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12 March 2014, Volume 18 Issue 11 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Activation of nuclear factor kappa B during heat stress-induced neuronal apoptosis Liu Yun-song, Deng Xu-bin, Huo Shao-fen, Su Lei 2014, 18 (11):  1641-1646.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.001 Abstract ( 414 )   PDF (814KB) ( 500 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hyperpyrexia can induce a wide range of cell apoptosis in organisms, but no study has introduced the mechanism of heat stress-induced neuronal apoptosis.  OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathway on heat stress-induced neuronal apoptosis through reactive oxygen species. METHODS: Heat stress model was established in the cell incubator. Heat stress group of cells were incubated at 39, 41, 43 ℃ for 2 hours, while control group of cells were incubated at 37 ℃ in 5% CO2 for 2 hours. Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The expression levels of caspase-3 and p-NF-κB65 were determined by western blot analysis. The amounts of intracellular reactive oxygen species were assayed by DCFH staining. In addition, the effect of MnTMPyP and PTDC on heat stress-induced apoptosis  was also studied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 39 ℃ heat stress had no impact on the apoptosis, 41 ℃ heat stress induced a small amount of apoptosis (10.19%), and 43 ℃ heat stress triggered a large amount of apoptosis (43.02%). The expression of caspase-3 and p-NF-κB65 was increased, in a temperature-dependent manner. In addition, both MnTMPyP and PTDC significantly decreased the heat stress-induced apoptosis and expression of caspase-3 and p-NF-κB65. Experimental findings indicate that, the increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species may induce neuronal apoptosis, and NF-κB participates in the heat stress-induced neuronal apoptosis as the intermedial signal pathway. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of vacuum sealing drainage on nerve growth factor and microvessels in chronic wound Qian Xiao-ling, Zhou Xue-qin, Yin Xiao-Li, Yang Xue-mei, Zhang Xuan-fen, Li Xiao-hui, Zhang Qing-xia 2014, 18 (11):  1647-1652.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.002 Abstract ( 330 )   PDF (907KB) ( 476 )   Save  BACKGROUND: With the increase of aging degree, chronic wounds are increasing. There is few method to cure chronic wounds at present, and vacuum sealing drainage has been applied to the clinic. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of vacuum sealing drainage on the expression of nerve growth factor and the change of microvascular number in the human chronic wounds, and to study the mechanism of accelerating chronic wound healing. METHODS: Ten patients with chronic wounds were included in this study, including one case of soft tissue defect of chest, one case of osteomyelitis with bone exposure, one case of large area skin defect after amputation stump, two cases of wound infection after skin avulsion injury, two cases of shinbone osteomyelitis, and three cases of postoperative wound infection. The skin around the wounds and granulation tissue within the wounds were collected before vacuum sealing drainage treatment and at 7, 14 days after vacuum sealing drainage treatment. The nerve growth factor expressions and the microvascular number in the wounds were measured by the immunohistochemical technology. The wound healing was also observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The nerve growth factor expressions in fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells at 7 and 14 days after vacuum sealing drainage treatment were significantly higher than that before treatment (P < 0.001). The microvascular number was also increased after vacuum sealing drainage treatment compared with pre-treatment  (P < 0.05-0.01). The vacuum sealing drainage treatment reduced necrotic tissue and purulent secretion within the wounds, as well as swelling around the wounds. Simultaneously, granulation tissue gradually became fine granules, bright red, and bleeding easily, thus it is suitable for promoting wound healing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate repairs peri-implant bone defect Yang Ying, Zhong Wei-jian, Liu Guo, Ma Guo-wu 2014, 18 (11):  1653-1658.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.003 Abstract ( 382 )   PDF (1968KB) ( 450 )   Save  BACKGROUND: Autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate is often applied in patients from Department of Orthopedics and those with severe limb ischemia, but rarely applied in Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, especially in Department of Oral Implantology. The effect of autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate on promoting peri-implant bone regeneration deserves further studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of bone marrow aspirate concentrate in the repair of peri-implant bone defect. METHODS: Bone marrow 5 mL was extracted from posterior superior iliac spine of experimental dogs and bone marrow cells were counted before and after concentration. Bone defect (4 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm) was prepared in the middle of bilateral mandibular premolar, which was randomly implanted with gelatin sponge plus bone marrow aspirate concentrate, autologous bone and gelatin sponge. At 4 and 12 weeks after surgery, bone defect specimens were histologically observed. The new bone formation rate and new bone mineral density were calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After centrifugation, the concentrations of nucleated cells in bone marrow aspirate concentrate were increased by (2.78±0.22) times. More colony-forming units were found after cell culture. Histological analysis showed that, significantly higher new bone formation rate and new bone mineral density occurred in gelatin sponge plus bone marrow aspirate concentrate group, compared with autologous bone group and gelatin sponge group at 4 weeks (P < 0.05). The new bone formation rate in gelatin sponge plus bone marrow aspirate concentrate group was significantly lower than that of autologous bone group, and higher than that of gelatin sponge group at 12 weeks (P < 0.05). However, the difference of new bone mineral density in the three groups was not significant (P > 0.05). Autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate can significantly improve new bone mineral density and quantity in the pre-implant bone defect. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective effects of low-concentration hydrogen sulfide on rheumatoid joint disease Zhou Zhi, Liu Kai-xiang, Xie Yue, Wang Li-ming 2014, 18 (11):  1659-1664.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.004 Abstract ( 392 )   PDF (1970KB) ( 475 )   Save BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis is a common chronic systemic autoimmune disease which is characterized by synovial lesions and bone erosion. The clinical treatment is still a difficulty. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on the articular lesions in rheumatoid arthritis rats. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control group, model group, high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide intervention group, low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide intervention group. At 2 and      4 weeks after intervention, the arthritis index, levels of serum inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrotic factor-α and interleukin-1β), pathological change of synovial tissue, average absorbance of knee joint specimens using collagen-II immunohistochemical staining were measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The arthritis index, levels of serum inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory infiltration of synovial staining in the model group and two intervention groups were higher than that in control group, the high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide intervention group was significantly higher than the model group (P < 0.05) while the low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide intervention group was lower than the model group (P < 0.05). The average absorbance of knee cartilage specimens using collagen-II immunohistochemical staining was lower in the model group and two hydrogen sulfide intervention groups compared with the control group, the high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide intervention group was significantly lower than the model group (P < 0.05) while low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide intervention group was higher than the model group (P < 0.05). Hydrogen sulfide has a regulatory effect on rheumatoid arthritis, high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide aggravate arthritis and cartilage degradation, low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide reduce arthritis and protect cartilage. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 10 on proliferation of human osteoblasts and regulation of bone metabolism Zhang Yuan-yu, Liu Xia, Li Kun, Guo Yong-rong, Bai Jing-ping 2014, 18 (11):  1665-1671.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.005 Abstract ( 385 )   PDF (3041KB) ( 378 )   Save BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 10 (r-Mt cpn10) is one of the main factors that cause bone tuberculosis dissolution and absorption as well as inhibits the proliferation of osteoblasts. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin are the important factors influencing bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of r-Mt cpn10 on human osteoblast proliferation, alkaline phosphatase secretion, expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand mRNA and osteoprotegerin mRNA. METHODS: Human bone marrow stromal cells were induced to differentiate into osteoblasts, and osteoblasts at passage 3 were cultured with various concentrations of r-Mt cpn10 (0.1, 1, 10 mg/L). Osteoblasts cultured without r-Mt CPN10 were assigned as controls. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: MTT assay results showed that, compared with control group, r-Mt cpn10 at different concentrations inhibited osteoblast proliferation and alkaline phosphatase secretion (P < 0.05). RT-PCR analysis showed that, r-Mt cpn10 at different concentrations increased receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand mRNA expression (P < 0.01), and inhibited osteoprotegerin mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.01). 10 mg/L r-Mt cpn10 exhibited the strongest effect (P < 0.01). The r-Mt cpn10 can inhibit osteoblast proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity, and it may influence bone metabolism by regulating the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand mRNA and osteoprotegerin mRNA. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Low-density extracorporeal shock wave and low-dose intermittent recombinant human parathyroid hormone 1-34 influence proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts Liu Chang-jian, Wang Li, Luo Zong-jian 2014, 18 (11):  1672-1679.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.006 Abstract ( 389 )   PDF (418KB) ( 475 )   Save BACKGROUND: Suitable stress signals such as extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) and parathyroid hormone can be involved in regulation of bone formation and metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of low-density ESW and low-dose intermittent recombinant human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (rhPTH1-34) on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts from rats cultured in vitro. METHODS: Osteoblasts from the skull of neonatal rats were cultured using collagenase digestion method. After 60-150 times of stimulations of 0.18 mJ/mm2 ESW, different patterns of rhPTH1-34 at 10-12-10-10 mol/L and ESW+intermittent rhPTH1-34 (10-11 mol/L), osteoblasts were collected to observe cell proliferation by cell counting, MTT and flow cytometry analysis and to observe cell differentiation by measuring alkaline phosphatase and type I collagen expression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 0.18 mJ/mm2 ESW (60-150 times), intermittent rhPTH1-34 (10-11 and  10-10 mol/L) and ESW+intermittent rhPTH1-34 (10-11 mol/L) stimulations could all improve proliferation and differentiation of rat osteoblasts cultured in vitro (P < 0.05). ESW (60-150 times)+intermittent rhPTH1-34 stimulation showed better effects than ESW and intermittent rhPTH1-34 alone (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the combination of suitable ESW stimulation and low-dose intermittent rhPTH1-34 stimulation can improve the proliferation and differentiation of rat osteoblasts significantly. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Particle gun-mediated bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene transfection for treatment of chronic bone defects Zhu Xiao-meng, Wang Chong, Song Xing-hua, Zhan Yu-lin, Li Wen-ju 2014, 18 (11):  1680-1686.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.007 Abstract ( 372 )   PDF (1000KB) ( 387 )   Save BACKGROUND: Both in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) regulates the differentiation of osteoblasts and chondroblasts, induces heterotopic bone formation, promotes fracture healing, and controls the morphology of skeleton in mammals. OBJECTIVE: To treat chronic bone defects using particle gun containing BMP2 gene eukaryotic expression plasmid via local injection. METHODS: A total of 72 healthy New Zealand white rabbits were applied to establish chronic bone defect model in the rabbit radius. According to the length of bone defect, the rabbits were divided into three groups: 1.5 cm group, 2.0 cm group, 2.5 cm group. Each group was further randomly assigned into two subgroups: treatment group (BMP-2 gene transfection) and control group (naturally healing). X-ray examinations were performed at 1, 3, 8 and 9 weeks after transfection, and soft tissue between the bone defects was harvested to detect BMP-2 using western blot analysis; and radius specimens were taken for gross observation at the same time points, to evaluate the healing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Gross specimen observation: bone callus formation in treatment group was generally more than that in control group. (2) Lane-Sandhu X-ray score in treatment group was significantly higher than that in control group at 1, 3, 8, 9 weeks after transfection (P < 0.05). (3) BMP-2 concentration in treatment group was significantly higher than that in control group at each time point (P < 0.05). The local transfer of particle gun-mediated BMP-2 gene is an effective therapy of chronic bone defect. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Thymosin beta4 increases mouse hair regeneration Li Ye, Bao Xu, Chen Xi, Jia Xin-ru, Xu Song-shan, Che Yong-zhe 2014, 18 (11):  1687-1693.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.008 Abstract ( 415 )   PDF (1066KB) ( 470 )   Save BACKGROUND: Results of recent studies demonstrated the modulation of thymosin β4 on hair cycle and regeneration, but the mechanism of action remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism by which thymosin β4 increases hair regeneration through Wnt signal pathway. METHODS: After the mouse model of depilation was established using rosin/paraffin mixed agents, the experimental animals were randomly assorted to three different groups, including low-dose, high-dose and control groups, and a dose of 0.3 μg/50 μL, 3 μg/50 μL thymosin β4 and PBS was administered on the depilated backs every 12 hours, respectively. Then photography, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were applied to observe the growth of hair, and the expressions of β-catenin and LEF-1 mRNA in different groups at different time were quantitatively evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The hair growth of the low-dose group was faster than that of the other groups. Hematoxylin-eosin staining demonstrated inflammatory cells infiltration in the dermis after depilation, and the number of hair follicles that were in the phase of anagen was much more than the other groups as time went by. Immunohistochemistry of β-catenin showed the accumulation of intra-cellular β-catenin in the low-dose group at the bulge of follicles assessed by integrated absorbance analysis (P < 0.05), so did the in situ hybridization of LEF-1 mRNA. Low-dose thymosin β4 accelerates hair growth through Wnt signal pathway by elevating the level of β-catenin and LEF-1 mRNA. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fluorescent quantitative analysis on the expression of miRNA-34s in human skin keloid tissue Jin Yu-dan, Guo Xiao-rui, Huang Hai-hua, Lu Ling, Cai Xiao-jian, Wang Sui-jiang 2014, 18 (11):  1694-1699.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.009 Abstract ( 331 )   PDF (1044KB) ( 428 )   Save BACKGROUND: Understanding the difference of miRNA-34s expression in normal tissue and tumor tissue will contribute to screen out a miRNA with high sensitivity as the specific tumor molecular marker. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differential expression of miRNA-34s (miR-34a/b/c) between normal skin and keloid tissue using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, and to evaluate the role and mechanisms of miRNA-34s in keloid formation and development. METHODS: Ten cases of keloid tissue and two cases of normal skin tissue were collected as specimens. Total RNAs were extracted from keloid and nomal skin tissue by Trizol method, and miRNA-34s were further isolated by Ambion’s miRNA Isolation Kit. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was applied to verify expression levels of microRNA-34s (miR-34a/b/c) in keloid tissue and normal skin tissue. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: miRNA-34s (miRNA-34a/b/c) expression was down-regulated in keloid tissue compared with normal skin tissue (P < 0.01). The findings showed that miRNA-34s (miRNA-34a/b/c) are involved in keloid formation and development, and down-regulation of the family member may result in neoplastic growth of keloid. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Possible mechanisms of cholecystokinin promoting sciatic nerve regeneration Chen Xuan-huang, Li Rong-yi, Zhang Guo-dong, Lin Hai-bin, Wu Xian-wei, Lin Yu-jin, Zheng Feng 2014, 18 (11):  1700-1705.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.010 Abstract ( 330 )   PDF (1898KB) ( 504 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) can promote the regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in rats, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To screen effective indicators and analyze the mechanism of CCK-8 promoting sciatic nerve regeneration from the perspective of nerve growth factor and nerve regeneration microenvironment. METHODS: Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats, for the preparation of unilateral sciatic nerve transection injury model, were randomly divided into two groups. In the CCK-8 group, the animal model received intraperitoneal injection of CCK-8 (8 nmol/kg) for consecutive 7 days, while the control group was injected with equal volume of normal saline. The nerve growth factor expression, inducible nitric oxide synthase in the spinal cord, serum superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde concentration, as well as apoptotic cells in spinal cord were all detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the CCK-8 group, nerve growth factor expression was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01), while inducible nitric oxide synthase and the number of apoptotic cells were lower (P < 0.01), serum superoxide dismutase activity was higher but malondialdehyde concentrations was lower (P < 0.01, 0.05). The mechanisms of CCK-8 promoting sciatic nerve regeneration include protecting neurons, anti-apoptosis, inhibiting inflammatory response, anti-NO and anti-oxidation, reducing malondialdehyde, and alleviating free radical damage, as well as stimulating nerve growth factor expression and release. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Primary cultivation and identification of human placental microvascular endothelial cells Zhang Hui-li, Du Pei-li, Fang Yuan-long, Zhang Jing, He Yu-tian, Sun Bin, Xiao Xue, Sun Wen, Zhou Yan-mei, Chen Dun-jin 2014, 18 (11):  1706-1711.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.011 Abstract ( 521 )   PDF (2056KB) ( 489 )   Save  BACKGROUND: Establishment of in vitro culture system of human placental microvascular endothelial cells with high purity is very important. In recent studies, some scholars have successfully obtained a large number of placental microvascular endothelial cells by three-stepenzyme digestion and magnetic separation method, but the procedures were extremely complex and it had great damage to the cells. Therefore, how to separate human placental microvascular endothelial cells easily and obtain high-purified cells has become a research hotspot. OBJECTIVE: To investigate an efficient method to isolate and purify human placental microvascular endothelial cells from early villus microvessels, observe the cell growth and identify the cells. METHODS: The villi from normal early pregnancies (6-8 weeks) after artificial abortion were collected aseptically. Using two-step digestion procedure and discontinuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation method, human placental microvascular endothelial cells were obtained. Then the cells were identified by trypsin digestion method and repeated adherence method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Human placental microvascular endothelial cells were isolated successfully from early villi. The primary cells adhered to the walls after inoculated for 24 hours and entered logarithmic phase at 10 days. 80% of the cells achieved a confluence at 12-13 days after inoculating. The subculture cells grew swiftly with the typical cobblestone appearance. Immunofluorescence staining showed that, cultured human placental microvascular endothelial cells demonstrated a strong positive reaction to von Willebrand factor antigen and CD31, accounting for 100%. MTT assay results showed that, human placental microvascular endothelial cells at passage 5 exhibited an S-shaped growth curve. High-purity human placental microvascular endothelial cells can be obtained by proteolytic enzymes digestion and discontinuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation method, and the purity is detected by trypsin digestion method and repeated adherence method. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fingolimod hydrochloride suppresses inflammatory reaction of blood vessels after balloon injury of the carotid artery Liu Liang, Bai Feng, Sun Shou-gang, Xu Guang-li, Hu Hao, Guo Xue-ya 2014, 18 (11):  1712-1717.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.012 Abstract ( 283 )   PDF (1833KB) ( 459 )   Save BACKGROUND: Inflammatory factor plays an important role in restenosis after balloon injury. Sphingosine1-phosphate receptor 1 can enhance the expression of inflammatory factor and promote development and progression of this pathological process. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of the inflammatory factors and sphingosine1-phosphate receptor 1 after balloon injury of the rat carotid artery and effects of fingolimod hydrochloride on reducing inflammatory reaction. METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups. In the blank control group and negative control group, left common carotid artery was only isolated, and left external carotid artery was ligated. In the balloon injury group and drug intervention group, rat models of carotid artery injury were established by balloon injury on the left common carotid artery. In the negative control and drug intervention groups, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with fingolimod hydrochloride 1 mg/kg. In the blank control and balloon injury groups, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with an equal volume of saline. Samples were collected at 3, 7 and 21 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the proliferation of blood vessel was remarkable in the balloon injury group, but attenuated in the drug intervention group. The appearance of blood vessels was normal in the blank control group and negative control group. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR  revealed that cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E2 mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in the drug intervention group than those in the balloon injury group at 7 days (P < 0.05). Cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E2 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in the balloon injury group and drug intervention group than those in the blank control group and negative control group at the same time point (P < 0.05). Western blot assay results revealed that sphingosine1-phosphate receptor 1 expression was high in early stage of injury, and then reduced in late stage of injury. In particular, protein expression further decreased after drug intervention. Results indicated that fingolimod hydrochloride suppressed inflammatory reaction of injured blood vessels and lessened the stenosis of injured blood vessels by regulating cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E2 mRNA expression using sphingosine1-phosphate receptor 1. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Proteomic difference of serum containing Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Pueraria on annulus fibrosus cells Zhong Wei-hong, Li Yu-tao, Zheng Qi-kai, Ye Jia-jia, Lin Jian-ping, Wang Shi-zhong 2014, 18 (11):  1718-1723.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.013 Abstract ( 347 )   PDF (1175KB) ( 294 )   Save BACKGROUND: Anulus fibrosus cleavage is the main contributing factor of intervertebral disk degeneration in cervical spondylosis. Previous studies of our research group have demonstrated that, Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Pueraria is a definitely effective treatment of cervical spondylosis. However, differential proteomic research addressing the intervention of Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Pueraria on anulus fibrosus cells is rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To explore the target or related proteins of Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Pueraria intervention on anulus fibrosus cells, at the differential proteomics level. METHODS: Anulus fibrosus cells were collected from Sprague-Dawley rats that were cultured in vitro. Cultivated anulus fibrosus cells at passage 3 were randomly divided into two groups: experiment group was cultured in serum containing Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Pueraria, while control group in saline. The isotopically labeled relative and absolute quantification was applied to mark the sample proteins in two groups. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was used to identify the proteins and relative quantitative analysis was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, platelet-derived growth factor subunit A, bone morphogenetic protein 2, insulin-like growth factor I, aggrecan core protein, transforming growth factor beta-3, interleukin-1 beta expression were increased in the experiment group, while fibroblast growth factor 2 and collagen alpha-1 chain expression was decreased. Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Pueraria can repair the degeneration of anulus fibrosus cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and identification of recombinant lentivirus expressing small interfering RNA against human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene Song Yang, Xu Tao, Yang Ming-kun, Wang Guo-qi, Zhang En-feng, Sheng Wei-bin 2014, 18 (11):  1724-1729.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.014 Abstract ( 342 )   PDF (846KB) ( 419 )   Save BACKGROUND: Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) plays an important role in telomerase activation, however there is rare report addressing the construction of the lentivirus targeted its genes to inhibit its expression in the spinal cord astrocytes. OBJECTIVE: To construct recombinant lentivirus vector expressing small interfering RNA against TERT gene and to evaluate its potential for inhibiting the TERT expression. METHODS: After shRNA-TERT sequence was designed and synthesized, the sequence was amplified by PCR and then connected to plasmid pLentilox3.7U6-hTERT to construct recombinant plasmid. The recombinant plasmid was then transfected to DH5α cells to screen positive colony, and the sequence was identified. The recombinant plasmid pLentilox3.7U6-TERT was transfected in 293T cells, generating recombinant lentivirus Le-TERT. The titer of recombinant lentivirus was determined and Le-TERT was transfected into the rat spinal cord astrocytes. The expression of TERT in astrocytes was detected by RT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The gene sequencing analysis confirmed that, recombinant plasmid pLentilox3.7U6-TERT was successfully constructed. The real-time quantitative PCR, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assay indicated that, after Le-TERT was transfected in the astrocytes for 4 days, the inhibition rate of TERT mRNA was (63.98±2.6)%, and Le-TERT was lowly expressed in the transfected astrocytes. Recombinant expression vector pLentilox3.7U6-TERT can produce the lentivirus at high titer and effectively inhibit TERT expression in the transfected astrocytes. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tanshinone type IIA inhibits osteoprotegerin and osteoclast differentiation factor expression at relapse stage after orthodontic tooth movement Zhang Shi-ying, Liu Ji-guang, Zhao Gang 2014, 18 (11):  1730-1736.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.015 Abstract ( 422 )   PDF (2693KB) ( 425 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, many drugs emerge to control tooth movement, and scholars in China begin to investigate Chinese herbs with moderate nature and small adverse reaction. OBJECTIVE: To observe the relapse after orthodontic tooth movement, osteoprotegerin and osteoclast differentiation factor expression in periodontal tissue after rats were treated with local tanshinone type IIA at different doses. METHODS: A total of 48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, low dose (tanshinone type IIA 0.36 mg/d), medium dose (tanshinone type IIA 0.72 mg/d), and high dose (tanshinone type IIA 1.44 mg/d) groups. Taking anterior teeth as the anchorage, the maxillary first molar of rats was tracted to mesial movement. In experimental groups, gingival mucosa of the first molar was local injected with tanshinone type IIA 1 day before the force device was removed, while control group was injected with physiological saline, once a day, for 4 weeks. Immediately, 1 week, and 4 weeks after the force device was removed, the distance between the maxillary first molar and second molar was measured and body mass was weighted. The animals were killed after 4 weeks, osteoprotegerin and osteoclast differentiation factor expression in maxillary first molar and periodontal tissue were determined using immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no obvious change in the body weight of rats in each group (P > 0.05). In low, medium and high dose groups, recurrent distance of the teeth was shorter than that in control group (P < 0.05), and recurrence percentage was significantly lower than control group (P < 0.05). The greater the dose was, the smaller the degree of recurrence was. Osteoprotegerin expression in the periodontal tissue was significantly higher in the experimental groups than the control group (P < 0.05), while osteoclast differentiation factor expression was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). The ratio of osteoprotegerin/osteoclast differentiation factor in the periodontal tissue was greater than 1 in both control group and experimental groups, and reached the peak in the high dose group. Local delivery of tanshinone type IIA has no impact on body weight of normal rats, and can effectively control the recurrence rate after orthodontic tooth movement. Within a certain range, high dose achieves the most obvious effect. Regulating osteoclast through adjusting the ratio of osteoprotegerin/osteoclast differentiation factor could be the molecular mechanism of tanshinone type IIA accelerating the periodontal tissue rebuilding. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biological properties of C57BL/6 mouse embryonic fibroblasts and preparation of feeder layers Li Ying, Gong Ya-fei, Chen Xin-jie 2014, 18 (11):  1737.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.016 Abstract ( 478 )   PDF (1993KB) ( 369 )   Save  BACKGROUND: Kunming mouse embryonic fibroblasts are the most common feeder layers at present, and there are rare reports addressing C57BL/6 mouse embryonic fibroblasts as feeder layers. OBJECTIVE: To separate and culture C57BL/6 mouse embryonic fibroblasts in vitro, and produce feeder layers to enlarge the resources of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. METHODS: C57BL/6 mouse embryonic fibroblasts were isolated and cultured by trypsin digestion method in vitro. The biological characteristics and growth rule of the fibroblasts were investigated, then the feeder layers for the cell culture were produced. The growth of cell colonies on the prepared feeder layer was tested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: C57BL/6 mouse embryonic fibroblasts grew well with a large amount, by trypsin digestion method at different concentrations. There was no significance in the survival rate after cryopreservation for 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. The cells were proliferative from the second to fifth passage and declined sharply after the sixth passage. The planted mouse embryonic fibroblasts feeder layers had a high activity within 3 days, but got a sharp decline after 4 days. So it is best to use C57BL/6 mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers within 3 days after they’re inactivated. C57BL/6 mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layer can support embryonic stem cells and induce pluripotent stem cells to grow as Kunming mouse embryonic fibroblasts. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of a recombinant adenovirus overexpressing rat TIPE2 gene Zhang You-bin, Yu Yun-sheng, Shen Zhen-ya, Zhou Dong-ming 2014, 18 (11):  1743-1748.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.017 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (1864KB) ( 482 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein-8 like-2 (TIPE2), an anti-inflammatory protein, through the T cell receptor (TCR) and TOLL-like receptor signaling pathway, implements negative regulation of adaptive immunity and innate immunity, and thus effectively maintains the stable internal environment of the body. OBJECTIVE: To construct a recombinant adenovirus that can overexpress rat TIPE2 gene.    METHODS: TIPE2 cDNA target gene was amplified from rat’s lymphocytes using RT-PCR, cloned into shuttle plasmid pShuttle-clontech, and then subcloned into artificial adenovirus vector AdC68. Hereafter, HEK 293 cells were transfected to generate a recombinant adenovirus. HEK293A cells were infected using this recombinant adenovirus, and then TIPE2 gene level was tested by western blot method.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Based on results of PCR, digestion identification and sequencing, the obtained cDNA was the coding sequence region of TIPE2. Western blot findings showed that the recombinant adenovirus could overexpress TIPE2 gene. These findings indicate that the recombinant adenovirus is constructed successfully and can express TIPE2 gene stably. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional finite element analysis of canine distalization through reducing resistance and distraction osteogenesis Shu Lin-jing, Xue Jun-jie, Wang Jing, Xu Yuan-zhi, Wang Fei-yu, Tang Xiao-shan 2014, 18 (11):  1749-1754.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.018 Abstract ( 343 )   PDF (903KB) ( 425 )   Save BACKGROUND: Peridental membrane distraction osteogenesis exerts the functions at peridental membrane and leads to tooth movement. Alveolar bone distraction osteogenesis produces tooth movement through the displacement of the whole bone plate. OBJECTIVE: To establish three-dimensional finite element model of upper and lower jaw of healthy adults under three different conditions, and to compare the stress distribution and distal movement of the models using three-dimensional finite element analysis method. METHODS: Model 1: three-dimensional finite element model of the canine under normal conditions using a variety of software; Model 2: three-dimensional finite element model of the canine after distracting osteggenesis of the periodontal ligament; Model 3, three-dimensional finite element model of the canine after reducing resistance and distracting osteggenesis of the alveolar bone. The force loadings were stimulated among these models. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The biggest displacements on those three models occurred in canine crown on 1/3, and the displacement quantity on canine was model 2 > model 3 > model 1. The biggest equivalent stress concentrated in distal alveolar crest, and the equivalent stress was model 2 < model 1 < model 3. In the process of canine distal movement, reducing bone resistance and distracting osteggenesis, especially distal alveolar crest of canine, can accelerate the tooth moving speed effectively. And the two ways successfully avoid the loss of anchorage. We should notice that the canine has distal motion tendency under the action of force, appropriate measures should be taken to control it in clinical work. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and identification of lentiviral vector encoding human survivin gene Zhao Liang, Zhang Guo-qing, Ma Xue-xiao, Yang Kun, Hu You-gu, Chen Bo-hua 2014, 18 (11):  1755-1760.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.019 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (486KB) ( 413 )   Save BACKGROUND: Inhibiting the apoptosis of intervertebral disc cells can postpone the degenerative process of intervertebral disc. Survivin has a strong function of regulating cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis. OBJECTIVE: To construct and identify the lentiviral vector encoding survivin gene of human. METHODS: The survivin gene of human (BIRC5) was synthesized through the gene synthesis technology, amplified by PCR and analyzed by electrophoresis. The target gene was cloned into lentiviral expression plasmid to obtain the recombinant lentiviral vector Lenti-BIRC5. After transformation into competent E. coli cells, the candidate clones were identified by PCR firstly. The positive clones were identified by gene sequencing. The lentivirus plasmid containing target gene was transfected into 293T cells, and the expression of recombinant lentiviral vector Flag-Survivin fusion protein was detected through western blot analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The PCR results of electrophoresis and DNA sequencing showed that lentiviral vector containing human survivin gene was constructed successfully. Western blot analysis results showed that the target gene was transfected successfully and over-expressed in cultured cells. The lentiviral expression vector of human survivin gene Lenti-BIRC5 was constructed successfully, which lays a foundation for the study addressing the anti-apoptotic effects of survivin on human nucleus pulposus cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Calcitonin gene-related peptide affects cardiomyocyte apoptosis of neonatal rats induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein and hypoxia/reoxygenation Yue Wei, Zhu Guo-bin, Du Qiu-xiang, Guo Zheng 2014, 18 (11):  1761-1764.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.020 Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (643KB) ( 345 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that calcitonin gene-related peptide can be released from cardiac sensory afferent terminals following coronary artery occlusion in rats, indicating the involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide during pathological process of acute myocardial ischemia. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide on neonatal rat cardiomyocytes apoptosis induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein and hypoxia/reoxygenation. METHODS: Twenty wells of primary cultured neonatal rat myocardial cells were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group, oxidized low-density lipoprotein group, oxidized low-density lipoprotein hypoxia/reoxygenation group, calcitonin gene-related peptide group and calcitonin gene-related peptide8-37 group. The cells in the last four groups were incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein for 24 hours before establishing the myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation model. At 30 minutes prior to hypoxia/reoxygenation,   10-8 mol/L calcitonin gene-related peptide were added into the culture fluid in calcitonin gene-related peptide group; 10-7 mol/L competitive antagonist calcitonin gene-related peptide8-37 of calcitonin gene-related peptide-1 receptor were added at 30 minutes before calcitonin gene-related peptide administration in calcitonin gene-related peptide8-37 group. Myocardial apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity were detected respectively.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Calcitonin gene-related peptide could significantly attenuate apoptosis of neonatal rat myocardial cells through inhibiting the caspase-3 activation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein and hypoxia/reoxygenation. And this effect could be partially reversed by competitive antagonist calcitonin gene-related peptide8-37 of calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 receptor, indicating that calcitonin gene-related peptide has anti-apoptotic effect in combination with the calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 receptor to inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis in neonatal rats induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein and hypoxia/reoxygenation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of numerical simulation of vascular wall thickness on fluid-structure interaction analysis of complex intracranial aneurysms Liu Bo, Li Zhi-wei 2014, 18 (11):  1765-1773.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.021 Abstract ( 585 )   PDF (1170KB) ( 613 )   Save BACKGROUND: Intracranial aneurysms have a high mortality, and finite element analysis to predict fracture risk has become a hot topic at present. Finite element analysis requires reliable fluid-structure interaction model, blood model of aneurysm is very easy to obtain, but the vascular wall model can not be obtained directly, only by artificial settings, which may have an impact on calculation results. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of vascular wall thickness on fluid-structure interaction analysis in finite element modeling of complex intracranial aneurysms, and provide a more reliable method of finite element modeling for the numerical simulation study of intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: A three-dimensional numerical model of tandem left intracranial internal carotid artery aneurysms of a 67-year-old man was obtained by three-dimensional angiography. Four fluid-structure models were got postoperatively by thickening vascular wall, which were artificially set for 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.6 mm. According to intraoperative measured data, dynamic characteristics of fluid-structure interaction of tandem internal carotid artery aneurysms were simulated by the finite element method, comparing four models to calculate the difference between the results. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among the four models, there were no difference in blood flow chart, blood pressure drop chart and wall shear stress chart (P > 0.05). The deformation of the vascular wall was the most obvious in C2 segment of the internal carotid artery, and the thicker vessel wall was accompanied by the more apparent deformation (P < 0.01). Von Mises stress in the vessel wall of the four models reached a local maximum in the I and J points, the thinner vessel wall was accompanied by the larger local maximum (P < 0.01). The settings of vascular well may affect the fluid-structure interaction analysis of complex intracranial aneurysms and appropriate thickness settings will obtain accurate calculation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of gait characteristics of cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients by a portable gait analyzer Liu Yan-cheng, Xia Qun, Hu Yong-cheng, Zhang Ji-dong, Bai Jian-qiang, Ji Ning, Zhang Kuan 2014, 18 (11):  1774-1779.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.022 Abstract ( 447 )   PDF (1001KB) ( 705 )   Save BACKGROUND: Gait deviations are the important diagnosis criteria and surgical indications of cervical myelopathy. Conventional three-dimensional gait laboratory failed to apply in clinics due to complex operations and time consuming. In recent years, a portable gait analyzer based on the micro-sensors is emerging and developing, it has been verified by clinical practice, allowing gait analysis in the ward. OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively analyze gait characteristics of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) by a portable gait analyzer. METHODS: From March 2013 to November 2013, 15 CSM patients and 30 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. The involved patients were accompanied by gait abnormalities. A portable gait analyzer was used for gait analysis. Subjects walked on a 30-meter corridor back and forth for 120 meters. Totally 12 gait parameters were involved in this study, including seven common parameters (single limb support, double limb support, gait cycle, speed, cadence, step length and stride length) and five new parameters (pulling acceleration, swing power, ground impact, foot fall, and pre-swing angle). Three patients underwent cervical decompression surgery. The gait characteristics were re-evaluated one week later, carrying neck support. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The double limb support and gait cycle duration of CSM group were significantly longer than control group (P < 0.05). Speed, cadence, step length, stride length, swing power, ground impact, foot fall, and pre-swing angle of CSM patients were significantly smaller than healthy subjects (P < 0.05). No differences were found in single limb support and pulling acceleration (P > 0.05). after cervical decompression surgery, the mean remission rate of Japanese Orthopedics Association scores was 32.5% and lower limb acceleration was improved obviously in the graph one week after surgery. Varying degree of correlation was seen between Japanese Orthopedics Association scores and the detected 12 gait parameters in CSM patients. The portable gait analyzer can effective measure the pathological gait deviation in CSM patients with abnormal gaits, and assists to evaluate the lower limb functions. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of neuropeptides on periodontium and oral bone repair Gao Yan, Wang Qing-shan 2014, 18 (11):  1780-1786.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.023 Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (639KB) ( 377 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the development of researches on periodontal disease etiology and neuroendocrine factors, the role of neuroendocrine factors on the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and tissue restoration has become a hot spot. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the biological effect of neuropeptides on periodontal tissues and the changes of periodontal tissue after nerve injury. METHODS: A computer-based search of articles was performed in CNKI, Wanfang and PubMed databases using the key words of "neuropeptides, calcitonin gene related peptide, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y and periodontal tissue" in Chinese and English. The included articles focused on the effect of various neuropeptides on periodontal tissue. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Calcitonin gene related peptide, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and neuropeptide Y positive nerve fibers are widely distributed in periodontal support tissues. When sensory nerves are damaged, the target cells in periodontal tissues are influenced due to changes of nerve fibers distribution and neuropeptide release. They also play a role in the reconstruction of alveolar bone, immune function of periodontal ligament and periodontal tissue. This evidence shows that neuroendocrine factors are closely linked with periodontal tissue. However, these studies concentrated in the animal models for orthodontic and fracture, the effect of the neurotransmitters such as neuropeptides on periodontal disease and the mechanisms need further exploration. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Theoretical foundation and development of core stability training Zhu Chuan-fang, Huang Qiang-min, Peng Jin-feng 2014, 18 (11):  1787-1792.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.024 Abstract ( 529 )   PDF (604KB) ( 563 )   Save BACKGROUND: Core training has been gradually accepted worldwide. “Core” is only a generalized perception, and how to define the muscles, the difference among the muscles and the mode of the muscle recruitment consist of the important part of research work on core training. OBJECTIVE: From the aspects of theoretical basis, the development of training methods and measurement of training effectiveness, to elaborate the method issues and new insights on core stability training. METHODS: PubMed, ScienceDirect and CNKI databases were searched by the keywords of “core training, core exercise, core strength” in the titles and abstract to retrieve relevant articles published from 1979 to 2013. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The neural subsystem was first reported by Panjabi to monitor the various signals from the transducers and direct the active subsystem to provide the needed stability. Neutral zone is regarded as an important clinical indicator relevant to spinal stability. Spinal injury and muscle weakening can result in spinal instability and even low back pain and peripheral pain. Core trainings include Swiss ball, plank exercise, sling exercise and so on. Up to now, research on core training is focusing on its mechanism. Core stability training is not only defined as torso stability training, but also refined to the stability training of each joint. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Decompressive craniectomy and temporal muscle sticking therapy of cerebral infarction: experience and problems Hou Xiao-feng 2014, 18 (11):  1793-1798.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.025 Abstract ( 492 )   PDF (790KB) ( 428 )   Save BACKGROUND: A surgery can relieve the increased intracranial pressure, brain tissue edema, and brain stem compression in patients with massive cerebral infarction, and reduce the risk of serious complications, provide more time for medical treatment, and decrease the mortality and disability rate. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical value of decompressive craniectomy plus temporal muscle sticking therapy of cerebral infarction. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed among the clinical data of 37 cerebral infarction patients, including 24 males and 13 females, they aged 10-55 years old. After decompressive craniectomy plus temporal muscle sticking therapy, the involved patients were followed up. The prognosis was evaluated according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale, as excellent, good, moderate, none, and poor. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 6 months of follow-up, the total efficiency of surgical treatment in 37 patients was up to 89%, including excellent in 5 cases (14%), good in 15 cases (41%), moderate in 13 cases (35%), none in 4 cases (11%). No cases exhibited aggravation. Thirty-one patients with cerebral infarction were detected by cranial CT scans, among them 19 patients exhibited significantly reduced infarct size, and 12 patients who had self-care ability were found to restore the cerebral cortex activity. During the 1-year follow-up, 31 patients completed the follow-up, the remaining 6 cases were lost due to contact failure. Twenty-three cases achieved satisfactory long-term results, and returned to normal work and simple labor, two cases occurred contralateral cerebral infarction and became sicker. Decompressive craniectomy plus temporal muscle sticking therapy is an effective treatment for the majority of cerebral infarction. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Two-step cluster analysis and corresponding analysis in the syndrome type of knee osteoarthritis Hu Bin, Xie Xing-wen, Li Ning, Huang Jin, Qin Lin-yuan 2014, 18 (11):  1799-1804.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.11.026 Abstract ( 409 )   PDF (736KB) ( 415 )   Save BACKGROUND: Both correspondence analysis and two-step cluster analysis are high-grade statistical analysis, the introduction of these analyses into the research on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome type of knee osteoarthritis will provide objective evidence for the standardization and normalization of TCM syndrome type, through the combination of mathematical statistical principle and TCM syndrome type. OBJECTIVE: To explore distribution characteristics of knee osteoarthritis TCM syndrome type using correspondence analysis and two-step cluster analysis. METHODS: The clinical symptoms of 200 patients with knees osteoarthritis were investigated through a knee osteoarthritis symptoms questionnaire. According to the criteria for three kinds of syndrome type issued in Diagnostic Criteria for TCM Syndrome, the characteristics of each syndrome were analyzed using two-step cluster analysis and corresponding analysis. Then knee osteoarthritis TCM syndrome type characteristics were defined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Cluster analysis is ineffective for the syndrome type, which is not present in the Diagnostic Criteria for TCM Syndrome. Corresponding analysis showed that, in addition to kidney marrow deficiency syndrome (50.5%), yang deficiency and congealing syndrome (13.5%), and blood stasis syndrome (23%), concurrent syndromes were also found, including kidney marrow deficiency combined yang deficiency and congealing syndrome (6.5%), yang deficiency and congealing combined blood stasis syndrome (3%), kidney marrow deficiency combined blood stasis syndrome (3.5%). Therefore we performed corresponding analysis. After analyzing the syndromes at 0.5, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 radius, the most reasonable syndrome was those at 1.1 radius by corresponding analysis. Corresponding analysis is a scientific method for the classification of knee osteoarthritis syndrome. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics