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29 April 2012, Volume 16 Issue 18 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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In vitro cell replantation of decellularized liver biological scaffold under circulating-perfusion culture conditions Hu Peng-yun, Cheng Yuan, Wang Yan, Li Zhi-guo, Pan Ming-xin 2012, 16 (18):  3231-3235.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.001 Abstract ( 402 )   PDF (540KB) ( 330 )   Save BACKGROUND: The liver biological scaffold made by decellularization technology is the new technology to alleviate the shortage of donor; the optimization of the process to liver tissue decellularization is the new topic. OBJECTIVE: To establish the liver biological scaffold preserving the liver three-dimensional structure and the intact vascular system by decellularization technology, then, to realize the in vitro cell replantation of liver biological by scaffold independent designed circulating-perfusion culture device.  METHODS: The cannula in the portal veins were attached to the pump and was perfused sequentially with TritonX-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate, and then was perfused with phosphate buffered saline to wash out the residual detergent. The liver biological scaffold was cultured with HepG2 cells through the circulating-perfusion culture device and the expression of the cells in the liver biological scaffold was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After the perfusion of the detergent, the scaffold was retained the transparent structure of the liver three-dimensional structure. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and scanning electron microscope reveled that the cellular components were completely removed. Masson’s Trichrome staining showed that there was a large amount of collagen fibers; the immunohistochemical results confirmed that fibronectin and laminin preserved intactly. Expression of cell albumin and the volume of the urea synthesis in the circulating-perfusion culture were significantly increased compared with plate culture. It indicate that the decellularized liver biological scaffold can be used as the basis materials of in vitro liver tissue reconstruction, and the dynamic circulating-perfusion culture method can achieved the cell replantation in the scaffold.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the incidence of infection and acute rejection in different anti-rejection treatment after renal transplantation Huang Xiao-wei1, Liu Zhou2, Xie Min-yan1 2012, 16 (18):  3236-3240.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.002 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (272KB) ( 434 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, there is no unified opinion about which immunosuppressive agent (especially the antibodies) at the peri-operative period of renal transplantation can reduce the incidence of acute rejection and not increase the risk of serious infection of patients. OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences of the infection and acute rejection rate in six different immunosuppressive induction therapies for 6 months after renal transplantation.  METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 113 patients who received allogeneic kidney transplantation were divided into methylprednisolone (MP) group (n=29), MP+anti-human T lymphocyte glubin (ALG) group (n=17), MP+anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) group (n=8), MP+daclizumab group (n=12), MP+ATG+daclizumab group (n=30), MP+ALG+daclizumab group (n=17). All groups were followed by the cyclosporin+mycophenolate mofetil+prednisone triple maintenance therapy after induced with immunosuppression treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: ①The incidence of infection was lowest in MP+ATG group and highest in MP+ALG group. There was no significant difference among the groups. ②The incidence of acute rejection was highest in MP group and lowest in MP+ATG+daclizumab group. And the incidence of acute rejection in MP group was significantly higher than that in the MP+ATG+daclizumab group and MP+ALG+daclizumab group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the incidence of acute rejection was lower in patients receiving combination induction of immunosuppressive therapy with both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, and the incidence of infection was not increased compared to treatment with MP, monoclonal or polyclonal antibody alone. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tolterodine effectively attenuates catheter related bladder discomfort in kidney transplantation patients*☆ Li Jin-feng, Feng Gui-wen, Wang Yue, Pang Xin-lu, Shang Wen-jun, Liu Lei 2012, 16 (18):  3241-3244.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.003 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (195KB) ( 431 )   Save BACKGROUND: Renal transplantation requires long term use of indwelling catheter, which could easily cause bladder irritation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the catheter related bladder discomfort using Overactive Bladder Symptom Score in kidney transplantation patients; to evaluate the efficiency of tolterodine in preventing catheter related bladder discomfort in kidney transplantation patients. METHODS: A total of 102 living-related kidney transplant recipients were involved in this study. Indwelling catheters were used after transplant; and patients were treated with 4 mg/d tolterodine or the same dose of placebo, respectively. The recipient bladder discomfort was assessed using Overactive Bladder Symptom Score at different time points. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The incidence and severity of urgency and urgency incontinence increased in kidney transplant patients with increasing catheter indwelling time. With the application of tolterodine, the incidence and severity of urgency and urgency incontinence decreased significantly. These findings indicate that regulated application of tolterodine may effectively prevent catheter related bladder discomfort in kidney transplantation patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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Delayed graft function after kidney transplantation Sun Nan, Liu Qian, Shi Li-hua, Li Ying, Li Hui 2012, 16 (18):  3245-3248.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.004 Abstract ( 1133 )   PDF (300KB) ( 560 )   Save BACKGROUND: Delayed graft function (DGF) is a common complication of kidney transplantation, fully exploration of the risk factors and timely prevent and the corresponding comprehensive treatment is the key to the success of kidney transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cause and treatment of DGF after kidney transplantation. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was preformed on 108 cases of DGF after kidney transplantation who admitted in Department of Nephropathy, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces from December 2000 to January 2011. All the 108 patients received cadaveric kidney transplantation and corresponding treatment. The clinical effects were observed and the comprehensive analysis of the reasons for DGF was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the 108 patients with DGF, the causes were acute rejection episode in 52 cases (48.2%), acute renal tubular necrosis in 45 cases (41.5%), graft artery anastomotic stenosis in 5 cases (4.6%), ureteral obstruction in 3 cases (2.8%) and acute cyclosporine anephrotoxicety in 5 cases (5.6%). The renal function became normal in 89 patients; serum creatinine returned to 200 μmol/L or so in 12 cases; there were 2 cases died of pulmonary infection after using antilymphocyte globulin while 5 cases resumed dialysis with failure to methylprednisolone treatment. Acute rejection and acute renal tubular necrosis are the main reasons for DGF and the combined therapeutic measure should be taken. Related Articles | Metrics

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Acute humoral rejection after renal transplantation Five-year follow-up of 296 cases from one organization*★ Chen Hua1, Hu Li-juan2, Li Liu-yang1, Chen Jian-rong1, Qian Jun1, Li Min1, Zhao Ming1 2012, 16 (18):  3249-3254.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.005 Abstract ( 282 )   PDF (271KB) ( 424 )   Save BACKGROUND: The incidence of acute humoral rejection following renal transplantation is not high, but it can injure allograft severely and lead to dysfunction, and is considered the leading cause of early loss of the grafts. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of early diagnosis and prevention of acute humoral rejection after renal transplantation. METHODS: A total of 296 patients were subjected to regular follow-up following renal transplantation, prior to the surgery,   26 patients were positive for panel reactive antibodies and 270 were negative. The dynamic changes of panel reactive antibodies and donor specific antibodies in peripheral blood were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. C4d deposition and molecular markers of infiltrating lymphocytes in biopsy tissue were observed by immunohistochemistry. The acute humoral rejection was diagnosed according to Banff 2005 criteria and clinical related indexes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After transplantation, acute humoral rejection was diagnosed in six cases (23%) out of 26 positive patients and in 19 cases (7%) out of 270 negative patients for panel reactive antibodies. The difference of incidence rates between positive and negative patients was significant (P < 0.01). Donor specific antibodies were detected in peripheral serum of 22 patients (88%) who had developed acute humoral rejection and in 1 patient among the other 271 recipients without acute humoral rejection, with significant difference (P < 0.01). 80% of acute humoral rejection patients and 6.7% of non-acute humoral rejection patients were C4d positive. There were significant differences in the C4d positive rates between acute humoral rejection patients and non-acute humoral rejection patients (P < 0.001). Early monitoring of panel reactive antibodies and donor specific antibodies after transplantation, together with C4d deposition in biopsy tissue, may help to timely diagnose acute humoral rejection, and effectively improve the functions and survival rate of allograft. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism on concentration and efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with kidney transplantation   Li Xin-chang, Meng Dong-liang,Long Cheng-mei, Zeng Tao, Zeng Li-feng, Huang Yue-sheng 2012, 16 (18):  3255-3258.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.006 Abstract ( 297 )   PDF (294KB) ( 380 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are reports relating to the relation between CYP3A5 genetype and tacrolimus concentration among European and American people in recent years, however, the data of the study available comes from the date after surgery within 1 month to 1 year and there lacks of early details. OBJECTIVE: To study the relation between CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism and tacrolimus concentration per dose in kidney transplant recipients, and to evaluate the effect of CYP3A5 genotype on the acute rejection and the adverse effect of tacrolimus after kidney transplantation. METHODS: Forty-five patients transplanted with planted cadaver kidney receiving the triple immunosuppressive (tacrolimus+mycophenolatemofetil+prednison), and the patients were divided into *1/*1 group (n=11), *1/*3 group (n=15), *3/*3 group (n=19) according to the CYP3A5 genotype. The initial dose of tacrolimus was 0.15 mg/kg per day and the dosage was adjusted according to the drug concentration to a target therapeutic window. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 7 day and 1 and 3 months after operation, the concentration per dosage in the *3/*3 group was significantly higher than that in the *1/*3 group and *1/*1 group (P < 0.05); the ratio of acute rejection in *1/*1 group was significantly higher than that in the *1/*3 group and *3/*3 group within 3 months (P < 0.05); the adverse effects of tacrolimus (nephrotoxicity, hyper glycosemia, neurotoxicity) were increased in CYP3A5 *3/*3 group compared with CYP3A5 *1/*1group within 3 months. The blood concentration of tacrolimus was lowest in *1/*1 genotype group within 3 months which induced the higher acute rejection rate, so the initial dosing regimen of tacrolimus was not the suitable for the treatment of early anti-rejection, and blood concentration of tacrolimus was highest in *3/*3 genotype group within 3 months which resulting in higher adverse effects. To choose the initial tacrolimus dosage required by individual patients according to the CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism is necessary for getting better outcome and reducing acute rejection in the CYP3A5 *1/*1 group and the adverse effect of tacrolimus in the CYP3A5 *3/*3 group, and which enhances the clinical effect of kidney transplantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Myocardial protective effects of on-pump beating-heart technique with mild hypothermia for elderly patients undergoing valve replacement Zhou Tao, He Wei, Xie Xiao-yong 2012, 16 (18):  3259-3262.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.007 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (299KB) ( 229 )   Save BACKGROUND: Myocardial damage caused by open heart surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is one of the most common causes of postoperative complications. On-pump beating-heart technique with mild hypothermia is benefit to the high-risk patients due to its myocardial protective effect. OBJECTIVE: To investigate myocardial protective effects of on-pump beating-heart technique with mild hypothermia on elderly patients undergoing valve replacement with CPB. METHODS: Thirty elderly patients undergoing elective artificial heart mitral valve replacement with CPB were eligible for inclusion in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the treatment method: in the control group, the heart valve replacement was completed under moderate hypothermia, and in the beating heart group, the heart valve replacement was completed under mild hypothermia. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with before CPB, the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and cardiac troponinⅠwere increased at 30 minutes after the start of CPB, and before the right atrium was closed during operation (P < 0.05), and the changes were obvious in control group (P < 0.05). The expression of nuclear transcription factor kappa B was increased when the right atrium was closed, but the increased expression of nuclear transcription factor kappa B in beating heart group was smaller in the two groups (P < 0.05). On-pump beating-heart technique with mild hypothermia can significantly decrease the myocardial damage in open heart operation with CPB in elderly patients which may relate with the decreasing of the myocardial inflammatory response.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of hormone on heart function protection and the levels of serum calcitonin-gene-related peptide and endothelin-1 in brain-dead pigs Wang Xi, Ma Li-ming, Jia Shao-jun, Yang Shao-jun 2012, 16 (18):  3263-3266.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.008 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (260KB) ( 336 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hormones can reduce the heart ischemia-reperfusion injury of brain-dead donor and reduce the release of inflammatory factors, and play a role in the protection of the donor heart after brain death.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of hormone on heart function of brain-dead pigs and on the level of serum calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) and endothelin-1. METHODS: Fourteen healthy Xishuangbanna Miniature pigs were randomly divided into hormonal group and control group. The brain death model was established by slow intracranial pressure method. The pigs in the hormonal group were performed with intravenous injection of 6 mg/kg methylprednisolone sodium succinate at 30 minutes before establishment, and the pigs in the control group were not treated with hormone. The mean arterial pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction and the CGRP and endothelin-1 level in serum were measured at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 9 hours after brain death. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The mean arterial pressure and left ventricular ejection fraction in the hormonal group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The level of CGRP was gradually decreased and the level of endothelin-1 was gradually increased in the hormonal group, there was significant difference between hormonal group and control group (P < 0.001). Hormone can protect heart function effectively in the brain dead pig donor, which might be related to the decreasing of inflammatory reaction, the increasing of energy support of heart and maintenance of internal environment stabilization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Lung protective mechanism of mitral valve replacement with beating-heart via mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass Xie Xiao-yong1, He Wei2, Zheng Bao-shi2, Feng Xu2, Zhou Tao2, Ye Shi-gao2, Feng Zhen-bo1 2012, 16 (18):  3267-3271.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.009 Abstract ( 289 )   PDF (355KB) ( 288 )   Save BACKGROUND: Mitral valve replacement on beating-heart with mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can lessen pulmonary injury after operation, which is relative to its lightening accumulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil in lung and reducing the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-8. But other mechanism of its lung protection should research further. OBJECTIVE: To further explore the lung protective mechanism of mitral valve replacement with beating-heart with mild hypothermic CPB. METHODS: A total of 40 patients underwent mitral valve replacements which were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Patients in the experimental group were performed with the operation on beating-heart with mild hypothermic CPB, while the patients in the control group received the operation on arrested heart with moderate hypothermia CPB. The protein expression level of nuclear factor-кB in lung tissue and positive percentage of adhesion molecule CD11b/CD18 in blood was detected after opening chest and 30 minutes after CPB. The serum level of Neutrophil elastase was measured before CPB, 30 minutes during CPB, at the end of CPB and 3, 6 and 12 hours after CPB. Arterial blood gas analysis was preformed and respiratory index was calculated before CPB, at the end of CPB and 1 and 8 hours after CPB. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The protein expression level of nuclear factor-кB in lung tissue and positive percentage of CD11b/CD18 in blood of two groups was increased significantly at 30 minutes after CPB (P < 0.01), but the levels in the control group were higher than that in the experimental group (P < 0.05). The serum levels of Neutrophil elastase in two groups were increased significantly at 30 minutes during CPB, at the end of CPB, 3 and 6 hours after CPB (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), but the level in the control group was higher than that in the experimental group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The level of respiratory index in two groups was significantly increased at the end of CPB, 1 and 8 hours after CPB (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), but the level in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). It indicates that mitral valve replacement on beating-heart with mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass can reduce the lung injury through the inhibition of nuclear factor-кB activity, decreasing the expression of CD11b/CD18 on the surface of neutrophils and reduce the release of neutrophils. Related Articles | Metrics

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Refraction change and influential factors of keratoconus after modified deep lamellar keratoplasty*★ Zhang Mei-ai1, Gao Hua2, Li Su-xia2, Wang Xiu-xian2, Sun Guang-hua1, Shi Wei-yun2 2012, 16 (18):  3272-3276.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.010 Abstract ( 272 )   PDF (283KB) ( 452 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traditional deep lamellar keratoplasty in keratoconus treatment shows a high perforation of Descemet’s membrane. OBJECTIVE: To study the long-term results of modified deep lamellar keratoplasty (DLKP) for the treatment of keratoconus, and analyze related factors. METHODS: A total of 46 patients (51 eyes) with keratoconus received modified DLKP. The uncorrected visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity were recorded before and after surgery; according to preoperative mean corneal curvature, all patients were divided into two groups, one group is ≥ 60 m-1 (38 eyes) and the other group is < 60 m-1 (13 eyes). Spherical equivalent, astigmatism and mean corneal curvature were recorded between the two groups within 2 years postoperatively, and the correlation between postoperative refractive state and eye axis was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The uncorrected visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity at postoperative 1, 6, 12, 18, 24 months were significantly improved compared with before surgery (P < 0.01 or 0.05). The visual acuity was improved significantly within 6 months after the surgery, then maintained stable and improved slightly from 6 months to 18 months after the surgery, and improved significantly from 18 months to 24 months after the surgery. These results showed that the visual acuity improved and trended to be stable with the extension of postoperative time, which indicated that the long-term results of modified DLKP for the treatment of keratoconus was much better. The spherical equivalent, astigmatism and mean corneal curvature of the two groups were all improved within 2 years postoperatively, but there was no statistical difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was a negative correlation between eye axis and the spherical equivalent, astigmatism, mean corneal curvature within 24 months after the surgery (r=-0.30, r=-0.29, r=-0.61). The spherical equivalent and mean corneal curvature increased gradually while the corneal astigmatism decreased gradually after DLKP, there was no obvious influence of the mean corneal curvature on the refractive state after DLKP, while eye axis was related. Related Articles | Metrics

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Transferring and transplantation of brachial triceps branches of radial nerve through axillary access in repairing axillary nerve: An applied anatomical study  Dong Hua-zhang, Ruan Wen-wu, Liu Yun, Sha Ke 2012, 16 (18):  3277-3280.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.011 Abstract ( 327 )   PDF (273KB) ( 266 )   Save BACKGROUND: The posterior approach for axillary nerve by brachial triceps branches of radial nerve transfer produces excessive retraction of the deltoid muscle and may result in the injury to the posterior branch of the axillary nerve and supraclavicular brachial plexus, it required to change the location when explore and joint other nerve transfer.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anatomical feasibility of transferring the brachial triceps branches of radial nerve to anterior branch of axillary through an axillary access in repairing axillary nerve. METHODS: The axillary nerve was bilaterally dissected in 10 embalmed cadavers by conventional formaldehyde to study its variations. Dissection was performed through an axillary exposure with the supine, arm abducted and externally rotated and axillary access. All the nerves and vessels in the axilla were performed with microdissection. The distance from originating point to branch and transverse diameter of the anterior branch of axillary nerve were observed and measured. The transverse diameter of the anterior branch of the brachial triceps and the length of untraumatic detachment of brachial triceps branches of radial nerve were observed and measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At the lateral margin of the subscapularis muscle, the axillary nerve was divided into an anterior and a posterior branch. The anterior branch diameter averaged 2.5 mm (range 1.6-3.4 mm). The triceps long head motor branch diameter averaged 2.2 mm (range 1.4-2.8 mm). The average distance between axillary nerve and radial nerve was 18.2 mm (range 10.2-30.0 mm). The diameter of triceps brachii branches of radial nerve was similar to the anterior branch of axillary nerves and the distance was short. It indicates that axillary access can expose and identify the anterior and posterior branch of axillary nerve. The axillary nerve can be repaired by triceps motor nerve transfer as the expression of brachial triceps branches of radial nerve on the surface of latissimus dorsi tendon was close to axillary nerve. Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomical double bundle reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament for patellar dislocation through autologous tendon graft treatment Jiang Shao-wei, Xu Bin, Xu Hong-gang 2012, 16 (18):  3281-3284.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.012 Abstract ( 343 )   PDF (251KB) ( 468 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clinically for the treatment of patellar instability, can be divided into conservative method and surgical method. There are so many surgical treatment, each one has focus and inadequate. However, there is still no unified consensus on which method should be used for the treatment of patellar instability. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application of anatomical double bundle reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament for the treatment of patellar dislocation through autologous tendon graft. METHODS: A total of 46 patients that had been treated with arthroscopic double bundle medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction by using the semitendinosus tendon for patellar dislocation in the Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All cases were followed-up for 2-16 months and the patient’s range of motion and stability were assessed. During follow-up, no patients had serious complications, and all patients gained normal knee activity, except 1 case straight restricted. No patellar dislocation occurred postoperatively. The mean Lysholm score and the Kujala knee function score postoperative were improved compared with those preoperative (P < 0.01). This study concludes that medial patellofemoral ligament with anatomical double bundle reconstruction using the semitendinosus tendon for the treatment of patellar dislocation is an effective method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Heterogeneous islet transplantation via hepatic artery versus portal vein for typeⅠdiabetes in rhesus monkeys    Ye Bin, Liao Jian, Nie Wei, Liang Qi, Dong Qiong, Ma Xiao-qian, Wang Wei, Liu Sheng 2012, 16 (18):  3285-3289.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.013 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF (372KB) ( 522 )   Save BACKGROUND: Islet transplantation via portal vein and hepatic artery to treat diabetes are the main two ways. The portal vein way has more complications; the hepatic artery transplantation has less trauma and complications. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficiency of heterogeneous islet transplantation via hepatic artery and portal vein in the treatment of diabetes rhesus monkeys. METHODS: Eighteen diabetes rhesus monkey models were divided into three groups: hepatic artery group (n=6), portal vein group (n=9) and control group (n=3). In hepatic artery group, the handled new pig islets (50 000 islet equivalents/kg) were implanted in the models through the hepatic artery catheterization by Seidinger technique; in portal vein group, the handled new pig islets (50 000 islet equivalents/kg) were implanted in the models through the portal venipuncture by ultrasonic guidance; in the control group, two models were preformed with saline injection through the portal venipuncture and one model was performed with saline injection in the same dose with the hepatic artery group via hepatic artery. All groups received the same immunosuppressive regimen.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The dosage of exogenous insulin administrated in hepatic artery group and portal vein group were decreased to 59.53% and 48.39% respectively. There were no significant differences between hepatic artery group and portal vein group in decreasing dosage of exogenous insulin administration (P > 0.05). Both groups had low level of rhesus serum C peptide, whereas the level of pig serum C petide was increased gradually. There was no significant difference in pig serum C peptide lever between two groups (P > 0.05). However, 4/9 diabetes rhesus monkeys in the portal vein group were dead due to different complications after transplantation, only 1 diabetes rhesus monkey was dead in hepatic artery group due to the puncture point bleeding. The procedure of transplantation via hepatic artery is safer, easier and with fewer complications compared with transplantation via portal vein. The xeno islet grafts can survive for a long time and maintain functional in both approaches. Related Articles | Metrics

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B7-2/CD28 expression in renal allograft recipients when acute rejection happens   Shi Li-hua1, 2, Li Ying2, Li Hui2, Sun Guang1 2012, 16 (18):  3290-3294.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.014 Abstract ( 272 )   PDF (406KB) ( 367 )   Save BACKGROUND: The results of previous studies on animals indicate that the expression of co-stimulatory molecules in allograft recipients are relate to acute rejection of organs. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of B7-2/CD28 in peripheral blood samples and allograft renal biopsies of allograft recipients when acute rejection happened. METHODS: The peripheral blood samples of 53 cases were collected on 1 day pre-operative and 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days postoperative, and were also collected during episodes of acute rejection and 1 week after treatment of acute rejection. The expression of B7-2/CD28 peripheral blood lymphocytes was examined by flow cyctometry. Allograft receptor’s renal biopsies were taken on pre-transplantation (at the cold ischaemia) and 7 days, 1 and 6 months and 1 year postoperative. Immuohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of B7-2/CD28. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the post-transplantation period, the number of CD28+, CD4+/CD28+, CD8+/CD28+ cells was decreased significantly within 1 and 3 days (P < 0.05), and then returned to pre-transplant levels by 1 to 2 weeks; increased expression of B7-2 cells was observed in the renal tissue without acute rejection at 7 days followed renal transplantation (P < 0.05), and then returned to the level of preoperative tissue after 1 month (P > 0.05). When acute rejection happened, the ratios of CD28+, CD4+/CD28+ and CD8+/CD28+ cells of peripheral blood samples and the expression of B7-2 in renal biopsies samples were significantly increased (P < 0.05) and returned to normal immediately after anti-rejection therapy for 1 week. The results show that the increased expression of co-stimulatory molecule B7-2/CD28 in allograft renal biopsies and peripheral blood samples of allograft recipients were closely relate to acute rejection after clinical renal transplantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective effect of adenovirus vector mediated rat insulin-like growth factor 1 gene on pancreatic beta cells   Song Qing1, Qiao Ling-yan2, Tian Fei1, Chen Zhi-hong1, Li Tang1 2012, 16 (18):  3295-3300.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.015 Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (430KB) ( 295 )   Save BACKGROUND: Research shows that the high expression of the rat insulin-like growth factor 1 (rIGF-1) has certain preventive effect on drug induced diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of adenovirus vector mediated rat rIGF-1 gene on pancreatic β-cells impairment. METHODS: ①In vitro experiment: the RINm5F cells of pancreatic β-cells were infected with Ad-rIGF-1 and Ad-eGFP gene, each group was treated with 0 or 1.5 mmol/L streptozotocin (STZ) medium. ②In vivo prevention experiment: 60 Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups: blank control group (without any treatment), diabetes mellitus group (diabetes mellitus model was established), Ad-eGFP group (treated with intraperitoneal injection of Ad-eGFP adenovirus medium) and Ad-rIGF-1 group (treated with intraperitoneal injection of Ad-rIGF-1 adenovirus medium at two weeks early before the establishment of diabetes mellitus model). ③In vivo treatment experiment: 75 Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups: blank control group (without any treatment), diabetes mellitus group, insulin group, Ad-rIGF-1 group and Ad-rIGF-1 plus insulin group. Corresponding intervention was given to the last three groups before the establishment of diabetes mellitus model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ①The rIGF-1 was expressed in pancreatic β-cells and could inhibit the apoptosis of STZ induced pancreatic β-cells. ②Prevention experiment showed that the Ad-rIGF-1 group had a lower incidence in diabetes and a lower degree of average blood glucose and the inflammatory infiltration was lighter. ③Compared with diabetes mellitus group and insulin group, the inflammatory infiltration was lighter in Ad-rIGF-1 group and Ad-rIGF-1plus insulin group and the rIGF-1 was highly expressed in part of the islet cells; serum C peptide detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay showed a lower degree in insulin group, Ad-rIGF-1 group and Ad-rIGF-1 plus insulin group, however it had no difference between groups (P > 0.05). These results suggested that locally produced rIGF-1 in pancreatic β-cells could maintain the β cells function, promote islet survival rate and prevent and mitigate the STZ-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus. The effect of rIGF-1 transduction combined with insulin subcutaneous injection on the protection of the function of residual islet cells in early diabetes models was not obvious. Related Articles | Metrics

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A simple method for human primary hepatocytes separation   Wu Qing-song1, Li Zhi-guo1, Liu Guang-bo1, Gao Yi1, 2 2012, 16 (18):  3301-3304.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.016 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (469KB) ( 494 )   Save BACKGROUND: The two-step in situ perfusion for liver cells isolation was high in quantity and activity, but the perfusion device was expensive, complicate in operational steps, high in technique requirement, long time to operate and easily to pollute. And the human primary liver cells are limited to use in the general laboratory and in medical applications. OBJECTIVE: To establish the separate and culture methods for human primary hepatocytes in vitro. METHODS: The liver tissue was perfused with pre-perfusate solution at 38 ℃ and Ⅱ collagenase solution by using multi-point puncture perfusion technique, and then the human primary hepatocytes were obtained after digestion and centrifugation; Hepatocyte morphology was observed by inverted microscope and electron microscope and the function was identified. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The amount of human primary hepatocytes was 5×105 and the viability was 90% after digested and separated by multi-point puncture perfusion. Electron microscope showed hepatocytes were cobblestone-like growth, a typical large nucleus and little cytoplasm after cultured for 24 hours. Glycogen PAS staining and albumin expression of cultured hepatocytes were positive. The multi-point puncture perfusion hepatocytes technique was simple and easy to operate, with advantages of high yield, good viability and high purity and the isolated and cultured hepatocytes have specific biological functions, so it would be applied widely in ordinary laboratory. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sub millimeter CT observations of the blood supplying arterioles of extrahepatic bile duct Wang Xian-long1, 2, Fang Chi-hua3, Quan Xian-yue2, Yang Jian3, Jia Hong-shun2, Liang Bo2, Xiao Li4, Jiang Yong-yan2 2012, 16 (18):  3305-3309.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.017 Abstract ( 231 )   PDF (317KB) ( 419 )   Save BACKGROUND: Sub millimeter CT scan has the advantages of extremely high speed, reducing the motion artifacts and high resolution; it can be used to observe the arterioles with the diameter less than 1 mm. OBJECTIVE: To observe the blood supplying arterioles of extrahepatic bile duct by sub millimeter CT. METHODS: Fifty-four cases that need to perform the sub-millimeter CT angiography on the abdomen due to various reasons were selected, a continuous thin source image observation was used combined with multi-planar reconstruction, maximum intensity projection and volume rendering to observed the arteriolar origin, count and distribution dominance, as well as the bore of the common bile duct. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were 54 images and one common bile duct in each image and there was no special running. The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery could be observed in 51 cases, accompanied by the inferior segment of common bile duct; in 7 cases, the superior and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery anastomosed to be artery arch, also accompanying inferior segment of common bile duct; in the superior blood supplying arterioles, 11 cases were cystic artery proximal segment, 14 patients from the right hepatic artery, 2 patients from the hepatic artery, 1 patient from the common hepatic artery and 1 patient from left hepatic artery. Thirty-nine cases of lower segment of bile duct blood supplying arterioles were in advantage, 10 cases of upper segment of bile duct blood supplying arterioles were in advantage and the remaining 5 cases were in balance. The inside diameter of the common bile duct of the 54 cases were 4-14 (11.0±5.8) mm. The inferior common bile duct supplying arteries are fragile, so the blind separation and the ligation of small blood vessels are not favorable during the operation. For cholelithiasis and liver and pancreatic malignant and benign space-occupying lesions in elderly patients, preoperative abdominal CT angiography examination is necessary. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of three key pancreatic islet development genes in mice fetal hepatocytes following co-transfection of eukaryotic expression vectors Yu Jing-wen, Zhang Zhen, Xu Yan-hua, Chen Rong-ping, Yang Rui, Chen Hong 2012, 16 (18):  3310-3313.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.018 Abstract ( 304 )   PDF (383KB) ( 327 )   Save BACKGROUND: We have been studied that hepatocytes can be induced to differentiate into pancreatic B-cells through the introduction of a few factors of key islet development genes, such as pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx-1), neurogenin 3 (Ngn3), v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (MafA). OBJECTIVE: To construct the plasmids using the pcDNA3.1(+) frame to introduce the Pdx-1, MafA and Ngn3 into the mice fetal hepatocytes and to detect the expressions of these genes. METHODS: We amplified the target genes of Pdx-1, MafA and Ngn3 using templates of the cDNAs or the genome and then cloned to the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1 (+) multiple cloning sites. The eukaryotic overexpression vectors of pcDNA3.1(+)-MafA ORF, pcDNA3.1(+) -Pdx-1 ORF and pcDNA3.1(+) -Ngn3 ORF were established by Lipofectamine2000 mediated liposome transfected with mouse fetal hepatocytes of BNL CL.2. The expressions of three target genes were tested through reverse-transcriptional polymerase chain reaction and indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The target genes were cloned correctly. The expressions of Pdx-1, Ngn3 and MafA in the fetal hepatocytes were validated by the detection of reverse-transcriptional polymerase chain and immunofluorescence test. We successfully constructed the eukaryotic overexpressed plasmids of pcDNA3.1(+)-MafA ORF, pcDNA3.1(+) -Pdx-1 ORF and pcDNA 3.1 (+) -Ngn3 ORF which could express the genes of Pdx-1, Ngn3 and MafA in the fetal hepatocytes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation and transplantation of primary hepatocytes Feng Yuan, Li De-wei, Yang Xiao-bo, Chen Rui, Fan Bin 2012, 16 (18):  3314-3317.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.019 Abstract ( 245 )   PDF (357KB) ( 472 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hepatocyte transplantation as a role of bridge can help the liver failure patients to pass through the liver failure phase and improve patient survival rate and prognosis.  OBJECTIVE: To research the improvement of method and the influencing factors of primary hepatocytes isolation technology in Sprague Dawley rats by Seglen modified in situ perfusion method, and to evaluate the treatment effects of primary hepatocytes transplantation on rats with acute hepatic failure. METHODS: Rats’ hepatocytes were isolated by the two step collagenese digestion, and acute hepatic failure was induced by D-galactosamine in rats. After 24 hours, the acute hepatic failure rats were divided into two groups randomly. The rats in the transplantation group received 2×107 hepatocytes through intrasplenic injection, the rats in the control group received 0.4 mL Hank’s solution by the same way. The survival rate, level of transaminase and total bilirubin in serum, secretion of albumin and the distribution of hepatocytes in spleen were observed at different time points. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The survival rate of rat hepatocytes was 85-95%. At 14 days, the survival rate of transplantation group (75%) was significantly higher than that of control group (30%) (P=0.01). Hepatic function improvement of transplantation group was significantly better than that of control group. At 30 days after transplantation, immunofluorescent staining of albumin could be seen in spleen; at 15 days after transplantation, transplanted hepatocytes were found in spleen. There were many influence factors in the success of hepatocyte separation, such as collagen enzyme, pH value, perfusion fluid and perfusion method. Hepatocyte intraplenic transplantation could improve the survival rate and ameliorate the hepatic function of rats with acute hepatic failure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of E-cadherin on renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteal obstruction  Cheng Hong-xin1, Yang Xiao-ping1, Zhao Jin2, Tao Lin2 2012, 16 (18):  3318-3322.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.020 Abstract ( 308 )   PDF (330KB) ( 254 )   Save BACKGROUND: The losing of cell adhesion and the decreasing of the E-cadherin expression played the important role in the process for the renal interstitial fibrosis caused by renal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. OBJECTIVE: To observe the progress of renal tubule interstitial fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rat models and the expression of E-cadherin and intergrin-linked kinase (ILK) during the pathological course, and to explore the pathogenic role of E-cadherin in renal tubule interstitial fibrosis. METHODS: Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n=24), sham-operation group (n=24) and UUO model group (model group, n=24) by touching ball method．Rats in the model group were prepared for UUO model, the rats in the sham-operation group were only preformed with sham-operation, and the normal control group was prepared for nothing. Rats in every group were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after operation. The degree of renal tubule interstitial fibrosis on the obstructed side for model group and the expression of E-cadherin and ILK in renal tissues were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Histological observations of renal tissues revealed that the degree of renal tubule interstitial fibrosis of rats in model group was significantly increased as compared with the normal group and sham-operation group after UUO, and it was increased gradually accompanying with the increasing of obstruction degree. The expression of E-cadherin mRNA and protein of renal tissue in model group began to decrease on the third day after UUO, and reached the minimum at the 14th day, and the protein expression of ILK of renal tissue in model group began to increase on the third day after UUO when compared with the normal group and sham-operation group. Significant difference was assumed among three groups (P < 0.05). It indicated that the lower protein expression of E-cadherin probably promoted the occurrence and development of renal fibrosis, and the higher protein expression of ILK may play an important role in the process of the renal interstitial fibrosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of heat shock protein 27, erythropoietin and heme oxygenase-1 activated by remote ischemic preconditioning on kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury   Li Yan1, Wu Jia-qing1, Shen Sheng1, Meng Shan-dong1, Zhou Jie-xue1, Zhang Ming2, Liu Dong1 2012, 16 (18):  3323-3328.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.021 Abstract ( 259 )   PDF (433KB) ( 274 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the important reasons for acute renal failure and other disease, and the mechanism is mainly the multi-factor and multi-channel complex pathological process. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of the heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), erythropoietin and heme oxygenase 1 activated by remote ischemic preconditioning in kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Ninety male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: ischemia/reperfusion group (n=30), preconditioning group (n=30), sham operation group (n=30). Mice in the ischemia/reperfusion group were removed the right kidney and the left kidney were subjected to ischemia for 25 minutes, and reperfusion for 24 hours; mice in the preconditioning group were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia for 20 minutes and were exposed to ischemia/reperfusion surgery on day 8 after reperfusion. Abdominal aortic blood was taken to test kidney function. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen of preconditioning group and the sham operation group were significantly lower than that of the ischemia reperfusion group (P < 0.01); MPO staining found a large number of neutrophils infiltration in ischemia/reperfusion group (P < 0.01); PAS staining showed that the kidney histopathology of preconditioning group was better than that of ischemia reperfusion group (P < 0.05); TUNEL staining analysis displayed that the apoptosis cells in preconditioning and sham operation group were significantly less than that in the ischemia/reperfusion group   (P < 0.01); HSP27 mRNA expression in preconditioning group was significantly higher than that in the ischemia/reperfusion and sham operation group (P < 0.01), the peak of HSP27 mRNA expression was at 8 days, erythropoietin and heme oxygenase 1 mRNA were increased to A point during 24 and 48 hours, and then gradually decreased, but it was taken to another peak point B at 8 days and B was more higher than A, and the peak B in the preconditioning group was higher than that in the sham operation group (P < 0.01). Remote ischemic preconditioning activated HSP27, erythropoietin and heme oxygenase 1 mRNA expression can take part in reducing infiltration of inflammatory cytokines, promoting the repair of tubular cells and inhibiting the tubular cell apoptosis in order to protected the kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of low-molecular-weight heparin or recombinant hirudin on the survival of ear venous congested skin flap of rabbits  Wang Chun-yan1, Tong Ting-hui2, Han Yin2, Wang Tai-ping2, Liao Yi2 2012, 16 (18):  3329-3332.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.022 Abstract ( 334 )   PDF (369KB) ( 312 )   Save BACKGROUND: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LH) and recombinant hirudin (RH) can promote blood circulation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of local injection of LH or RH on the survival of venous congested skin flap． METHODS: Twenty-four rabbits were employed to use the 3 cm×6 cm venous congested skin flap model on the back of left ear. The models were randomly divided into three groups: the control group was performed with multi-point injection of saline under skin flap; LH group was performed with multi-point injection of 625 U/mL LH under skin flap; RH group was multi-point injected with 1 U/mL RH under skin flap. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ① General observation showed that the congestion in RH group and LH group was lighter than that in control group, and the hematoma dissipate quickly in RH group and LH group. ② The percentage of flap survival area in RH group and LH group was higher than that in the control group obviously (P < 0.01), there was no significant difference between RH group and LH group (P > 0.05). ③ Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that congestion of microvascular in control group after operation was more serious than that in the RH group and LH group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), the number of microvascular in RH group was higher than that in the LH group (P < 0.01). Local application of LH and RH can improve the congestion of skin flap, inhibit the survival rate of flap. There was better effect of using RH than LH.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling in villus and decidua tissue of recurrent spontaneous abortion and normal pregnancy: Changing Th1/Th2 balance can influence the outcome of pregnancy   Lü Xing-yu, Ai Hai-quan, Cai Xia, Li Xiao-lan 2012, 16 (18):  3333-3336.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.023 Abstract ( 349 )   PDF (383KB) ( 404 )   Save BACKGROUND: Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) has involved in the regulation of signaling pathways of many cytokines, SOCS1-3 are more prominent in the regulation of pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To detect the different expression of SOCS3 protein in villus and decidua tissue of normal early pregnancy and recurrent spontaneous abortion patients. METHODS: The protein expression of SOCS3 in villus and decidua tissue of normal early pregnancy and recurrent spontaneous abortion patients was detected by Westen blotting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with normal early pregnancy group, the protein expression of SOCS3 in villus      (P < 0.05) and decidua tissue (P < 0.01) was significantly decreased in recurrent spontaneous abortion group. SOCS3 protein might influence the outcome of the pregnancy. The decreased expression of SOCS3 might lead to the decrease of Th2 reaction and then the abortion.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Transfection of rat CD4+CD25- T cells with lentiviral vector containing Foxp3 gene and its expression Huang Yang1, Li Yong-xiang1, Shen Ji-long2, Luo Qing-li2, Lu Wei2, Huo Xing-xing2 2012, 16 (18):  3337-3340.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.024 Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (307KB) ( 324 )   Save BACKGROUND: Regulatory T cells play an important role in maintaining immune response homeostasis and immune tolerance, but the CD4+CD25+T cells are less in peripheral blood and with low proliferation ability in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of transfected rat Foxp3 gene in rat CD4+CD25- T cells using lentiviral vector carrier EGFP+. METHODS: Rat CD4+CD25-T cells were sorted by magnetic activated cell sorting, and transfected by lentiviral vector containing rat Foxp3 gene in vitro. The whole observation was divided into three groups. Transfected rat CD4+CD25- T cells as the experimental group, the blank plasmid EGFP+ and rat CD4+CD25-T cells as the negative control group, rat CD4+CD25+T cells as the positive control group. The expression of Foxp3 gene was assayed by fluorescence microscope and RT-PCR from the level of protein and mRNA respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The high purity CD4+CD25- and CD4+CD25+ T cells were obtained and the survival rate of cells was (94±2)%. Significantly high expression of rat Foxp3 gene was detected in lentiviral vector transfected CD4+CD25- T cells. The lentiviral vector system carrying rat Foxp3 gene can efficiently mediate the highly expression of rat Foxp3 gene in the rat CD4+CD25- T cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of serological identification of antigens by recombinant expression cloning Qiao Yu-li1, Zhang Peng1, Su Jia-guang2, Chen Zhi-jian3, Zhou Su-fang1, Liao Zhi-hong1, Lin Wen-zhen1 2012, 16 (18):  3341-3344.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.025 Abstract ( 260 )   PDF (323KB) ( 267 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, there are many reports on serological identification of antigens by recombinant expression cloning (SEREX) technology. However, there are higher false positive and poor stability problems. OBJECTIVE: To establish a sensitive and stability system by optimizing the SEREX technology. METHODS: The SEREX technology was used to compare the serum pretreat methods, isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside adding methods, and the effect of different blocking conditions and medium thickness on the results of the coloration, and the plaque stained depth or not, background clean or not and false positive produce or not were observed.    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The best result was obtained using following conditions: the serum was incubated directly;  nitrocellulose membrane was immersed in isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside and dried in air and then blocked with skimmed-milk; the thickness of the medium could efficiently eliminate the brim effect. It suggests that the serum pretreat methods, isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside adding methods, as well as different blocking conditions and medium thickness play a key role in the selection of antigen by using SEREX technology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Human leukocyte antigen-A gene polymorphism detected by high resolution sequence based typing in Jilin Han populations   Jiao Li-xin, Yang Fan, Han Yu, Lin Qian-fei, Chen Lin 2012, 16 (18):  3345-3348.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.026 Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (267KB) ( 340 )   Save BACKGROUND: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is closely related with immunogenetics and immunobiology, its types influence the outcome of clinical transplantation and confer susceptibility to a wide range of non-infectious diseases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the genetic polymorphism of HLA-A locus gene in Jilin Han populations and to compare the distribution characteristic of the allele frequency with that in other populations. METHODS: A total of 2 196 blood samples from Jilin Han populations were analyzed by sequence based typing. Then the sequences encompassing exons 2, 3 and 4 for HLA-A gene were analyzed by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products. The allele frequency distribution of HLA-A in this populations was compared with that in other populations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 42 different HLA-A alleles were detected, and among them, 3 HLA-A alleles with frequencies were higher than 5%, they were HLA-A*02:01(8.5%), HLA-A*11:01(8.2%) and HLA-A*24:02(7.3%). The total frequency of the 3 alleles was 24.0%. At the same time, there were 39 kinds of HLA-A allele with frequencies lower than 0.5%; the total frequency of these alleles was 76.0%. There were some differences of frequency distribution of HLA-A allele in Jilin Han population when compared with American Asian, the Chinese populations from Hong Kong and Japanese, respectively. The results show the geographical characteristic of HLA-A distribution in Jilin Han populations.  Related Articles | Metrics

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The application of cyclosporin A for renal transplantation: The analysis of literature based on Scopus database   Peng Ling 2012, 16 (18):  3349-3356.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.027 Abstract ( 287 )   PDF (440KB) ( 363 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cyclosporine A as immunosuppressive agents has been widely used in kidney transplant patients, and greatly increased the survival rate of kidney transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To multivariately analyze the literature on the application of cyclosporin A for renal transplantation through Scopus database and its analysis tool. DESIGN: Bibliometric analysis. DATA RETRIEVAL: A retrieval was performed for the literature of the application of cyclosporin A for renal transplantation, including kidney, transplant/transplantation, immunosuppressive agents/immunosuppression, cyclosporin A/CsA during 2001-01 and 2010-12 in Scopus database. The retrieval results were analyzed, and the trends were described in words and graphics. SELECTIVE CRITERIA: Articles on the application of cyclosporin A for renal transplantation including the following types: (1)Peer-reviewed original paper; (2)Reviews; (3)Conference Papers; (4)Letters; (5)Short Survey; (6)Editorial materials; (7)Note. Exclusive criteria were included (1)Articles unrelated to the study of the application of cyclosporin A for renal transplantation. (2)Articles published before 2001. (3)Articles which were not published on journals. (4)Articles which were duplication research. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The literatures were analyzed by publication year, national distribution, institutional information, journal distribution, discipline distribution, authors and citation frequency. RESULTS: A total of 4 425 literatures on the application of cyclosporin A for renal transplantation were retrieved in Scopus database, in which most of paper were published as original articles. Seven articles were identified as classic literature. The overall number of literature had an upward trend from 2001 to 2005, and a downward trend from 2006 to 2010. Transplantation Proceedings published most papers in this field (n=929, 20.99%). CONCLUSION: This paper provides a valuable reference for researchers to understand the overview and present situation of this field in order to set further research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dialysis versus non-dialysis and hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis in renal transplantation Cao Ning 2012, 16 (18):  3357-3364.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.028 Abstract ( 415 )   PDF (497KB) ( 495 )   Save BACKGROUND: Dialysis and renal transplantation are the primary means of treatment of uremia. Due to insufficient renal sources, most of the uremic patients must be maintained after a dialysis treatment, waiting to accept renal sources. During dialysis, patients can get better, but in recent years, non-dialysis kidney transplant results show that transplantation before dialysis will have an impact on the effect of renal transplantation OBJECTIVE: Using CNKI database literature search and the depth of analysis capabilities, explore the multi-level analysis for the study of renal transplantation and dialysis of the literature data trends. DESIGN: Bibliometric data analysis. DATA RETRIEVAL: A search of related literature of renal transplantation and dialysis were performed in CNKI database using the key words of “renal transplantation, dialysis”, during 2002/1 to 2011/12. Using own database analysis capabilities and Excel charting functions to retrieve literature analysis, through the form of text and charts analysis the data , to describe its distribution characteristics. SELECTION CRITERIA: ①Basic and clinical research papers associated with renal transplantation.②Basic and clinical research papers associated with hemodialysis.③Basic and clinical research papers associated with peritoneal dialysis. Exclusion criteria:①Literature has nothing to do with the purpose of this review. ②Duplication of research literature. ③Journal's own information. ④Unpublished papers. ⑤The article need telephone follow up to analyze and manual searches. ⑥Yearbook.    ⑦The literature of nursing content。 MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: In CNKI database, using academic journal articles published year, literature number, subject category, research institutions, source journals, literature citations, literature download frequency, associated literature, distribution of the author, distribution of the Funds and major key words to analysis. Comparative analysis between non-dialysis and dialysis effect before and after renal transplantation, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis was performed. RESULTS: The literature associated with academic journals in CNKI during 2002-2011, retrieved a total of 57 renal transplantation and dialysis research literature. The number of papers was gradually increasing. The most were published in 2004 and 2008. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue engineering Research published 15 articles, accounting for 26.3% of all literature. The dialysis research was mainly based on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, including the study of uremic patients quality of life. To choose kidney transplantation or dialysis treatment must be considered in patients with basic information to select the most appropriate mode of renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSION: Through the bibliometric data analysis based on CNKI database of academic journal literature of the renal transplantation and dialysis, to provide valuable reference for Chinese medical worker in renal transplantation and dialysis science basic research and clinical practice, to further define the thinking of scientific research. Related Articles | Metrics

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The clinical and basic research of islet transplantation: A literature data analysis based on the Science Citation Index database Cao Xian-kui, Liu Shi-qing, Li Rui, Liu Bao-lin 2012, 16 (18):  3365-3374.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.029 Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (504KB) ( 311 )   Save BACKGROUND: Islet transplantation is not only simple operation, safe, but also can effectively control blood sugar, prevent and alleviate the occurrence of complications of the diabetes, which will be the best way expected to cure type 1 diabetes in future. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the data of the literature on the clinical and basic research of islet transplantation through Science Citation Index (SCI) database by using its analysis tools. DESIGN: Bibliometric analysis. DATA RETRIEVAL: A retrieval was performed for the literature of the clinical and basic research of islet transplantation, including islet transplantation or islet of langerhans transplantation, diabetes or diabetes mellitus, islet, immune tolerance or immunotolerance, immunosuppression or immunosuppressive during 2002-01 and 2011-12 in SCI database. The retrieval results were analyzed, and the trends were described in words and graphics. SELECTIVE CRITERIA: Articles on clinical and basic research of islet transplantation including the following types: (1)Peer-reviewed original papers; (2)Conference abstracts; (3)Proceedings paper; (4)Reviews; (5)Editorial materials; (6)Corrections; (7)Letters; (8)Book chapter; (9) News item. Exclusive criteria were included (1)Articles unrelated to the study of the clinical and basic research of islet transplantation. (2)Articles published before 2002. (3)Articles which were not published on journals. (4)Articles which were duplication research. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The literatures were analyzed by publication year, national distribution, institutional information, journal distribution, discipline distribution, fund agents, authors and citation frequency. RESULTS: A total of 5 169 literatures on clinical and basic research of islet transplantation were retrieved in SCI database, in which 3 524 were published as original articles. Eight articles were identified as classic literature. The overall number of literature had an upward trend from 2002 to 2011. Transplantation published most papers in this field (n=476, 9.21%). CONCLUSION: This paper provides a valuable reference for researchers to understand the overview and present situation of this field in order to set further research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application status of immunosuppressive drugs in liver transplantation Guo Ning, Wu Zhong-jun 2012, 16 (18):  3375-3379.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.030 Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (384KB) ( 314 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, many types of drugs are used to prevent and treat immune rejection after liver transplantation, the new drugs are developed, and the immunosuppressive regimens are also various. But there are not uniform standards for them until now. OBJECTIVE: To sum and evaluate the immunosuppressants which are used in the clinical treatment after liver transplantation and introduce several hot problems about immunosuppressive treatment in recent years. METHODS: First author searched the literatures from CNKI database (2000/2011) and PubMed database (2000/2011). The key words were “Liver transplantation, Immunosuppression, Application, Side-effect, WithdrawaI” in Chinese and English. The application and research progress of immunosuppressant after liver transplantation, the choice of immunosuppressive regimens, the research about corticosteroid withdrawal and immunosuppressant withdrawal were summed up. A total of 158 articles were obtained and 45 articles were included accoding to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results show that a great variety of immunosuppressive drugs, which have significant side-effects, are used for liver transplantation presently; many new efficient immunodepressant, with low toxicity, are also being developed and had a wide prospect; the research about new immunosuppressive regimens, such as corticosteroid withdrawal and immunosuppressant withdrawal, has achieved some good clinical results under certain conditions, but their long-term efficacy and safety have not been confirmed. The life quality and survival rate of the liver transplanted patients can be greatly improved through the rational selection and use of immunosuppressant, the development of new drugs and exploring new immunosuppressive regimens. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between proliferating cell nuclear antigen and intestinal development  Tang Meng-qian, Liu Xue-hong 2012, 16 (18):  3380-3382.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.031 Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (345KB) ( 376 )   Save BACKGROUND: Embryonic development mechanism is hot spot in small intestine embryonic development and small intestine transplantation research. OBJECTIVE: To review mechanism of cell proliferation in the small intestine and relationship between cell proliferation and clinical intestinal disease. METHODS: VIP and Wanfang databases were retrieved by computer with the key words of “small intestine, proliferating cell nuclear antigen” in Chinese (1989-01/2011-08). At the same time, PubMed, Springer and e-book (full text) databases were retrieved with the key words of “small intestine, PCNA” in English (1989-01/2011-08). Totally 300 articles were retrieved, and finally 21 articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the biotechnological innovations and the deepening study of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in tissue and organ development of embryonic small intestine and intestinal disease, the relationship among PCNA, intestinal development and disease is illustrated gradually. Stage of embryonic development is the critical period of the development of small intestine, during the development of small intestine, cell proliferation and apoptosis is in a dynamic equilibrium which is precise regulated by a series of genes. Expression activity of PCNA can reflect cell proliferation activity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical anti-rejection effects and adverse reactions of different immunosuppressants after kidney transplantation   Xiao Hai-jing 2012, 16 (18):  3383-3386.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.032 Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (408KB) ( 485 )   Save BACKGROUND: The key of the anti-rejection after kidney transplantation is how to use the synergies between different immunosuppressants in order to get the optimal efficacy. But, how to do the personalized medicine, improve the efficacy and avoid the adverse reactions occurrence is particularly important. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different immunosuppressants on kidney transplant recipients and graft kidney survival, in order to avoid the adverse reactions. METHODS: A computer-base search was performed on CNKI database from January 1999 to October 2009 for the relate articles with the key words of “immunosuppressant, kidney transplantation, rejection”. The articles relate to the immunosuppressant after kidney transplant were selected, and for the articles in the same fields, those published recently or in the authorized journals were selected. Finally, a total of 25 articles were included to review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Any kind of immunosuppressant has certain side effects when they play an immunosuppressive effect, so we should try to avoid the occurrence of the adverse reactions in clinic. The principle of combination therapy is the consensus in anti-rejection after kidney transplantation. It proves that no matter what combination approach we use, we can get the irreplaceable advantages that single medicine can not get. How to use the synergies between different immunosuppressants in order to get the optimal efficacy is the key in chinic. So doctors should closely monitor the blood concentration of the patients and insist on personalized medicine, in order to minimize the rejection rates after kidney transplantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cyclosporin A monitoring after renal transplantation and its influencing factors  Wang Chao 2012, 16 (18):  3387-3390.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.033 Abstract ( 259 )   PDF (424KB) ( 427 )   Save BACKGROUND: It has an important clinical significance for the individual administration to perform the long-term and periodic blood drug level monitoring on the patients who use cyclosporin A. OBJECTIVE: To summary the methods to monitor the cyclosporin A blood drug level and the influencing factors in order to provide the reference for the clinical using of cyclosporin A safely and effectively.  METHODS: A computer-based search was performed for the articles from January 2000 to January 2012 with the key words of “Cyclosporin A, Renal Transplantation, blood drug level”. The articles relate to the immunosuppressive therapy by cyclosporin A after renal transplantation and the detection of the blood drug level, as well as the articles relate to the detection methods of cyclosporin A and the influencing factors of the cyclosporin A blood drug level were involved. The repetitive articles and the Meta analysis were eliminated and finally a total of 30 articles were included to review.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Due to the narrow therapeutic window and large bioavailability difference of cyclosporin A, the dose of cyclosporin A given in the first time was based on body mass in general, and the dose of the following administration was adjusted according to the concentration of cyclosporin A. The blood drug level was detected by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography, and predicted by artificial neural network at the same time. Drug interactions and the pathophysiological factors of the patients should be considered when adjust the dose of the administration. During the treatment after renal transplantation, the routine monitoring of the cyclosporin A blood drug level should be performed in order to maintain the blood drug level stability. Meanwhile, comprehensive consider the clinical factors, timely adjust the concentration of the administration and take the individual administration program in order to get the best treatment effect after renal transplantation.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Distribution and changes of T lymphocytes after allogeneic bone grafting  Li Shi-guang, Pan Le 2012, 16 (18):  3391-3394.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.034 Abstract ( 305 )   PDF (424KB) ( 366 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that humoral immunity cannot afford a major role in allograft immune rejection. It is generally believed that cellular immune rejection plays a leading role in the rejection. OBJECTIVE: To outline the changes and distribution of T lymphocytes after allogeneic bone grafting. METHODS: An electronic search of Wanfang and PubMed databases (1990-01/2011-12) was performed for articles addressing the changes and distribution of T lymphocytes after allogeneic bone grafting using the key words of “bone graft, allograft, T lymphocytes”. Repetitive articles, reviews and Meta analysis were excluded, and finally 31 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After allogeneic bone graft, activated T lymphocytes in vivo play a role in negative feedback regulation of immune rejections, and T lymphocytes experience a dramatic change. However, deep cryopreservation, freeze-drying, γ-ray irradiation, and immunosuppressive agents can effectively reduce the immunogenicity and disease transmission. A great amount of studies have demonstrated that the allogeneic bone has intact structure of bone tissues, mechanical stability, biological activity, bone induction capacity, low immunity and strong healing capacity with the host bone. After implantation, the allogeneic bone can achieve the bone incorporation through the vascularization, new bone formation, and connection with the host bone. It is indicated that the allogeneic bone as a feasible graft material, can be considered as an important method for bone defect repair. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of allogeneic bone transplantation in the repair of bone defects Zuo Jian1, Kang Jian-min2, Pan Le1 2012, 16 (18):  3395-3399.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.035 Abstract ( 295 )   PDF (390KB) ( 573 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone defects caused by trauma, infection and bone tumor and other causes are difficult to self-healing, and at present, the treatment is mainly depend on bone transplantation. Allogeneic bone transplantation is different from real organ transplantation, allogeneic bone transplantation induced immune rejection is relatively small, and so it can be widely used in clinical surgery.  OBJECTIVE: To review the application of allogeneic bone transplantation in the treatment of bone tumor, traumatic bone defects and spinal lesions. METHODS: A computer-based search was performed on the PubMed database and CNKI database from January 1983 to January 2011 for the biomechanics articles relate to application of allogeneic bone transplantation in the treatment of bone diseases. The key words were “bone allograft, bone transplantation, repair, bone defect” in English and Chinese. The repetitive articles and the articles not in English or Chinese were eliminated, and finally, a total of 34 articles were included to review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Allogeneic bone transplantation as the clinical method to repair the bone defects has been widely used for the repair of the bone defects caused by fracture and bone tumor resection, as well as the spine and joint disorders. Although, allogeneic bone transplantation has the disadvantages of bacterial and viral infections, fractures, nonunion, delayed union, and other disadvantages, it has some advantages in the repair of bone defects, such as similar structure to autogenous bone and lighter rejection response, and there is no damage caused by autogenous bone transplantation and extending of the operation time. All the advantages make the bone allograft become the commonly used material for repair of bone defects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomechanical features of allogeneic transplantation and surgical repair for exercise-induced tendon injury  Deng Qi-lie 2012, 16 (18):  3403-3406.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.037 Abstract ( 301 )   PDF (358KB) ( 355 )   Save BACKGROUND: Researchers are seeking a fast suture method to elevate repair strength after tendon injury, to do exercises as early as possible, and to prevent tendon adhesion. A damaged tendon (> 3 cm) cannot be directly sutured. At present, it should be repaired by autologous and allogenic tendon transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the present biomechanics study regarding allogenic tendon transplantation and exercise-induced tendon injury repaired in surgery. METHODS: We retrieved PubMed Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure for articles concerning biomechanics of surgical repair of tendon injury and allogenic tendon transplantation published from January 1994 to October 2011. The English key words were “tendon, biomechanical study, repair, suture, allogenetic tendon”. The Chinese key words were “tendon, biomechanics, allogenic transplantation, suture”. Repetitive studies or non-Chinese or non-English studies were excluded. Totally 34 articles were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Tendon anastomosous method was detected by biomechanical measure. This can understand which method can satisfy the requirement of early-phase functional exercise, effectively prevent tendon re-breakage and interspace formation at anastomosous site so as to obtain a great safety during postoperative early-phase functional exercise. Deep-frozen and vitrification of allogeneic tendon exhibited similar results in biomechanics as autologous tendon transplantation. Allogeneic tendon can be used for tendon injury by transplantation, instead of autologous tendon. Related Articles | Metrics

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Immunological properties of materials for knee ligament repair following sports injury Zheng Li-jun 2012, 16 (18):  3407-3410.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.038 Abstract ( 210 )   PDF (351KB) ( 292 )   Save BACKGROUND: Use of materials science in knee ligament repair is an important part of tissue engineering, and the immunological properties of materials can induce the biocompatibility problems between the materials and human, which is the key to successful repair. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the biocompatibility of graft materials with human being from the view of the immunological properties of knee ligament graft materials. METHODS: A computer-based search of PubMed, VIP and Wanfang databases (1990-01/2012-01) was performed to retrieve articles about ligament injury treatment and immunological properties of graft materials. The keywords were “knee, ligament, material, performance” in Chinese and English. Repetitive articles, reviews and Meta analysis were excluded, and finally 22 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Knee ligament graft materials have experienced a complex and lengthy research process. Good biocompatibility of graft materials (autologous grafts, allografts and synthetic materials) is the key to the successful repair. Xenograft and synthetic materials have been limited due to immune rejection, and currently, this problem is solved through physical or chemical modification to reduce the immune rejection. Therefore, we should pay attention to the immunological properties of graft materials that are the foundation and key link for ideal tissue engineering ligament graft materials in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on vitrification and transplantation of ovarian tissue Qin Ying, Li Mu-jun 2012, 16 (18):  3411-3416.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.039 Abstract ( 206 )   PDF (417KB) ( 426 )   Save BACKGROUND: As a rapid, simple and inexpensive freeze method, vitrification has gradually been applied to the preservation of ovarian tissues. OBJECTIVE: To review the domestic and foreign research progress on vitrification and transplantation of ovarian tissue. METHODS: The PubMed database and Tsinghua Tongfang database were used to retrieve the literatures about vitrification of ovarian tissue and transplantation technology of ovarian tissue from 1995 to 2011 by the first author. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Vitrification is an ultrarapid cooling process that can produce a glasslike solidification of cells by extreme elevation in viscosity. Cellular injury caused by ice crystals can be avoided. However, there was not uniform standardized protocol of vitrification. The main factors that can influence the effect of vitrification are the size of ovarian tissue, the kind of cryoprotectants, equilibration times and temperatures, carrier and so on. Ovarian tissue transplantation has the clinically feasible with advances of cryobiology development and the effective cryopreservation of ovarian tissue. It has been reported that a series of successful transplantations of cryopreserved ovarian tissue that resulted in a pregnancy and live birth in the world until now. The key of successful transplantation is to reduce ischemic reperfusion injury and promote neovascularization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Ethics of organ transplantation: Value of life Zhong Hui-liang1, 2 2012, 16 (18):  3417-3420.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.040 Abstract ( 246 )   PDF (377KB) ( 412 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the rapid development of medical science and technology, organ transplantation has been widely recognized, transplantation range is constantly expanded, so increasingly requires the support and defense of ethics. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the value and meaning of human life which is respected in order to get more help and support of organ transplantation techniques from ethics. METHODS: A computer-based online search was performed on CNKI with the key words of “organ transplant, ethics, value, value of life” in Chinese. Totally 164 articles were retrieved, finally 21 articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the rapid development of medical science and technology, people’s health, life and quality of life are further protected. Organ transplantation techniques bring hope of survival for patients with organ failure. So more lives are respected, and the value of life, perfect unity of sanctity and quality of life can be achieved. Why organ transplantation can receive the recognition and favor of people, the basic reason is organ transplantation reflects the value of human life. Related Articles | Metrics