Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (24): 6373-6381.doi: 10.12307/2026.230
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Fang Enhui, Guan Hui, Ma Lihong
Received:2025-07-04
Revised:2025-10-19
Online:2026-08-28
Published:2026-02-04
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Ma Lihong, Professor, Master’s supervisor, School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong Province, China
About author:Fang Enhui, MS candidate, School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong Province, China
Supported by:CLC Number:
Fang Enhui, Guan Hui, Ma Lihong. Non-invasive brain stimulation for core symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder: a network meta-analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2026, 30(24): 6373-6381.
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2.1 文献检索结果 初次检索共获得823篇文献,其中包括通过人工检索参考文献得到的38篇相关文献,通过剔除393篇重复文献后最终纳入27篇文献。文献筛选流程见图2。 2.2 纳入研究基本特征 共纳入27篇文献[18-44],涉及1 701例孤独症儿童,其中包括试验组845例和对照组856例。纳入研究的刺激方案中刺激频率> 1 Hz为高频,≤1 Hz为低频,刺激靶点包括背外侧前额叶皮质、布罗卡(Broca)区、右颞顶联合区和后颞上沟。共涉及10种非侵入性脑刺激干预方案,具体包括经颅直流电刺激背外侧前额叶皮质6项研究[18-22,27]、高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质2项研究[28-29]、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区5项研究[30-34]、低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质7项研究[35-41]、高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质2项研究[42-43],高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[44]、经颅脉冲刺激右颞顶联合区[26]、间歇性Theta脉冲刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[25]、连续性Theta脉冲刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[24]、间歇性Theta脉冲刺激后颞上沟各1项研究[23]。纳入研究的基本特征见表1。 2.3 文献质量评价结果 所有文献均报告了随机分组,其中23篇文献说明了随机序列的产生方法[18-19,21-22,24-28,30-33,35-44],如简单随机化(随机数字表法、计算机随机法)、区组随机化;仅3篇文献具体说明分配隐藏措施[24-26];12篇文献对参与者和研究者实施盲法[18-27,38,43];11篇文献对评估者实施盲法[18-26,37,39];所有文献的结局数据保持完整性,选择性报告的偏倚风险均较低。具体评价结果见图3。"
2.4 Meta分析结果 2.4.1 儿童孤独症评定量表评分 19篇文献(共1 345例孤独症患儿)进行了儿童孤独症评定量表评定[18,21,26,28-35,37-44]。鉴于研究间异质性显著(I2=82%,P < 0.1),采用随机效应模型分析,结果显示试验组与对照组儿童孤独症评定量表评分存在显著差异[MD=-3.70,95%CI(-4.78,-2.63),P < 0.05]。根据刺激方案进行亚组分析后研究间异质性仍较高,进一步进行敏感性分析,总体效应估计值及其置信区间保持稳健,因此对结果进行描述性分析。高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区、低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质以及高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质降低儿童孤独症评定量表评分的效果均显著优于常规康复,见表2。 2.4.2 孤独症行为评定量表评分 14篇文献(共980例孤独症患儿)进行了孤独症行为评定量表评定[20-21,27-28,31-32,34-37,39-41,44]。鉴于研究间异质性显著(I2=93%,P < 0.1),采用随机效应模型分析,结果显示试验组与对照组孤独症行为评定量表评分存在显著差异[MD=-9.89,95%CI(-13.21,-6.56),P < 0.05]。根据刺激方案进行亚组分析后异质性仍较高,进一步进行敏感性分析,总体效应估计值及其置信区间保持稳健,因此对结果进行描述性分析。高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区、低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质、经颅直流电刺激背外侧前额叶皮质、高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质以及高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质降低孤独症行为评定量表评分的效果均显著优于常规康复,见表2。 2.4.3 孤独症治疗评估量表评分 5篇文献(共182例孤独症患儿)进行了孤独症治疗评估量表评定[18-19,22,38,41]。鉴于研究间异质性不显著(I2=0%,P > 0.1),采用固定效应模型分析,结果显示试验组与对照组孤独症治疗评估量表评分存在显著差异[MD=-11.51,95%CI(-14.78,-8.23),P < 0.05]。根据刺激方式进行亚组分析,结果显示低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质和经颅直流电刺激背外侧前额叶皮质降低孤独症治疗评估量表评分的效果均显著优于常规康复,见表2。 2.4.4 重复刻板行为检查表修订版评分 4篇文献(共计190例孤独症患儿)进行了重复刻板行为检查表修订版评定[23-25,36]。鉴于研究间异质性不显著(I2=0%,P > 0.1),采用固定效应模型分析,结果显示试验组与对照组重复刻板行为检查表修订版评分存在显著差异[MD=-1.45,95%CI(-2.51,-0.39),P < 0.05]。根据刺激方式进行亚组分析,结果显示低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质降低重复刻板行为检查表修订版评分的效果显著优于常规康复,见表2。 2.5 网状Meta分析结果 2.5.1 儿童孤独症评定量表评分 该结局指标共纳入19项研究[18,21,26,28-35,37-44],涵盖7种刺激方案,包括高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区、低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质、经颅直流电刺激背外侧前额叶皮质、经颅脉冲刺激右颞顶联合区、高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质以及高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质,网状关系见图4A。该指标的全局及局部不一致性检验结果均显示P > 0.05,表明直接与间接比较证据一致,因此采用一致性模型。 网状Meta分析结果显示,高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[MD=-6.00,95%CI(-8.68,-3.33),P < 0.05]、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[MD=-5.22,95%CI(-8.33,-2.11),P < 0.05]、低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[MD=-4.79,95%CI(-6.18,-3.40),P < 0.05]、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区[MD=-2.63,95%CI(-4.21,-1.05),P < 0.05]"
低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质与经颅直流电刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[MD=-4.00,95%CI(-7.05,-0.95),P < 0.05]、高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质与高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区[MD=-3.37,95%CI(-5.99,-0.75),P < 0.05]、低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质与高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区[MD=-2.16,95%CI(-4.25,-0.08),P < 0.05]之间均呈现显著差异,其他两两比较结果未呈现显著差异,见图5A。 基于SUCRA值进行疗效排序,7种刺激方案对改善儿童孤独症评定量表评分效果的优劣顺序依次为:高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质(89.5%)、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质(79.7%)、低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质(76.3%)、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区(43.7%)、经颅脉冲刺激右颞顶联合区(43.4%)、高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质(40.2%)、经颅直流电刺激背外侧前额叶皮质(19.5%)、常规康复(7.6%),见图6。 2.5.2 孤独症行为评定量表评分 该结局指标共纳入14项研究[20-21,27-28,31-32,34-37,39-41,44],涉及5种刺激方案,包括高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区、低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质、经颅直流电刺激背外侧前额叶皮质、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质,网状关系见图4B。由于网状关系不存在闭环,故直接采用一致性模型进行分析。 网状Meta分析结果显示,高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区[MD=-15.11,95%CI(-18.28,-11.95),P < 0.05]、经颅直流电刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[MD=-12.67,95%CI(-20.38,-4.96),P < 0.05]、高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[MD=-10.36,95%CI(-19.22, -1.50),P < 0.05]、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[MD=-8.00,95%CI(-12.37,-3.63),P < 0.05]、低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[MD=-6.23,95%CI(-8.46,-3.99),P < 0.05]降低孤独症行为评定量表评分的效果均显著优于常规康复。两两比较结果显示,高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区与高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[MD=-7.11,95%CI(-12.51,-1.72),P < 0.05]、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区与低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质[MD=-8.88,95%CI(-12.69,-5.08),P < 0.05]之间均呈现显著差异,其他两两比较结果未呈现显著差异,见图5B。 基于SUCRA值进行疗效排序,5种刺激方案对改善孤独症行为评定量表评分效果的优劣顺序依次为:高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区(91.1%)、经颅直流电刺激背外侧前额叶皮质(73.9%)、高频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质(60.3%)、高频重复经颅磁刺激Broca区联合低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质(44.9%)、低频重复经颅磁刺激背外侧前额叶皮质(29.6%)、常规康复(0.2%),见图6。 2.6 不良反应 5篇文献报道了受试者在干预过程中出现短暂性的轻度头痛、头晕、耳鸣、眼部瘙痒和手部震颤等症状,均在治疗结束后缓解[23-26,37]。整体而言,孤独症儿童接受非侵入性脑刺激治疗的安全性是较高的。 2.7 发表偏倚 校正漏斗图结果显示,儿童孤独症评定量表的漏斗图内散点分布不均匀且有部分落在漏斗之外,见图7A;孤独症行为评定量表的漏斗图基本对称,见图7B。Egger检验结果显示两项结局指标的发表偏倚风险均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),提示两项结局指标出现潜在发表偏倚和小样本效应的概率较低。 2.8 GRADE证据质量评价 由于儿童孤独症评定量表和孤独症行为评定量表两项结局指标的纳入文献中,多数研究未报道分配隐藏的具体措施,部分研究未报道盲法的实施,因此偏倚风险均降一级;由于两项结局指标异质性均较高,因此不一致性均降一级,因而儿童孤独症评定量表和孤独症行为评定量表评分证据质量均为低级,见表3。"
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