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    20 August 2013, Volume 17 Issue 34 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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    Allogeneic osteoblasts compounded with beta-tricalcium phosphate for repair of radial defects
    Yang Hua-qing, Zhang Ming-yu, Dang Xiao-qian, Wang Kun-zheng
    2013, 17 (34):  6061-6066.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.001
    Abstract ( 301 )   PDF (542KB) ( 469 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: As a bone scaffold material, β-tricalcium phosphate has good biocompatibility, osteoinductive, and biomechanical properties.
    OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of allogeneic osteoblasts compounded with β-tricalcium phosphate in repairing rabbit radial defects.
    METHODS: A total of 45 rabbit radial defect models were made and divided into three groups in random. Experimental group was repaired with the compound of allogeneic osteoblasts and β-tricalcium phosphate; control group with β-tricalcium phosphate; and blank control group with nothing. The new bone formation of each group was observed and assessed by X-ray and histopathological analysis at weeks 4, 8, 16 after implantation for evaluation of the bone repairing effect.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the repair time, the experimental group appeared to complete bone defect repair gradually. By the end of 16 weeks, the X-ray showed that the bone callus between the scaffold and the host was completely ossified, and bone defects were completely repaired in the experimental group. Histopathological observation showed continuous cortical bone formed in the defect area, and canal recanalization realized in the experimental group. Additionally, the repair effect in the experimental group was better than that in the control and blank control group at different time points (P < 0.01). It is suggested that the allogenic osteoblasts/β-tricalcium phosphate compound has the better effects on guiding bone regeneration and preventing from nonunion

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    Fabrication and properties of low-crystallinity carbonate apatite monolith bone graft
    Lin Xin, Hou Min
    2013, 17 (34):  6067-3072.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.002
    Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (674KB) ( 496 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: As a good candidate for bioresorbable bone graft, carbonate apatite monolith can be prepared by sintering procedure; however, sintering can cause carbonate loss and result in a much lower rate of biodegradation compared to the human bone, thereby influencing the formation of new bone.
    OBJECTIVE: To fabricate low-crystallinity carbonate apatite monolith as bone graft and test its properties.
    METHODS: Calcium carbonate monolith prepared by carbonation of Ca(OH)2 monolith was treated in 1 mol/L ammonium dihydrogen phosphate solution at 60 ℃ up to 14 days. Diametral tensile strength was examined for biomechanical properties; X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope observation and chemical analyses (carbonate, calcium and phosphate content) were also performed for physical and chemical properties.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The calcium carbonate completely transformed into low-crystallinity B-type carbonate apatite after treated for 14 days. Diametral tensile strength of the final product was (10.27±1.08) MPa, which is adequate as a reconstruction material for bone defect. The carbonate content was (4.80±0.50)%, similar to that of the nature bone. The molar Ca/P was 1.63±0.01, indicating the Ca-deficient carbonate apatite is obtained. The present method allows an easy fabrication of low-crystallinity B-type carbonate apatite block with adequate strength and without sintering process.

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    Combination of bone cement filling and plate internal fixation with limb salvage is used for metastatic malignant bone tumors
    Yang Jun, Yu Bin, Guo Xin-hui, Yang Peng, Zhang Kai-rui, Zhang Sheng, Cai Wei-bin, Ku Jian-bin, Tian Ling-yan
    2013, 17 (34):  6073-6082.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.003
    Abstract ( 438 )   PDF (333KB) ( 580 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Currently, limb salvage therapy has become the standard treatment of malignant bone tumors way, but improper treatments will result in tumor recurrence, secondary infection, internal fixation or prosthesis loosening.
    OBJECTIVE: Based on the traditional surgical principle for metastatic bone tumors of the limbs, this study designed a user-friendly, individualized, simplistic palliative treatment regimen from the actual conditions of patients to observe the reasonability, clinical efficacy and prognosis of bone cement filling combined with internal fixation in the treatment of metastatic malignant bone tumors.
    METHODS: Thirty-one patients with metastatic malignant bone tumors who required salvage treatment were screened from the Department of Orthopedics, the 421 Hospital of Chinese PLA, and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. All the 31 patients were divided into two groups: tumor removal+internal fixation group (non-chemoradiotherapy group, n=11) treated with bone cement filling plus plate internal fixation (palliative treatment); tumor removal+internal fixation+chemoradiotherapy group (chemoradiotherapy group, n=20), treated with radiotherapy before internal fixation plus plate internal fixation with limb salvage. The follow-up period was 4-38 months, averagely 18 months.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The follow-up results showed that in the non-chemoradiotherapy group, all the 11 patients survived, who could live independently and have good motor functions; in the chemoradiotherapy group, 17 of the 20 patients survived and the rest three patients died of tumor metastasis, their poor conditions and complications at 9 and 13 months after internal fixation. In patients undergoing tumor removal+plate internal fixation with limb salvage, the integrated scores for nerve and motor functions were increased by more than level 1. These findings confirm that a simple palliative therapy of bone cement filling and internal fixation without chemoradiotherapy is better for metastatic malignant bone tumors patients who require limb salvage.

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    Adipose-derived stem cells combined with gelatin sponge for repair of rabbit radial defects
    Liu Gang, Wang Ming-xing, Yan Chang-ming, Wang Yun-qing, Wei Xue-jie, Hu Zhao-li
    2013, 17 (34):  6083-6088.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.004
    Abstract ( 452 )   PDF (395KB) ( 354 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Adipose-derived stem cells discovered recently are a new kind of adult stem cells, and have a strong multi-differentiation capacity. However, there are rare studies concerning in vivo osteogenic capacity of adipose-derived stem cells.
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of adipose-derived stem cells combined with gelatin sponge on repairing bone defects.
    METHODS: Adipose-derived stem cells from rabbit inguinal fat pads were isolated and cultured, and then induced using an osteogenic medium containing bone morphogenetic protein 2 followed by injection of gelatin sponge. Radial defect models of rabbits were prepared. Compound of adipose-derived stem cells and gelatin sponge was implanted into the lesion side, while gelatin sponge alone was implanted into the contralateral side. Rabbits were killed at weeks 6 and 12 after bone defect repair for X-ray examination, CT scan, and hematoxylin- eosin staining.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Lane-Sandhu X-ray and Lane-Sandhu histological scores after compound implantation were significantly higher than those after repair with gelatin sponge alone. It indicates that adipose-derived stem cells combined with gelatin sponge can promote bone defect healing of rabbits, showing an obvious osteogenic capacity in vivo.

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    Tissue-engineered bone repairs sheep alveolar bone defects
    Zhang Qin, Yang Chuan-bo, He Hui-yu, Cui Jie, Yang Nan, Ma Wen-yuan
    2013, 17 (34):  6089-6096.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.005
    Abstract ( 544 )   PDF (628KB) ( 424 )   Save

    BACKGROUND:Following physicochemical treatment and high-temperature calcinations, heterogeneous biological bone becomes a ceramic-like heterologous bone forming a similar structure to the human bone that is a natural network pore structure, which is conducive to seed cell adhesion and proliferation.

    OBJECTIVE:To observe the feasibility of constructing tissue-engineered bone through combination of sintered bone and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to repair alveolar defects.

    METHODS: Sheep bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as seed cells were combined with the high temperature sintered bone as scaffold materials to construct tissue-engineered bone. Under general anesthesia, sheep bilateral mandibular first premolars were removed in batches, the alveolar ridge space between the distal root and mesial root of the second premolar to form a bone defect area of 5 mm×5 mm×5 mm. Twelve experimental sheep were equally randomized into tissue-engineered bone group and sintered bone group, which were implanted with tissue-engineered bone and sintered bone, respectively, at the left surgical area of the mandible. The right surgical area was considered as blank control group.prepared by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and sintered bone can better repair sheep alveolar bone defects, which is an ideal seed cell and scaffold material for small range bone defects.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After high-temperature calcinations, the sintered bone was chalk in color, exhibiting a porous structure as the natural cancellous bone. The porosity was (66.10±1.32)%, and the pore size was between 137.44 μm and 538.72 μm. After 24 hours of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inoculated to the sintered bone, a large number of cells are visible adherent to the scaffold; up to day 7, extracellular matrix was secreted and there was no clear boundary between the cells and the matrix. X-ray films showed that the tissue-engineered bone and pure sintered bone implants were embedded in the surgical area, and there was a low-density shadow at the edge of the sintered bone. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed bone trabecular formation at the experimental side, but no obvious bone formation at the controlled side. Tissue-engineered bone  

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    Recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel prevents dry socket syndrome after toothextraction
    Xue Ling-fa, Xu Yao-xiang, Yue Jin, Wang Shuang-yi, Xiao Wen-lin, Zhang Chun-yang
    2013, 17 (34):  6097-6102.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.006
    Abstract ( 1148 )   PDF (398KB) ( 610 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor is a manifold effect cytokine which can promote angiogenesis, wound healing, tissue repair and bone regeneration. Recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor with good histocompatibility is easy to operate and has been widely used in oral and maxillary surgery.

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor against dry socket syndrome after tooth extraction.

    METHODS: A total of 160 patients who had been extracted mandibular third molar were selected and randomly divided into two groups. In the experimental group, recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor was put into the sockets after mandibular third molars were extracted, while in the control group, we let the wounds to be healed naturally without any materials. The incidence of dry socket syndrome was observed and compared between two groups at 3 days, 5 days and 1 week after tooth extraction.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: One patient had dry socket after operation in the experimental group, and the incidence was 1.25%. In the control group, 10 patients suffered from dry socket, and the incidence was 12.5%. There was a significant difference in the incidence of dry socket between the two groups (P < 0.01). There was visible granulation tissue within the tooth socket after tooth extraction in the experimental group, and extraction sockets narrowed and were filled with granulation tissues, which was 1-2 days earlier than the control group. No allergies, tissue hyperplasia and other local and systemic reactions occurred in patients receiving implantation of  recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel. These findings indicate that local implantation of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel after mandibular tooth extractions can speed up the healing of dental extraction wounds.

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    Periodontal bone graft in combination with splint-like porcelain-fused-metal bridge for repair of periodontally compromised abutment
    Li Zheng, Cui Jie, Wang Xing, Man Yun-na, Li Liang, He Hui-yu
    2013, 17 (34):  6103-6109.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.007
    Abstract ( 475 )   PDF (619KB) ( 383 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Splint-like porcelain-fused-metal bridge for periodontal bone defects accompanied by dentition defects induced by periodontitis can increase the bone mineral density rather than bone height around the tooth root. Therefore, there are some limitations for pure splint treatment in the repair of periodontitis-induced periodontal bone defects accompanied by dentition defects.

    OBJECTIVE: To compare the restoration method of bone graft in combination with splint-like porcelain-fused-metal bridge treatment and splint-like porcelain-fused-metal bridge alone on curing periodontal disease patients with periodontal bone defects, and to analyze the periodontal conditions.

    METHODS: Twenty patients with periodontitis accompanied by Kennedy III dentition defects, who had alveolar bone absorption and were scheduled for porcelain crown treatment, were randomly divided into bone graft group and non-bone graft group, 10 patients in each group. In the bone graft group, bone graft plus splint-like porcelain-fused-metal bridge was performed; only splint-like porcelain-fused-metal bridge was in the non-bonegraft group. Gingival crevicular fluid samples from the groups were collected at 0, 3, 6 months after treatment for measurement of interleukin-1β level. Probing depth and clinical attachment loss were also reexamined and recorded.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Interleukin-1β level decreased gradually in the two groups (P < 0.05), which was decreased more significantly in the bone graft group as compared with the non-bone graft (P < 0.05). As time went by, the probing depth and clinical attachment loss were also decreased in the two groups, which were more significant in the bone graft group (P < 0.05). In addition, there were significant differences in the probing depth and clinical attachment loss of the bone graft group at different time (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the combination of periodontal bone graft and splint-like porcelain-fused-metal bridge is more effective and beneficial to periodontal tissue reconstruction with periodontal bone defects than the simple splint-like porcelain-fused-metal bridge.

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    Histological and mechanical properties of a new-type biopsy material
    Chen Xiao-song, Zhang Jian, Li Jian-xin
    2013, 17 (34):  6110-6115.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.008
    Abstract ( 505 )   PDF (502KB) ( 353 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: The biopsy material induced by foreign body is autologous tissue, which, in theory, avoids the role of immune rejection and destruction faced by non-autologous implants. This biology advantage has no way to comparison by synthetic and de-cellular materials.

    OBJECTIVE: To explore a biotube consisting of autologous cells and extracellular matrix and to evaluate its structure and mechanical features.

    METHODS: The biotubes were prepared by embedding silicon rods as a mold intraperitoneally. Specimens were analyzed by mechanical tests, histological observation and superficial study.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: It was easy to excite the biotubes prepared by embedding silicon tube intraperitoneally. The biotube mainly included collagen-rich extracellular matrices and myofibroblasts appearing as elongated cells with circumferential or longitudinal orientations. At 1 month of embedding, the wall was 70-   250 μm in thickness and had burst strength of (1 100±187) mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa), with perfect sewability. The biotubes, which possess the ability for wide adjustments in their shapes, are composed of autologous cells and extracellular matrices, and are an ideal graft for tissue engineering because they avoid immunological rejection and have sufficient mechanical strength.

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    Preparation and biocompatibility of panax notoginseng saponins-hydroxyapatite/ chitosan scaffold
    Chen Shu-xiang, Kang Le, Ou Wen-huan, Si Tu-jian, Ding Lin-jian
    2013, 17 (34):  6116-6122.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.009
    Abstract ( 426 )   PDF (562KB) ( 451 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Panax notoginseng saponins promotes bone repair by improving vascular proliferation. Therefore, the scaffolds carrying panax notoginseng saponins were supposed to be used to improve bone repair at the bone defect region. However, the biocompatibility of scaffolds remains unclear.

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biocompatibility of panax notoginseng saponins-hydroxyapatite/chitosan scaffolds.

    METHODS: A new bone repair scaffold has been generated by thoroughly mixtures of 0, 0.1, 1, 10 mg panax notoginseng saponins and chitosan/hydroxyapatite using in-situ composite technique and freeze-drying technique. Morphology and mechanical property of the scaffold were observed under a scanning electron microscope. (1) Cell proliferation test: rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of passage 3 were cultured in four kinds of drug loaded hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite material leaching liquor. Cells normally cultured were considered as controls. 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide was used to measure absorbance value of cells in each group. (2) Hemolysis test: Rabbit anticoagulated blood was added with four kinds of drug loaded hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite material leaching liquor. Absorbance values were measured using a microplate reader in each group. (3) Pyrogen test: The four kinds of drug loaded hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite material leaching liquor and saline were respectively injected into ear vein of rabbits, and the increase of rabbit body temperature was detected.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Drug loaded hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite material contained three dimensional porous structure of 110 μm in diameter. Drug loading process of panax notoginseng saponins did not significantly affect the porosity, pore size and density of the composite material, but decreased its breaking strength and elastic modulus. The larger amount of drug loading showed a more obvious effect. Simple hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite material had good cellular compatibility. The composite material after drug loading obviously suppressed cell proliferation, and the larger amount of drug loading showed a more obvious effect. The composite material had good blood compatibility before and after drug loading. The composite material had good pyrogen effects before and after drug loading, but accorded with acceptable quality level of pyrogen test.

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    Preparation and cytocompatibility of novel porous calcium metaphosphate composite membranes
    Wu Yue-heng, Chen Peng, Mai Li-ping, Zhang Ling-min, Tang Shun-qing, Yu Xi-yong
    2013, 17 (34):  6123-6130.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.010
    Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (610KB) ( 347 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Porous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/calcium metaphosphate composite membranes prepared previously is too thick and uneven in holes.

    OBJECTIVE: To prepare the thin even porous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/calcium metaphosphate composite membrane, and to evaluate the cytocompatibility and differentiation capacity.

    METHODS: Porous and nonporous, thin and even poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/calcium metaphosphate composite membranes were prepared by phase separation method. Its thickness and weight loss rate were determined. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were cocultured with porous and nonporous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/calcium metaphosphate composite membranes for 7 days. Ultrastructure of composite membranes was observed under the scanning electron microscopy. Surface markers of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the composite membranes were analyzed using flow cytometry.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The thickness of the porous and nonporous composite membranes was (0.041 ± 0.005) mm and (0.058±0.004) mm. Weight loss rates of porous and nonporous composite membranes were respectively 19.93% and 7.64% at 24 hours. Calcium metaphosphate particles were evenly distributed in porous and nonporous composite membrane. Cells spread entirely, showing spindle shape. Calcium metaphosphate particles were evenly distributed in porous composite membrane. Pore in porous composite membranes was also uniformly distributed, and pore size was about 2-8 μm. Cells spread entirely, showing polygonal shape with multiple tentacles. The tentacles of some cells entered into the scaffold. CD105, CD90, CD44, CD29 and CD73 expression was detected in porous and nonporous composite membranes. There was no significant difference in cell-positive rate. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/calcium metaphosphate composite membranes prepared in this study has good biocompatibility and could not promote cell differentiation.

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    Compatibility of polyurethane membranes after surface modification with human hypopharyngeal fibroblasts
    Kang Cheng, Shen Zhi-sen, Chen Jing-jing, Zhu Ya-bin
    2013, 17 (34):  6131-6137.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.011
    Abstract ( 313 )   PDF (768KB) ( 380 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Polyurethane has good mechanical and physical characteristics and is extensively used in clinical and experimental studies, but its hydrophobicity and histocompatibility are not ideal, which limits its use in tissue engineering as a biomaterial scaffold to some extents.

    OBJECTIVE:To observe the hydrophilicity of polyurethane membrane grafted with silk fibroin and glutin and its compatibility with human hypopharyngeal cells.

    METHODS:The changes in hydrophilicity of polyurethane membrane grafted with silk fibroin and glutin were detected by contact angle measurements. Human hypopharyngeal fibroblasts were cultured in vitro on polyurethane membrane, silk fibroin-polyurethane membrane, glutin-polyurethane membrane and tissue culture plate. Cell compatibility was compared using cytometry and cell morphology obsevation.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hydrophilicity of silk fibroin- or glutin-polyurethane membranes significantly increased (P < 0.01). The hydrophilicity of silk fibroin-polyurethane membrane was higher than that of glutin-polyurethane membrane (P < 0.01). The number of cells on the tissue culture plate was the most. The number of human hypopharyngeal fibroblasts on the silk fibroin- or glutin-polyurethane membrane was higher than that on the polyurethane membrane, especially on the silk fibroin-polyurethane membrane. These suggested that hydrophilicity and cell compatibility of silk fibroin- or glutin-polyurethane membrane were elevated.

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    Histopathological observation of new soft one-piece keratoprosthesis skirt implanted into alkali burned rabbit corneas
    Bai Hua, Wang Li-qiang, Huang Yi-fei
    2013, 17 (34):  6138-6143.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.012
    Abstract ( 464 )   PDF (537KB) ( 1244 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate has excellent optical properties and good hydrophilicity which has been widely applied in biological materials, such as contact lenses, intraocular lenses. In previous experiments, artificial corneas made of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate subcutaneously implanted or implanted into normal rabbit cornea have showed good biocompatibility and tear resistance.

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the histopathological results of the porous skirt of new type one-piece keratoprosthesis made of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate implanted to alkali burned rabbit corneas.

    METHODS: New blood vessels and walleyes formed in New Zealand rabbits at 3 months after alkali burned rabbit corneas. The porous discs of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate were inserted into the lamellar pocket of alkali-burned corneas and the corneas were observed clinically, histologically and ultrastructurally at 2, 8, 16 and 28 weeks after implantation,.completely filled with new tissue, the number of cells decreased, and mature fibers were mainly found at 28 weeks. Scanning electron microscope showed new tissue grew into the pores which were closely connected with the corneas. Transmission electron microscope exhibited cytoplasm migrating into the material was rich in rough endoplasmic reticula, showing strong synthetic function, collagen, proteoglycans, and other extracellular matrix deposition. These findings indicate that the porous skirt of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate implanted into the alkali burned rabbit corneas allowed corneal cells migration, proliferation, secretion of the deposition of extracellular matrix and the formation of new tissue to complete the stable connection with cornea, showing a better biocompatibility.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Histopathology suggested that mild inflammatory reaction and no calcification were seen in all specimens, fibroblasts and deposition of collagens were found in the pores of the dics at 2 weeks after implantation; stable connection with cornea was formed by the end of 16 weeks; the pores were almost  

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    Angiogenesis and scar inhibition after subcutaneous implantation of Shengji Yuhong collagen
    Cao Dong-yang, Yao Chang, Chen De-xuan, Bian Wei-he, Zhang Xiao-qing, Yin Heng, Guo Meng-meng
    2013, 17 (34):  6144-6151.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.013
    Abstract ( 445 )   PDF (800KB) ( 612 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Shengji Yuhong collagen showed good curative effect of promoting angiogenesis and tissue healing compared with Shengji Yuhong Gao and collagen alone or gelatin alone.

    OBJECTIVE: To explore the curative effect and mechanism of subcutaneous implantation of Shengji Yuhong collagen in rabbits in promoting angiogenesis and repair.

    METHODS:Shengji Yuhong collagen as the experimental group and collagen as the control group was implanted inside the rabbit subcutaneous pockets of the back of New Zealand rabbits. The implanted samples and surrounding tissues were obtained at 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days following surgery. Pathological sections were made and the repair of surrounding tissue was observed. Hemoglobin levels in collagen were measured. Immunofluorescence and CD34 dyeing marking method were utilized to observe capillary angiogenesis. Western  blot assay was employed to examine vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenin-1 expression. Immunohistochemistry was used to observe the secretion of typeⅠ and Ⅲ collagen on the surrounding tissues.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The experimental group showed increased subcutaneous vascularization. There were reduced inflammatory exudation, granulation tissue hyperplasia, and mature fiber connective tissue at 28 days. Angiogenesis and hemoglobin contents were greater in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). At 3 and 7 days following surgery, vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenin-1 expression was greater in the experimental group than that in the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The secretion of type Ⅰ collagen was identical between the experimental and control groups. However, the secretion of type Ⅲ collagen was higher in the experimental group than in the control group at 28 and 56 days (P < 0.05), and the proportion of type Ⅰ and Ⅲ collagen was lower in the experimental group than in the control group at 28 and 56 days (P < 0.01). These suggested that Shengji Yuhong collagen can significantly promote angiogenesis in the surrounding tissues with the possible mechanisms of adjusting the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenin-1. At the same time, it has the function of regulating collagen formation with better ratio of typeⅠ and type Ⅲ collagen to acquire higher quality of wound healing with reduced scar formation.

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    Degradation of carboxymethyl chitosan by several common periodontal pathogens
    Cao Wen-shuai, Deng Jing, Xu Quan-chen, Zhu Yuan-qi
    2013, 17 (34):  6152-6158.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.014
    Abstract ( 582 )   PDF (438KB) ( 518 )   Save

    BACKGROUND:In recent years, the degradation in vivo of carboxymethyl chitosan has become a research focus in the fields of periodontal tissue engineering and materials science. However, in the literature involving carboxymethyl chitosan enzymatic degradation, there is no report regarding whether common periodontal pathogens could degradate carboxymethyl chitosan.

    OBJECTIVE: To study the degradation of carboxymethyl chitosan by several common periodontal pathogens.

    METHODS: 1% and 2% carboxymethyl chitosan anaerobic microbiological culture media were prepared. The colonies of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitan and Actinomyces viscosus were picked up streaking onto the carboxymethyl chitosan medium, respectively, which was then incubated in anaerobic culture bag at 37 . If the see-through circle appeared around the colonies, the result was positive, indicating that the bacteria can degradate carboxymethyl chitosan; on the contrary, it was negative. Afterwards, the diameter of the colonies was measured.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: It was observed that the colonies of Porphyromonas gingivalis grew well in the 1% carboxymethyl chitosan medium and the see-through circles appeared around the colonies after incubation for 18 days; meanwhile, the medium containing 2% carboxymethyl chitosan inhibited the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and the standard morphological colonies did not form well. The see-through circle did  not appear around the colonies of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitan and Actinomyces viscosus in the two concentrations of carboxymethyl chitosan media and the colonies were dried-up and lost activity after 2-week incubation. The results indicated that the lower concentration of carboxymethyl chitosan could induce Porphyromonas gingivalis to produce chitosanase and degradate carboxymethyl chitosan. Neither Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitan nor Actinomyces viscosus could degradate carboxymethyl chitosan.

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    Oxidized sodium alginate used in an extracorporeal circulation pipe
    Li Jin-you, Li Tong, Yu Mei-li, Gao Wen-qing, Hu Xiao-min, Lu Hai-bin, Yu Guang-dong
    2013, 17 (34):  6159-6165.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.015
    Abstract ( 655 )   PDF (444KB) ( 443 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: At present, a heparin-coated extracorporeal circulation pipe is used widely, but the price is expensive and limits its wide application.

    OBJECTIVE: To screen the optimal coating condition of oxidated sodium alginate as a coating material to coat the medical polyvinyl chloride pipe and to evaluate the anticoagulant properties and the stability of the coated pipe.

    METHODS: Oxidized sodium alginate was prepared with sodium periodate, and the mole ratio of sodium periodate and sodium alginate was 1:8, 1:10 and 1:12, respectively. Oxidized sodium alginate with different degree of oxidation was coated on the surface of medical polyvinyl chloride pipes by chemical methods, then to select the best degree of oxidation. The optimal coating condition was screened through an orthogonal experiment based on concentrations of sulfuric acid, polyethyleneimine and oxidized sodium alginate, and pH value and temperature of oxidized sodium alginate. Additionally, the anticoagulant properties and expulsion rates of the prepared pipes were evaluated in comparison with the blank control group and heparin-coated group. 

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The optimal oxidation degree for oxidized sodium alginate was 1:10 for the mole ratio of sodium periodate and sodium alginate. The best coating conditions were 50% concentrated sulfuric acid, 0.05% polyethyleneimine, 40 of reaction temperature, 2 g/L oxidized sodium alginate, and pH value=3.5. The oxidized sodium alginate coating group had a similar trend compared with heparin-coated group in the expulsion rate. The anticoagulant properties of oxidized sodium alginate coating group were little weaker than those of  heparin-coated group (P < 0.05), but significantly better than those of the blank control group. The oxidized sodium alginate-coated extracorporeal circulation pipe has a good anticoagulant property and stability.

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    Optical properties of gelatin/CdS bionanocomposite and its conformational change
    Tang Shi-hua, Li You-qun, Wang Jun, Wang Bai-yang
    2013, 17 (34):  6166-6172.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.016
    Abstract ( 397 )   PDF (575KB) ( 763 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: The properties, integration mechanism and conformation change of protein are closely related with the biological effects of nanocomposites.

    OBJECTIVE: To study the optical properties and integration mechanism of gelatin/CdS bionanocomposite, and to analyze the conformation change of gelatin macromolecule at pH 12.0.

    METHODS: The gelatin/CdS bionanocomposites were synthesized via one-pot chemical route with the materials of gelatin, cadmium acetate and Na2S•9H2O through adding the Cd2+ and S2− solution into the gelatin dilute solution at the temperature of 296, 302 and 308 K, and with the concentration of 8×10−6 -1.2×10−3 mol/L. The shape, ζ potential and optical properties of samples were characterized by transmission electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the morphology of gelatin/CdS nanocomposites was mainly chain-shaped. The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy showed that the gelatin/CdS nanocomposites band gap was decreased with the increasing in both the CdS concentration and temperature, and they showed an obvious quantum size effect. The dynamic light scattering showed that the ζ potential was negative and decreased slightly with the increasing in concentration of CdS. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that level of α-helix and β-sheets in gelatin macromolecular conformation was decreased and the β-turns level was increased. The gelatin/Cd2+ complex and gelatin/CdS nanocomposites were formed on the basis of various observations, the most plausible mechanism is proposed for the integration of gelatin/CdS nanocomposites, which includes the coordination (Cd2+ with the oxygen of carbonyl group in gelatin molecular chain), vulcanization and surface coated.

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    Nano-resin and self-etching adhesive for bonding repair of anterior tooth defects with vital pulp: A 2-year follow-up
    Yuan Jia, Wang Ping, Wu Xin-zhong, Zhang Dong-xia
    2013, 17 (34):  6173-6178.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.017
    Abstract ( 319 )   PDF (367KB) ( 350 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Compared with the conventional composite resin, the 3M Z350 nano-resin has good wear resistance, physical mechanical properties, and polishing, and exerts a lower irritation to the dental pulp. Besides filling materials, a reliable tooth-prosthesis bonding interface is necessary for resin bonded repairs.

    OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effects of self-etch bonding Adper Easy One and total-etch bonding Single Bond 2 on nano-resin bonding restoration of the anterior teeth.

    METHODS: 120 anterior teeth with vital pulp, which had defects at the incisal ends and were to be restored with nano resins, were divided into two groups randomly. Two kinds of adhesives, self-etch adhesive and total-etch adhesive, combined with nano-resin were used to restore the teeth. The patients were re-examined immediately, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after the treatment. The fillings, teeth and pulps of patients were examined, including whether the prosthesis and tooth color were coordinated, whether the gap between the prosthesis and the teeth were sealed, whether the surface of the prosthesis was intact with no loose, whether the prosthesis and teeth had no staining and secondary caries, whether the condition of the tooth pulp had hot or cold stimulation-induced pain.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No significant difference in the filling effects was found between the two groups when the patients were re-examined immediately, 6 months and 1 year after the treatment (P > 0.05). The pulp lesions of the self-etching group were fewer than those of the total-etch group 2 years after the treatment (P < 0.05). Self-etching group had 1, 6, 0, 2 cases and total-etch group had 0, 2, 1, 2 cases in uncoordinated color, edge seal, incomplete restoration and secondary caries, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in these four aspects between the two groups (P > 0.05). The 2-year follow up showed a low incidence of pulp lesions and satisfactory clinical performance after 3M Z350 nano-resin working with self-etching bonding system in the nano-resin filling of anterior teeth with vital pulp.

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    Clinical application of a bioactive nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 interbody fusion cage
    Wang Mao-yuan, Xie Rui-lian, He Chun-lei, Liu Wu-yang, Huang Wei-min, Gao Hui
    2013, 17 (34):  6179-6182.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.018
    Abstract ( 477 )   PDF (380KB) ( 476 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: There are various commonly used interbody fusion methods, such as autologous bone, allograft bone and titanium-based posterior lumbar interbody fusion, and each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.

    OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy of a bioactive nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 fusion cage in posterior lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of lumbar disease.

    METHODS: A retrospective case analysis was conducted on 16 cases treated with posterior lumbar interbody fusion at the Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University from July 2010 to December 2011, and all the patients were implanted with nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 biological activity fusion cage.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the patients were followed-up for 10-24 months, and the lumbar pain was significant improved, the lumbar visual analogue score, lumbar Japanese Orthopaedic Association score and Oswestry disability index score were significantly improved during the final follow-up period (P < 0.05). No internal fixation loosing or broken observed in all the patients during final follow-up, and all the patients obtained bone fusion without nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 fusion cage displacement or subsidence. The results indicate that nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 fusion cage for the treatment of posterior lumbar interbody fusion can reconstruct the lumbar stability and provide immediate stability after  implantation, and has good biological activity.

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    Surface construction and biocompatibility of polymeric used for cardiovascular medical device
    Chen Bao-lin, Wang Dong-an
    2013, 17 (34):  6183-6192.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.019
    Abstract ( 620 )   PDF (318KB) ( 420 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Biomaterials for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases must have anti-thrombotic, anti-biodegradability and anti-infective ability in the blood-contact condition.

    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biocompatibility, blood compatibility and cytocompatibility of new implantable (interfered) polymer material (surface) used in cardiovascular tissue engineering.

    METHODS: The PubMed database and Wanfang database were retrieved for the related articles from 1967 to 2012 with the key words of “biocompatibility, lood compatibility, biomedical materials, biomedical polymer materials”.

    RESUTLS AND CONCLUSION: The graft copolymer surface and a block copolymer surfactant that can be used as biological materials were in-depth analyzed though analyzing the design requirements of type, application, cardiovascular medical devices and implantable soft tissue substitutes of polymeric biomaterials used for cardiovascular medicine. The results showed that the difference between the surface and noumenon will be reflected on many molecular layers that extended from the surface to the noumenon, while the two main factors of surface energy and molecular motion determined the noumenon/surface behavior including the noumenon/surface difference and surface phase separation. If the understanding of the noumenon/surface consisting difference should be taking into consideration, the other determinant should be added too, that was the crystallization behavior of each competent. If the one of the components contained in the graft copolymer surface and a block copolymer surfactant had higher crystallinity, the other components will be squeezed out; crystallization could also hindered the motion and diffusion of molecules, and eventually, the incompatibility degree of two components of copolymers will affect the phase separation tendency in the noumenon and surface layers.

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    Polyvinyl alcohol and its composite materials for tissue engineering scaffolds
    Li Zhi-ge, Wang Yi, Qi Yuan-yuan, Che Xiao-qiang, Liu Bin
    2013, 17 (34):  6193-6199.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.020
    Abstract ( 673 )   PDF (564KB) ( 708 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Polyvinyl alcohol is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. It is widely used in clinical areas because of its water-soluble, film forming, emulsification, adhesiveness, tasteless, and nontoxic.

    OBJECTIVE: To review the applications of polyvinyl alcohol and its composite materials in bone, cartilage, skin, vessels and other tissue engineering scaffolds.

    METHODS: A computer-based online search of CNKI database from January 2000 to December 2011, PubMed database and Elsevier (ScienceDirect) database from January 1980 to December 2012, was performed by the first author with key words of “poly(vinyl alcohol), composite material, tissue engineering scaffold” both in Chinese and English. Literatures concerning polyvinyl alcohol and its composite materials in bone, cartilage, skin, vessels and other tissue engineering scaffolds were included, and repetitive research was excluded.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Although there are not enough strength, complications and other shortcomings in vivo, due to its good biocompatibility and biodegradable properties, polyvinyl alcohol and its composite materials have made great progress in tissue engineering applications from the laboratory to the pre-clinical research. But its long-term effects need further research. It will be a main research aim of scaffold materials in the future to improve the interaction of cells with the scaffold materials by surface modification, to prepare biomimetic materials by cell microenvironment simulation, to improve the hydrophilicity, the adhesion of cells, and cell differentiation and proliferation, to bionic the structure and function of the natural extracellular matrix by building three-dimensional porous structure and controlling the release of cell growth factors, to meet the need of tissue regeneration by congruity or harmony of degradation and mechanical strength.

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    Preparation and application of amniotic membrane matrix
    Zhang Yu-min, Zhang Nai-li, Zhou Mo, Ma Shao-ying, Wang Xu-sheng, Xu Wei-jun, Li Bao-xing
    2013, 17 (34):  6200-6206.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.021
    Abstract ( 613 )   PDF (620KB) ( 829 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Amniotic membrane, an immune privilege tissue graft, containing a variety of cytokines, has biological characteristics of anti-inflammation, anti-adhesion, alleviating pain and promoting epithelization, which has been applied in clinic widely.

    OBJECTIVE: To review the progress of preparation of amniotic membrane matrix.

    METHODS: An online search of CNKI (before 2012) and Medline databases (from 1999 to 2012) was performed for articles using keywords of “amniotic membrane matrix, processing, sterilization” in Chinese and English, respectively. Relevant articles were summarized from four aspects of amniotic membrane biological characteristics, immunology characteristics, preparation methods and sterilization methods. A total of 98 articles were included. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, a number of 28 articles were retained at last.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Amniotic membrane, as a natural biomaterial consisting of collagen, glycoprotein, proteoglycan, integrin, laminin, and expressing a variety of cytokines and proteins related to mRNA, provides abundant nutrients for cell growth and differentiation. Amniotic membrane is generally thought as a low immunogenicity graft without HLA-Ⅱ antigen. However, there are some reports that amniotic membrane contains a small amount of HLA-Ⅱ antigen and have certain immunogenicity. According to the preparation ways, amniotic membranes are classified into fresh amniotic membrane, freeze drying amniotic membrane, acellular amniotic membrane; and, they have their respective advantages and disadvantages. It is one of the hot spotstofurther enhance its all aspects of performance by modification.

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    Clinical application of composite bone graft substitutes
    Huang Xing, Cao Lie-hu, Li Hai-hang, Su Jia-can
    2013, 17 (34):  6207-6214.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.022
    Abstract ( 426 )   PDF (538KB) ( 399 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Bone defects or non-unions, resulting from osteomyelitis, tumor resection or metabolic disorders, are still a most pressing issue in orthopedic reconstructions which are treated with required bone graft substitutes after clinical comprehensive analysis.

    OBJECTIVE: To review the selection and clinical application, experimental research and novel therapeutic approaches for bone graft substitutes and to optimize the applications.

    METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE databases were retrieved online for relative articles about the clinical and basic research on bone graft substitute published from 2001-01 to 2012-11, with the key words of “bone regeneration; bone graft substitute; growth factors; biomaterials” in title, abstract and MeSH terms. Articles published recently in authorized journals were preferred, while unrelated and repeated were excluded. Finally, 47 articles were included.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Except for the limitation of graft availability and donor site impairments, autografts exhibit ideal features of bone graft substitutes. On the other hand, allograft harbors the high risk of disease transmission. However, the diversified combined use of bone graft substitutes is considered a morefeasible alternative to augmenting bone regeneration process in which exhibits refined properties, including biomaterials, biodegradable polymers and growth factors and stem cells. Selection and combination of various materials perform multiple effects in bone repair. With good characters of osteoconduction, osteogenesis, and osteoinduction, an ideal bone graft substitutes should possess favorable properties in biomechanical stability and degradation within appropriate duration. Specifically, osteoconduction is determined by composition, structure and surface character. And the other ones embody advantages largely by growth factors and mesenchymal stem cells. Thus, evaluation and indication of bone graft substitutes need to be well weighted to overcome the limitation and to optimize its effect as identical to the normal bone remodeling process as possible.

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    Nd-YAG laser damage affects the optical properties of intraocular lens
    Liu Li, Li Ai-jun, Wang Shuo, Wang Ying
    2013, 17 (34):  6215-6220.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.34.023
    Abstract ( 656 )   PDF (574KB) ( 488 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Posterior capsulotomy with Nd-YAG laser is the main method in clinic for the treatment of after-cataract, but it often damages the intraocular lens during the treatment.

    OBJECTIVE: To research the effect of Nd-YAG laser damage on the intraocular lens optical properties based on the laboratory testing.

    METHODS: Ten hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses were collected as the test samples, and then Nd-YAG laser with the pulse energy of 5.0 mJ was used for 50 single-pulse laser shooting on the center of a circle with the diameter of 3 mm on the back surface of each sample. The shapes of the damaged area on the samples were observed under scanning electron microscope after laser shooting. Optical analyzer was used to test the average optical power and optical power distribution.

    RESUTLS AND CONCLUSION: The intraocular lenses were observed under scanning electron microscope under 40 times and 1 000 times enlargement and showed that there was circle-like depression with the diameter about 50 μm on the back surface of the intraocular lenses, and there was protruding around the depression. Intraocular lens optical analyzer test results showed that there was no significant change in the average optical power of intraocular lenses after laser damage, but the optical power distribution was changed significantly. In the center of the circle with the diameter of 3 mm, the optical power showed annular distribution radiating to the surrounding tissue with the center of circle-like depression area. The Nd-YAG laser damage has less effect on the optical power, but has great effect on the optical power distribution of intraocular lenses.

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