (P < 0.05), and percentage of body fat was negatively correlated with sit-and-reach (P < 0.05). The body mass index, fat-free mass index, upper limb lean mass and lower limb lean mass in the ≤ 12.10 cm group were significantly lower than those in the other groups. Fat-free mass index and upper limb lean mass were correlated with sit-and-reach in male college students (P < 0.05). The fat-free mass index and upper limb lean mass in the > 16.40-20.70 cm group were significantly higher than those in the ≤ 12.10 cm group. Therefore, there is a positive correlation between the flexibility and fat-free mass index and upper limb lean mass in college students. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of autophagy-associated protein light chain 3B in human pulpitis and periapical periodontitis  Ma Jinbao1, Wang Qian2, Dong Ming3, Bai Hua2 2019, 23 (15):  2364-2368.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1177 Abstract ( 453 )   PDF (1600KB) ( 252 )   Save BACKGROUND: Role of autophagy in pulpitis, periapical periodontitis and alveolar bone destruction and the underling mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of autophagy-related protein light chain 3B in human pulpitis and periapical periodontitis, in order to explore the rule of autophagy. METHODS: The healthy first premolar or surgically removed third premolar was selected from the patients undergoing orthodontics after their consent informs. The dental pulp cells were treated with 1 mg/L lipopolysaccharide for 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours to induce inflammation. The expression of light chain 3B in normal and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated dental pulp cells was detected by western blot assay. The dotted accumulation of light chain 3B was observed by immunofluorescence. The expression level of light chain 3B in specimens of human chronic periapical periodontitis tissues was tested by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression of light chain 3B in dental pulp cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide for 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours was higher than that in normal dental pulp cells. The expression of light chain 3B increased with time, and peaked at 24 hours. Dotted accumulation of light chain 3B increased with lipopolysaccharide simulation time prolonged. The expression level of light chain 3B in specimens of human chronic periapical periodontitis tissues was higher than that in normal periapical tissues. These results indicate that the expression of light chain 3B is increased in human pulpitis and periapical periodontitis, and morphology also shows an increase of autophagy, suggesting that autophagy may be associated with the occurrence and development of pulpitis and periapical periodontitis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation, culture and identification of guinea pig nasal mucosa fibroblasts Zhuang Xiangli1, Wu Bo2, Chen Yingying3, Gan Siyu4, Lin Qing5, Zheng Jian1, 5 2019, 23 (15):  2369-2372.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1163 Abstract ( 559 )   PDF (1489KB) ( 146 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nasal mucosa fibroblasts are reported to involve in inflammation and wound repair of various nasal diseases by secreting a variety of cytokines and chemokines. Guinea pig is a most suitable experimental animal for the study of allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effective methods of isolation, culture, purification and identification of guinea pig nasal mucosa fibroblasts. METHODS: Guinea pig nasal mucosa fibroblasts were isolated by collagenase digestion, and purified by differential velocity adherence. The morphology of fibroblasts was observed by inverted phase contrast microscope, fibroblasts were identified by vimentin immunocytochemical staining, and the cell growth was detected by MTT assay to draw the growth curve. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under inverted phase contrast microscope, there were cells with different shapes in the primary nasal mucosa fibroblasts, most of which showed spindle-like and applanate shape, and cells were scattered distribution in cluster. The purified fibroblasts were homogeneous, mainly were long spindle-shaped, and distributed in fish shoal-like and radial-like. (2) Immunocytochemical staining indicated that fibroblasts were positive for vimentin. (3) The cell growth curve appeared to be typical S-shaped. (4) To conclude, the isolated and cultured cells exhibit typical biological characteristics of fibroblasts. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of nerve growth factor-beta on proliferation of intraspinal schwannomas Chen Deping1, Liu Shengze1, Chen Shi1, Cong Changchun2, Liu Shuyi3, Xiao Ying4 2019, 23 (15):  2373-2379.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1170 Abstract ( 412 )   PDF (2651KB) ( 181 )   Save BACKGROUND: Existing evidence has shown that that the effect of NGF/TrkA signaling pathway on proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells is closely related to PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in human benign and malignant tumors. However, there is little information on the NGF/TrkA signaling pathway in pathogenesis of intraspinal schwannomas. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of nerve growth factor-beta on the proliferation of interspinal schwannoma cells and to explore on the pathogenesis of NGF/TrkA signaling pathway in interspinal schwannoma. METHODS: Tumor samples were collected and digested to obtain high purity tumor cells as experimental cells. Then the cells were given different concentrations of nerve growth factor-beta (15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 μg/L), K252a (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 nmol/L), LY294002 (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 μmol/L), nerve growth factor-beta (120 μg/L) plus K252a (TrkA inhibitor, 400 nmol/L), and nerve growth factor-beta (120 μg/L) plus LY294002 (P13K inhibitor, 50 μmol/L), respectively, for a certain time. The cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay. TrkA, AKT, p-AKT (Ther308), p-GSK-3 beta protein expression was detected by western blot assay. TrkA and AKT mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, the absorbance value of cells in the nerve growth factor-beta groups was increased in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05), and increased obviously at the concentration of 120 μg/L (P < 0.001). The absorbance value of cells in the K252a and LY294002 groups was decreased continuously (P < 0.05), and decreased obviously at the concentration of 400 nmol/L and 50 μmol/L, respectively (P< 0.001). (2) The expression levels of TrkA, p-AKT (Ther308), and p-GSK-3 beta protein were upregulated in the nerve growth factor-beta group (P < 0.05), and the expression level of TrkA mRNA was upregulated (P < 0.05). (3) In the nerve growth factor-beta (120 μg/L) plus K252a (400 nmol/L) group, the absorbance value of cells decreased (P < 0.001). The expression levels of TrkA, p-AKT (Ther308), and p-GSK-3 beta protein downregulated (P < 0.05), and the expression level of TrkA mRNA downregulated (P < 0.05). (4) In the nerve growth factor-beta (120 μg/L) plus LY294002 (50 μmol/L) group, the absorbance value of cells decreased (P < 0.01), and the expression levels of p-AKT (Ther308), and p-GSK-3 beta protein downregulated (P < 0.05). (5)There was no significant change in AKT protein and mRNA in each group (P > 0.05). (6) These results suggest that nerve growth factor-beta can promote interspinal schwannoma cell proliferation, which may be related to the expression of TrkA, p-AKT (Ther308) and p-GSK-3 beta protein in NGF/TrkA signaling pathway. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hyperbaric oxygen combined with edaravone for flap survival in rabbit models of ear tear injury Yan Guichun 2019, 23 (15):  2380-2384.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1184 Abstract ( 425 )   PDF (1975KB) ( 228 )   Save BACKGROUND: Early application of hyperbaric oxygen adjuvant therapy can relieve blisters, swelling and other symptoms, and thus improves the survival rate of skin flaps. Edaravone can effectively eliminate free radicals in the injured area of skin flaps. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen combined with edaravone on the survival rate of avulsed flap in rabbits. METHODS: Fifty-four healthy New Zealand white rabbits were provided by Laboratory Animal Center of Medical Collage of Soochow University. A 1.5 cm x 8 cm pedicled rectangle flap of the rabbit central artery was made on the middle of the rabbit left ear back, and created crush injury using special device. The 48 model rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (n=12/group), and received no intervention (control group), hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 3 mg/kg•d edaravone injection via tail vein, or hyperbaric oxygen therapy combined with edaravone (combination group), for 3 continuous days. The microcirculation of skin flap was observed at 3 days after treatment. The flap survival area was measured at 7 days after treatment. The survived flap was removed for hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 in flap tissue were detected by RT-PCR and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Laser doppler and infrared thermal imaging system showed that the blood perfusion reached the distal segment of skin flap in the combination group, reached the middle segment of skin flap in the hyperbaric oxygen and edaravone groups, and reached the proximal segment of skin flap in the control group. (2) The survival rate of flap in the combination group was significantly higher than that in the other three groups (P < 0.05). The survival rate in the edaravone and hyperbaric oxygen groups was significnatly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). (3) The degree of inflammatory infiltration in the combination group was significantly low, and the degree of inflammatory infiltration in the control group was significantly higher than that in the hyperbaric oxygen and edaravone groups. (4) The mRNA and protein expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 detected by RT-PCR and western blot assay were lowest in the combination group (P < 0.05), and the levels in the hyperbaric oxygen and edaravone groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). (5) To conclude, hyperbaric oxygen combined with edaravone can effectively promote the survival of rabbit ear avulsed skin flap, which is related to the decreased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy of specific versus non-specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in the healing of rabbit models of tibial fractures Chen Haitao, An Yuguang 2019, 23 (15):  2385-2390.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1161 Abstract ( 488 )   PDF (4216KB) ( 251 )   Save BACKGROUND: Non-specific cyclooxygenase inhibitor and specific cyclooxygenase inhibitor are commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, but there is a lack of experimental evidence concerning the effect of these drugs on the fracture healing and the administration time. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of non-specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor versus specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on the healing of tibial fractures in rabbits. METHODS: Thirty-six 3-5-month-old New Zealand rabbits either in sexes were selected (provided by Laboratory Animal Center of Guangxi Medical University). Rabbit models of unilateral tibial fractures (3 mm) were established and randomly divided into modeling group (same volume of distilled water via gavage), specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor group (1.15 mg/kg?d etoricoxib via gavage), and non-specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor group (7.6 mg/kg?d aspirin via gavage), with 12 rabbits in each group. At 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively, the fracture healing was observed and assessed by gross observation and histopathological sections. The serum level of osteocalcin, and levels of transforming growth factor β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The non-specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor group was superior to the other two groups in the formation and remodeling of callus and healing. (2) The serum level of osteocalcin in the non-specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor group was significantly higher than that in the specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor group (P < 0.05). (3) Hematoxylin-eosin staining results: the non-specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor group was earlier than the specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor group in the formation of collagen fibers, cartilage tissue, trabecular bone and bone matrix. (4) The average absorbance value of transforming growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in the non-specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor group was significantly higher than those in the specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor group at 4 weeks postoperatively (P < 0.05). (5) These results suggest that specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor for rabbit tibia fractures took longer time than non-specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, indicating that cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor is less effective than non-specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in fracture healing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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3-Methyladenine regulating autophagy gene Beclin1 can alleviate the occurrence and development of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head  Sun Liang1, Liu Wanlin1, Na Risong2, Zhao Zhenqun1 2019, 23 (15):  2391-2396.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1164 Abstract ( 500 )   PDF (917KB) ( 461 )   Save BACKGROUND: Steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a worldwide problem, and its pathogenesis still remains unclear. Its pathogenesis is still the focus of research in this field. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the role of autophagy gene Beclin1 in steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head and the effect of 3-methyladenine on Beclin1. METHODS: Thirty-six 5-month-old Japanese white rabbits (provided by Xi’an Dilepu Biological Resource Development Co., Ltd.) were included and randomly divided into control group (intramuscular injection of normal saline), avascular necrosis of the femoral head group (intramuscular injection of methylprednisolone) and 3-methyladenine group (intramuscular injection of methylprednisolone and 3-methyladenine), with 12 rabbits in each group. The injection was conducted four times, with 1 week in between. The animals from each group were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks for sample taken. Vacant bone lacunae were counted under optical microscope. mRNA and protein expression levels of Beclin1 were detected by RT-PCR and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Histomorphological observation under optical microscope showed that the rate of vacant lacunae in the avascular necrosis of the femoral head and 3-methyladenine groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and was significantly lower in the 3-methyladenine group than that in the avascular necrosis of the femoral head group (P < 0.05). (2) Glucocorticoid could rapidly stimulate the expression of Beclin1 mRNA in the femoral head tissue, and the protein level was significantly increased at the first two weeks, suggesting that autophagy was activated. 3-Methyladenine could inhibit this process. (3) These findings indicate that enhanced autophagy gene Beclin1 expression is important for avascular necrosis of the femoral head. 3-Methyladenine can regulate Beclin1, thereby controlling autophagy, which alleviates the occurrence and development of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of miRNA-136-5p on inflammatory factors in rat models of acute spinal cord injury Deng Guiying1, 2, Zeng Gaofeng3, Cen Zhongxi1, Gao Yunbing1, Cao Baichuan1, Huang Jianhua1, Zong Shaohui1 2019, 23 (15):  2397-2402.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1173 Abstract ( 383 )   PDF (906KB) ( 168 )   Save BACKGROUND: miRNA-136-5p plays a crucial regulatory role in pathological changes, inflammatory response and regeneration after spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of miRNA-136-5p on the expression of cytokines in serum and NF-κB protein in spinal cord in rats with spinal cord injury and to explore the molecular mechanism. METHODS: Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats, of SPF grade were provided by Laboratory Animal Center of Guangxi Medical University. The lentiviral vector system was prepared and transfected into spinal cord injured rats. Thirty-six rat models of spinal cord injury were established by modified Allen’s method. Basso Beattie Bresnahan scores were performed. Rats were randomly divided into normal control, modeling (LV-ctrl plus spinal cord injury), overexpression (spinal cord injury plus LV-miRNA-136-5p), and inhibition (spinal cord injury plus LV-sponge) groups (n=9/group). Seven days before surgery and the day of surgery, the overexpression and inhibition groups were continuously injected with the lentivirus suspension into the injured area, and the normal control and modeling groups were injected with the same amount of normal saline. Three rats were sacrificed at 1, 3 and 7 days, and blood and spinal cord tissues were taken. The levels of interleukin-1β, interleukion-6 and interferon-α in rat serum were determined by ELISA. The expression of NF-κB protein was detected by western blot assay and double immunofluorescence. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) There was no significant difference in preoperative Basso Beattie Bresnahan scores (P > 0.05). In the modeling group, the rats showed prone walking, vary degrees of urinary retention, and spinal shock, with complete loss of function of both hind limbs and muscle strength of 0. (2) Compared with the normal control group, the levels of inflammatory factors in the other groups were increased significantly (P < 0.05). The expression levels of inflammatory factors were highest in the overexpression group, followed by modeling group, and lowest in the inhibition group. (3) Results of western blot assay and double immunofluorescence showed that the expression level of NF-κB protein in the modeling, overexpression and inhibition groups was significantly higher than that in the normal control group (P < 0.05), and the level was highest in the overexpression group. (4) In summary, miRNA-136-5p can affect inflammatory factors and NF-κB in rats with acute spinal cord injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hydrodynamic model of carotid artery atherosclerosis: hemodynamic changes of carotid atherosclerotic plaques under cervical rotatory manipulation Chen Yili1, Lao Yonghua2, Zhang Shaoqun1, Wu Baofeng3, Li Yikai1 2019, 23 (15):  2403-2308.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1174 Abstract ( 505 )   PDF (972KB) ( 256 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cervical rotation manipulation is a non-surgical method of cervical spondylosis, showing significant treatment efficacy. But the safety for patients with carotid artery atherosclerosis remains obscure. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the hemodynamic changes of atherosclerotic carotid arteries treated by cervical rotatory manipulation, and to explore the effect of cervical rotatory manipulation on the hemodynamics of atherosclerotic plaque. METHODS: Eight cases of stenosis of ramification of the carotid artery with plaque on MRI. The hemodynamic model of carotid artery atherosclerosis was established, assigned with general boundary conditions and simulated the cervical stretch during cervical rotatory manipulation. All models were grouped and stretched into 0% (control group), 7% and 16% stretch to simulate the hemodynamic changes of atherosclerotic plaque. The hemodynamic parameters, including average wall shear stress, the maximum wall shear stress, the average maximum wall shear stress, the blood velocity of the plaque, and blood flow vectorgraph were compared among groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) All hemodynamic parameters had no significant differences between 7% stretch and control groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, the wall shear stress, the maximum wall shear stress, and the maximum wall shear stress in the 16% stretch group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and other indexes showed no significant differences. (2) In summary, different stretches by cervical rotatory manipulation possess different effects on plaque, and a 16% stretch may affect the hemodynamics of plaque. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of cytokines in peripheral blood within 48 hours after acute spinal cord injury Huang Jianhua1, Zeng Gaofeng2, Cen Zhongxi1, Deng Guiying1, Gao Yunbing1, Zong Shaohui1 2019, 23 (15):  2409-2414.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1154 Abstract ( 405 )   PDF (583KB) ( 149 )   Save BACKGROUND: Change of microenvironment after acute spinal cord injury is the main factor causing secondary injury, so it is of great significance to investigate the changes of microenvironment after acute spinal cord injury for clinical diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression levels and clinical significance of interleukin-6, brain derived neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4 in peripheral blood within 48 hours after acute spinal cord injury. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with acute spinal cord injury admitted at the Department of Spinal Osteopathia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from October 2016 to June 2018 were enrolled, and were divided into two groups according to American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale: complete spinal cord injury (n=11) and incomplete spinal cord injury (n=18). Thirteen patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head were selected as controls. The expression levels of interleukin-6, brain derived neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4 in peripheral blood of 42 patients were determined by ELISA and compared.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The ELISA results showed that the expression levels of interleukin-6, brain derived neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4 in peripheral blood in the spinal cord injury group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of all above cytokines in the complete spinal cord injury group were significantly higher than those in the incomplete spinal cord injury group (P < 0.05). In summary, increased expression of interleukin-6, brain derived neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, neurotrophin-3, neurotrophin-4 after acute spinal cord injury indicates that it may participate in the important pathophysiological process after acute spinal cord injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Blood flow restriction training: a new method for accelerating musculoskeletal rehabilitation Li Xintong1, Pan Weimin2, Qin Huasheng1, Qu Lei1, Zhang Hengyin1, Zhu Xinrui1 2019, 23 (15):  2415-2420.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1142 Abstract ( 862 )   PDF (749KB) ( 524 )   Save BACKGROUND: If high-intensity resistance training is used as a rehabilitation measure after musculoskeletal injury, it may be aggravated by factors such as pain. The blood flow restriction training can achieve high-intensity resistance training through low-intensity resistance training, which can accelerate the recovery of patients. OBJECTIVE: To elaborate the current situation of blood flow restriction training as a new way to accelerate musculoskeletal rehabilitation at home and abroad. METHODS: The first author searched the related studies on the musculoskeletal rehabilitation of blood flow restriction training included in PubMed, Cochrane Library and CNKI from January 2002 to October 2018. The keywords were “blood flow restriction training; Kaatsu training; low intensity resistance training; safety; musculoskeletal rehabilitation; knee osteoarthritis; patellofemoral pain; knee joint injury; ankle joint injury; quantitative difference” in English and Chinese. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Blood flow restriction training, as a new treatment method, can reduce the training load and achieve the effect similar to the high-intensity resistance training by designing an individualized and precise rehabilitation scheme. Additionally, it can make the resistance training happen in advance due to its unique advantage, thus contribute to rapid rehabilitation. However, this method is mostly applied to lower limb injuries, and its feasibility for other parts still needs a further investigation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism and clinical research advance of muscle atrophy: thinking based on the 65th Annual Meeting of American College of Sports Medicine Wang Minjia1, Qi Ziyi2, Zhu Weihua1, Sun Junzhi1 2019, 23 (15):  2421-2426.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1134 Abstract ( 518 )   PDF (1010KB) ( 1420 )   Save BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to introduce the mechanism and clinical application of muscular atrophy that is a hotspot in the 65th Annual Meeting of American College of Sports Medicine and the 9th World Conference on Exercise Is Medicine and the World Conference of Basic Science of Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the frontiers and hotspots of research findings on muscular atrophy, in order to provide new ideas for further research of exercise improving muscle function and the mechanism and application in this field, and provide a reference for the study on sports science, sports medicine, and sports rehabilitation in China. METHODS: Related reports and cutting-edge research findings in 65th Annual Meeting of American College of Sports Medicine were collected. Meanwhile, PubMed database between January 1993 and August 2018 was retrieved. The keywords were “skeletal muscle, muscle atrophy, movement and muscle, resistance movement”. Thirty-five articles related to the molecular mechanism and clinical application of muscle atrophy were included for analysis and discussion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The World Congress is a unique opportunity to bring together interdisciplinary investigators for the most comprehensive meeting ever held on this topic. The program will include a keynote lecture, tutorials, and symposia from leading experts. The meeting focused on the intrinsic and extrinsic variables that regulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy. How exercise brings about skeletal muscle atrophy and its application in clinical problems such as aging, disease, injury, chronic diseases, and how these changes may relate to chronic disease were discussed as well. The research on muscle hypertrophy is mostly concentrated in the field of competitive sports. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Technological methods and result evaluation of establishing the animal models of vertebral artery type of cervical spondylosis Zhang Xiang1, Qian Yuzhang1, Xie Lin2, 3, Kang Ran2, 3 2019, 23 (15):  2427-2435.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1172 Abstract ( 488 )   PDF (1072KB) ( 210 )   Save BACKGROUND: Construction of animal models of vertebral artery type of cervical spondylosis and evaluation have become a new issue of concern. OBJECTIVE: To describe the research progress of animal models of vertebral artery type of cervical spondylosis at home and abroad, and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each method. METHODS: The keywords were “cervical vertigo, basal-vertebral ischemia, cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type, animal, model” in Chinese and English, respectively. CNKI, WanFang, VIP, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were retrieved for the articles published from 1998 to 2018. Chinese and English articles on animal modeling of vertebral artery type of cervical spondylosis were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion diagnosis criteria of vertebral artery type of cervical spondylosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Through induction and analysis, modeling methods include hardener injection, bone graft compression, dynamic imbalance, blood stasis blocking collaturation, vertebral artery ligation and mixed modeling method. Of them, hardener injection method is most commonly used. Bone graft compression method is the most similar pathogenesis to the human body. However, the disadvantage is that the modeling is difficult and the size of the bone block is various. So the bone is not in the right position. Dynamic imbalance method can cause cervical spine imbalanced by resecting the unilateral muscle and bone. This method has high operability, but has long modeling period. Although ligating or clipping the unilateral vertebral artery is easy to operate, the pathogenesis of vertebral artery type of cervical spondylosis is not just vertebral artery stenosis, which ignores the influence of humoral factors, sympathetic nerves and vertebral nerves on the blood flow velocity and lumen size of vertebral artery. Each method has advantages and disadvantages. The evaluation criteria, time and success rate are different. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prospects and application of curvilinear distraction osteogenesis Zhou Yang, Zhou Libin, Piao Zhengguo 2019, 23 (15):  2436-2442.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1157 Abstract ( 642 )   PDF (1112KB) ( 354 )   Save BACKGROUND: Insufficient development of craniofacial bone and jaw defects are common problems in clinical practice of maxillofacial surgery. How to repair is always a problem. Because distraction osteogenesis has the advantages of small trauma, avoiding bone grafting, and prolonging the synchronization of surrounding soft tissue, it holds critical role in increasing alveolar bone mass, prolonging jaw bone, repairing bone defect, and closing bone gap. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and discuss the technical methods, application, limitations and development trends of various curved distractors. METHODS: Relevant articles published from January 2000 to October 2018 were retrieved from CNKI, WanFang, PubMed and Embase databases and National Intellectual Property Office Patent Search and Analysis Platform. The key words were “distraction osteogenesis, curvilinear distraction, curved distractor, reconstruction, research progress, mandibular, maxilla, defect, customized distractor, finite element method” in Chinese and English, respectively. Fifty-eight eligible articles were included for review.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The early distraction osteogenesis devices are mostly external unidirectional distractors. With the development of various technologies, various intra-oral distractors, such as spiral distractor, curve distractor, bidirectional distractor, three-focus distractor and automatic distractor. (2) In view of the special anatomical shape of the jaw, there are many arc-faced structures. In order to make the new bone closer to the contour shape of the jaw, curved distraction osteogenesis has gradually become a research hotspot. (3) Although the existing curved distractors provide a reliable technical means for jaw defects, they still have a certain degree of limitation. Due to the existence of problems such as traction and force, the true meaning curve and even the three-dimensional distraction are not completed. The development of individualized stretchers combined with relevant innovations, and towards miniaturization and stabilization development is still the mainstream trend of future research on curvilinear distraction. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteochondral lesions of the talus: etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prospects Han Yu, Chang Fei, Jiang Zhende, Feng Naibo 2019, 23 (15):  2443-2449.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1183 Abstract ( 1022 )   PDF (753KB) ( 775 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteochondral lesion of the talus is a common disease of foot and ankle surgery, which has the characteristics of high morbidity, high misdiagnosis rate and difficulty in curing. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, clinical grading, treatment methods, and new therapies such as cell therapy and tissue engineering for osteochondral lesion of the talus. METHODS: The first author retrieved PubMed databases for relevant articles. The keywords were “talus, cartilage”. Initially, 535 articles were retrieved, and finally 70 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Trauma is still considered to be the main pathogenic factor of talus cartilage injury. According to the imaging findings, the clinical scope of talar cartilage injury can be accurately determined. The clinically applied therapies have certain shortcomings and limitations. Tissue engineering-based therapies are currently the most likely to cure osteochondral lesion of the talus. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta-analysis of risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation Yang Jin, Zhang Meixia, Yan Pei, Cheng Qiao, Li Jianzhen 2019, 23 (15):  2450-2460.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1176 Abstract ( 421 )   PDF (1020KB) ( 235 )   Save BACKGROUND: Age, sex, body mass index, hepatitis C infection, immunosuppressive drugs and family history of diabetes mellitus are shown to be risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation, but their effects remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: To systematically assess the risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation, so as to provide evidences for preventing and controlling the disease． METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and CBMdisc databases were searched for the articles concerning risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation published between January 2005 and May 2018. Two researchers extracted data from each study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality assessment was conducted in accordance with New castle-Ottawa Scale standard. Meta-analysis was performed on Revman 5.3 software to identify the risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Twenty-one studies involving 8 206 patients were included. There were 1 489 cases of new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation, and the morbidity was 18.15%. (2) The meta-analysis identified the following seven significant risk factors, non-modifiable risk factors: age ≥ 50 years, and donor type; modifiable risk factors: body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2, acute rejection, tacrolimus usage, hepatitis C infection and polycystic kidney. (3) Uncertain risk factor was family history of diabetes. (4) To conclude, age, donor type, body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2, acute rejection, tacrolimus usage, hepatitis C infection and polycystic kidney are risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation. But whether the family history of diabetes mellitus is the risk factor remains uncertain. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics