Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (34): 9067-9074.doi: 10.12307/2026.859
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Wang Yifei¹, Zhao Jing², Gao Mingchen¹, Wu Xiaobin¹
Received:2025-12-01
Revised:2026-02-11
Online:2026-12-08
Published:2026-04-15
Contact:
Wu Xiaobin, PhD, Professor, School of Physical Education, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
About author:Wang Yifei, MS, School of Physical Education, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
CLC Number:
Wang Yifei, Zhao Jing, Gao Mingchen, Wu Xiaobin. Different doses of aquatic exercise for improving muscle strength in older adults: a meta-analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2026, 30(34): 9067-9074.
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2.1 文献基本情况 初步检索获得2 080篇文献,去除重复文献后剩余1 888篇,阅读标题和摘要后获得文献30篇,最后阅读全文纳入13篇文献,共涉及531名参与者,其中试验组287名、对照组244名。文献筛选流程见图1。纳入研究的样本量范围为15–120名,中位数为38;平均年龄介于60–75岁,中位数为 69.3岁;出版年份跨度为1996–2024年,中位数为2014年;对于水中运动的变量,报告周期的中位数为12周(范围:10–24周),频率为每周3次(范围:两三次),单次运动时间为60 min (范围:45–70 min)。纳入文献的基本特征见表2。 2.2 风险评估结果 纳入研究的整体质量为中等,PEDro得分为3-7分,10项研究的得分为6分或以上。由2名研究人员使用Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具独立进行评估,如有分歧则交第3名研究人员复核并裁定。得出的偏倚风险结果,如图2,3所示。13篇文献报告了随机序列产生的具体方法,这些方法包括随机数字表法和基于计算机的随机序列法;9篇文章未说明是否采用盲法[18-19,47-48,50,54-57];1 篇文章因COVID-19肺炎导致样本缺失[19];所有文献"
均未出现选择性报告的情况。此外,由于运动干预的特殊性,施盲难度较大,这可能对纳入文献的方法学质量产生了一定影响。 2.3 Meta分析结果 2.3.1 水中运动对老年人肌肉力量的影响 对13项研究的数据进行了合并分析,以评估水中运动对老年人肌肉力量的总体效果。首先,异质性检验结果显示,各独立研究的效应量之间存在显著的高度异质性(P < 0.000 1,I2= 78.6%)。因此,采用随机效应模型进行数据合并。 森林图分析结果表明,与对照组相比,水中运动能显著提升老年人的肌肉力量。合并后的SMD=0.56,95%CI:0.39-0.74(P < 0.000 1)。这一结果表明,水中运动对改善老年人肌肉力量具有统计学上显著的、中等强度的正向效应(图4)。为探究高度异质性的来源,根据运动方案的关键变量进行了亚组分析。 2.3.2 不同水中运动频率对老年人肌肉力量的影响 共计13篇文献被纳入水中运动频率对老年人群影响的 Meta分析中,其中5篇文献每周训练频率≤2次[18-19,49-50,52],8篇文献每周训练频率> 2次[19,48,51,54-58]。每周进行超过2次干预的亚组,其效应量 (SMD=1.06,95%CI:0.27-1.85) 远大于每周≤2次的亚组 (SMD=0.34,95%CI:0.01-0.67)。组间差异检验未达到统计学显著水平(P > 0.05),因此不能表明高频与低频组在效应上存在显著差异。不过,从点估计来看,高频组效应量明显较大,提示更高频率的干预可能带来更优的效果(图5)。 2.3.3 不同水中运动干预时长对老年人肌肉力量的影响 共计13篇文献被纳入水中运动时长对老年人群影响的 Meta分析中,其中10篇文献的单次训练时间≥60 min[19,47-51,54-55,57-58],3篇文献的单次训练时间< 60 min[18,52,56]。以60 min为界进行了亚组分析。结果显示,单次运动时长≥60 min对老年人肌肉力量影响较大 (SMD=0.81,95%CI:0.15-1.48),每次运动< 60 min的组获得中等效应量 (SMD=0.64,95%CI:0.32-0.95)。两组的效应量无统计学差异 (P=0.64),更长的运动时长并未显示出与较短时长在效应上存在统计学上的显著差异(P > 0.05)(图6)。 2.3.4 不同水中运动干预周期对老年人肌肉力量的影响 共计13篇文献被纳入水中运动周期对老年人群影响的Meta分析中,其中5篇文献的训练周期≥16周[19,49-50,52,57],8篇文献的训练周期< 16周[18,47-48,51,54-56,58]。结果显示,干预时长≥16周的亚组(SMD=0.79,95%CI:-0.34-1.92)与< 16周的亚组(SMD=0.77,95%CI:0.22-1.32)均获得了较大的点估计效应量,但两组的效应量几乎没有差别。组间差异检验结果证实了这一点(P=0.98),表明在此次研究纳入的范围内,干预周期的长短不是异质性的来源。然而,而干预周期≥16 周组运动的置信区间较宽且包含零,提示统计学证据不足;同时该组仅包含5项研究,样本量有限,效应估计的不确定性较大。因此,对于长期干预效果的解释应保持谨慎(图7)。 2.3.5 不同水中运动干预强度对老年人肌肉力量的影响 共计10篇文献报告了单次水中运动"
的强度,其中7篇文献的强度处于较重及以上(RPE≥14)[18-19,47,49-50,52,57],3篇文献处于低强度(RPE < 14)[54-55,58]。结果显示,强度为较重及以上(RPE≥14)的干预组获得了较大的效应点估计值(SMD=0.65,95%CI:-0.05-1.36)。与此同时,低至中等强度(RPE < 14) 的干预组仅产生了较小的效应(SMD=0.28,95%CI:-0.09-0.66)。组间差异检验结果(P=0.36)未达到统计学显著水平,表明分析中没有足够的证据确认不同强度水平对该结局指标的效应存在真实差异。尽管高强度组的点估计略高,但证据不足以确认强度水平对效应量存在真实差异(图8)。 2.3.6 不同水中运动干预结局指标对老年人肌肉力量的影响 13篇文献报告了不同的结局指标,其中7篇文献报告了使用仪器测试的特定肌群力量[18-19,50,54-56,58],4篇文章报告了模拟日常活动所评估的力量[48-50,52],2篇文章同时采用了肌力和功能性力量进行评估[46,56]。结果显示,在直接肌力组中,水中运动对肌肉力量有显著的积极影响(SMD=0.44,95%CI:0.16-0.73),且该亚组内部异质性极小。在功能性体能组中,合并效应量不具有统计学显著性(SMD=0.83,95%CI:-0.32-1.98),且组内存在极高的异质性(I2=90.6%)。混合组也呈现出类似的高异质性(I2=93.8%)。三组间效应差异无统计学显著性(P > 0.05)(图9)。 2.4 敏感性分析 为了检验此次Meta分析结果的稳健性,进行了逐一剔除法(Leave-one-out)的敏感性分析(图10)。结果显示,在依次排除任意一项研究后,合并后的SMD范围为0.46-0.64,且均保持统计学显著(P < 0.05)。这一结果表明,此Meta分析的总体结论并非由某一项特定的研究主导,具有良好的稳健性。 2.5 发表偏倚分析 采用漏斗图目测法和Egger’s线性回归检验评估可能存在的发表偏倚(图11)。结果显示各研究左右分布稍有不对称,提示文章存在一定的发表偏倚,这可能与纳入的部分研究质量较低、样本量较小有关。尽管传统的Egger’s检验未能提供存在偏倚的统计学证据(P=0.127 4),但因漏斗图的不对称性,采用更稳健的Vevea & Hedges权重函数选择模型进行进一步检验,其结果证实,研究纳入的文献中存在显著的发表偏倚(似然比检验, P=0.008 8)。这可能与纳入的部分研究质量较低、样本量较小有关。 2.6 剂量-反应关系 为了探究水中运动不同剂量维度与干预效果之间的关系,对5个关键剂量变量(运动频率、每周总时长、单次时长、运动周期和强度)进行了剂量-反应分析。基于DIC值和模型灵活性,最终选择限制性立方样条来统一分析并可视化所有剂量维度的非线性关系,根据最佳拟合和生物学合理性的模型,在剂量的第10、第50和第90百分位处放置了3个样条[59]。节点分裂分析显示,所有剂量维度的网络均表现出良好的一致性(P > 0.05)。此外,所有报告的剂量-反应模型均通过了收敛性诊断(R-hat < 1.05)。各剂量维度的剂量-反应曲线如图12所示。 结果显示,不同剂量维度下,老年人水中力量训练的剂量–反应关系呈现两种非线性趋"
势:周期、频率和周总时长随剂量增加持续上升且趋于平台;而单次时长和训练强度则呈倒U型剂量–反应关系。反映出老年人对不同训练剂量的响应特征存在明显差异。 随着训练周期增长,预测SMD持续上升,在12周时出现最低显著效应(SMD=0.55;95%CI:0.28–0.62),并在24周达到最高值(SMD=0.65;95%CI:0.40–0.66)。训练频率与肌力改善同样呈近线性正相关,2次/周即可达到显著增益(SMD=0.56;95%CI:0.22–0.58),3次/周时效应进一步略增(SMD=0.62;95%CI:0.24–0.62)。每周累计训练时长则在100周总时长即达到显著效果(SMD=0.58;95%CI:0.34–0.60),并在200周总时长时可见最大增益(SMD=0.62;95%CI:0.38–0.62),但边际提升有限。 相比之下,单次训练时长与训练强度均呈现倒U型关系。单次时长的效应峰值发生在40 min(SMD=0.62;95%CI:0.32–0.82),最佳区间建议为30–45 min。训练强度的效应则在Borg 10–12强度区间达到最大值(SMD=0.45;95%CI:0.18–0.46),最小显著强度阈值为12(SMD=0.30;95%CI:0.05–0.35),表明中等偏上强度为最佳实践。"
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