Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (10): 2124-2131.doi: 10.12307/2025.411

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Two-dimensional black phosphorus materials for bone tissue engineering

Chen Jiahan1, Feng Chao2, Huang Xiaoxia1, Niu Minghui3, Wang Xin4, Teng Yong5   

  1. 1Graduate School of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China; 2Fourth Clinical College of Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China; 3College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China; 4Department of Trauma Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China; 5General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830099, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
  • Received:2024-01-19 Accepted:2024-03-09 Online:2025-04-08 Published:2024-08-23
  • Contact: Teng Yong, Chief physician, Doctoral supervisor, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830099, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
  • About author:Chen Jiahan, PhD candidate, Graduate School of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China Feng Chao, Master candidate, Fourth Clinical College of Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China Chen Jiahan and Feng Chao contributed equally to this article.
  • Supported by:
    Regional Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81960648; Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No. 2023D01C93 (to TY)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Black phosphorus has a high degree of homology with human bone, so it has been extensively studied in the field of bone tissue engineering in recent years. Since 2014, two-dimensional black phosphorus materials have garned significant attention in the field of biomedicine due to their excellent exceptional physical, chemical, and biological properties. 
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the advancements made in black phosphorus-based nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering, focus on the synthesis methods, osteogenic characteristics, and applications in biomaterials pertaining to two-dimensional black phosphorus nanomaterials.
METHODS: Chinese and English key words were “black phosphorus, bone tissue engineering, bone defect, bone regeneration, osteogenesis.” Relevant articles in PubMed and CNKI databases from January 2014 to December 2023 were searched. After exclusion and screening, 96 articles were analyzed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Black phosphorus nanomaterials play an important role in bone tissue engineering due to their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, photothermal action, antibacterial ability, drug loading performance, and special osteogenic effect, and are ideal candidate materials for promoting bone regeneration. The preparation of black phosphorus nanomaterials is mainly a top-down top-layer stripping method. The main principle is to weaken the van der Waals force between the black phosphorus layers by physical or chemical means to obtain a single or less layer of phosphanse, that is, black phosphorus nanosheets or quantum dots. Black phosphate-based nanocomposites are mainly divided into hydrogels, 3D printing scaffolds, composite scaffolds, electrospinning, bionic periosteum, microspheres, and bionic coatings. The research of nano-black phosphorus in bone tissue engineering is in its infancy, and still faces many challenges: the behavior of black phosphorus in vivo and the interaction mechanism with various biomolecules need to be further studied. The long-term potential toxicity of black phosphorus is unknown. The manufacturing process for black phosphorus is difficult to control. Therefore, how to develop uniform size, safe, reliable, and efficient nano black phosphorus and transform it into clinical application requires interdisciplinary research on modern biomedical technology, physicochemical technology, and precision manufacturing technology.

Key words: two-dimensional material, black phosphorus, nano black phosphorus, nanosheet, bone tissue engineering, bone regeneration.

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