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19 February 2015, Volume 19 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Biocompatibility of nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/silk fibroin composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering Nian Zheng-hao, Li Hui, Li Rui-xin, Sun Kai, Li Dong, Xu Cheng, Zhang Xi-zheng 2015, 19 (8):  1149-1154.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.001 Abstract ( 501 )   PDF (898KB) ( 832 )   Save BACKGROUND: Composite scaffolds made of two or more materials can meet the requirements of tissue engineering scaffolds based on the complementary properties of various materials. OBJECTIVE: To prepare three-dimensional nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA)/collagen (COL)/silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds and to study their biocompatibility. METHODS: Composite scaffolds were prepared by mixing nHA, COL and SF at different ratios of 1:1:5, 1:2:5, 1:3:5. In order to find out the best mixing ratio of SF, COL and nHA, the porosity, pore size, water absorption and mechanical properties were determined. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in the nHA/COL/SF scaffolds composite scaffold (1:2:5) in vitro to observe the biocompatibility. Cell viability was detected after co-culture for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 days using MTT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: It was more suitable for bone scaffolds when the mixed ratio of nHA, COL and SF was 1:2:5. The pore size was 98-260 μm, the porosity was (96.72±2.78)%, and the water absorption was (549.37±35.29)%. The stability of its mechanical properties, compressive strain and elastic modulus and other indicators were measured by biomechanical testing machine, which are suitable for bone tissue engineering applications. MC3T3-E1 cells grew well in the nHA/COL/SF composite scaffold, indicating the composite scaffold has good cytocompatibility. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nano-hydroxyapatite effects on bone regeneration Song Hua, Ren Xiang-qian, Wei Dong-xing 2015, 19 (8):  1155-1159.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.002 Abstract ( 379 )   PDF (768KB) ( 782 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hydroxyapatite materials have similar spatial structure and hardness to the natural bone matrix, but due to the imperfect early technology, there are some problems in the pore and degradation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of nano-hydroxyapatite materials and hydroxyapatite materials in the repair of disconnected defects of the tibia in rats. METHODS: Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups, and a 5 mm disconnected defect model was established in the left tibia. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells/nano-hydroxyapatite complex was implanted into the experimental group, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells/hydroxyapaptite complex into the control group, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into the cell group. There was no treatment in the blank control group. At 2, 8, 12 weeks after implantation, X-ray measurement, hematoxylin-eosin staining, western blot assay were used for observation of bone repair, osteogenesis, and expression of type I collagen in the repair area. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 12 weeks of implantation, in the experimental group, the newborn calluses covered the whole defect region and formed visible bridge connections, the scaffold was degraded mostly, a great amount of osteoid tissues were visible to form the bone trabecula with lamellar bone structure, and there were a lot of type I collagens; in the control group, the number of calluses in the defect area was increased, poor integration was found at the broken end, bone sclerosis developed, the scaffold was not completely degraded, bone trabecula and lamellar bone formed, and a large amount of type I collagen was visible but lower than that in the experimental group; in the cell group and blank control group, no obvious bone regeneration was seen, and the expression of type I collagen was weak. These findings suggest that nano-hydroxyapatite is better than hydroxyapatite to promote bone regeneration. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Feasibility of nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/calcium sulphate hemihydrate as an injectable bone tissue engineering scaffold   Xue Zhen, Niu Li-yuan, An Gang, Guo Ya-shan, Lv Song-cen 2015, 19 (8):  1160-1164.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.003 Abstract ( 385 )   PDF (2311KB) ( 687 )   Save BACKGROUND: In preliminary experiments, injectable nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/calcium sulphate hemihydrates (nHA/CS/CSH) composites have been developed based on the bionics principle, but the biocompatibility of this composite with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is not very clear. OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of nHA/CS/CSH as an injectable bone tissue engineering scaffold. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from rabbits were cultured and induced, and the third passage cells were cultured with nHA/CS/CSH as an experimental group. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells subjected to inoculated culture were used as controls. The morphology and growth of the cells were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope. MTT assay was used to examine cell proliferation. The morphology and proliferation of the cells on the surface of nHA/CS/CSH was observed by scanning electron microscope. The nHA/CS/CSH scaffold was implanted into the rabbit sacrospinal muscles, and pathologically observed after 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with nHA/CS/CSH exhibited good growth as observed under inverted phase contrast microscope, without significant difference from those in the control group. At 2 weeks after scaffold implantation, a moderate amount of neutrophils, lymphocytes and giant cells infiltrated around the graft material, small blood vessels and fibroblasts proliferated, and the graft material was divided and embraced by inflammatory cells; at 4 weeks after implantation, a few lymphocytes, fibroblasts aggregated, the inflammation subsided further, and muscle fibers showed normal arrangement and morphology; at 6 weeks after implantation, the inflammation around the graft material became mild and tissue edema was not obvious; at 8 weeks after implantation, the inflammation subsided basically, the material degradation was complete, and the muscle fibers had normal morphology. These findings indicate that the nHA/CS/CSH composite material has good biocompatibility and biodegradation, which may be used as a good scaffold material for injectable bone tissue engineering scaffold. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dexamethasone-soaked gelatin sponges prevent epidural adhesion   Fang Huai-xi, Zhang Ming, Yue Guo-ping 2015, 19 (8):  1165-1169.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.004 Abstract ( 429 )   PDF (2059KB) ( 407 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clinically, dexamethasone-soaked gelatin sponges that are placed around the nerve root and spinal dura mater in lumbar disc excision have achieved good results. OBJECTIVE: To understand the effect of dexamethasone-soaked gelatin sponges in prevention of epidural adhesion in animals. METHODS: Forty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups followed by removal of L4, L7 laminae, and a 1.0 cm×0.5 cm lamina dura area was exposed in each group. Then, the dura and nerve root were covered with dexamethasone-soaked gelatin sponges, dexamethasone, gelatin sponge and nothing (blank group), respectively. At 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 weeks after surgery, the entire operated vertebral segment and its accessories and paraspinal muscles were taken for gross and microscopic observation of nerve root and dural tissue adhesions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 12 weeks postoperatively, new bone tissue formed generally at the site of laminectomy defect in the dexamethasone-soaked gelatin sponge group, with separable yellow-white membranous tissue around the dura; histological results showed the complete structure of fat cells, clearly distinct from the dura; there was no scar cell formation, no adhesions, no trabecular bone cartilage cells and hyperplasia. In the other three groups, a large number of peripheral epidural scar tissues were generally seen, epidural adhesions were serious that could not be separated bluntly, and histological results showed collagenization of granulation tissue, dural thickening and serious adhesions. The findings indicate that dexamethasone-soaked gelatin sponges can synergistically prevent epidural adhesions. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three kinds of heterogeneous bone materials for repair of periodontal bone defects Dong Hong-bin, Zhang Qin, He Hui-yu, Keyimu Kelimu, Wang Huan-huan 2015, 19 (8):  1170-1176.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.005 Abstract ( 461 )   PDF (2791KB) ( 651 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, the treatment methods for periodontal disease mainly include autogenous bone graft, bone allograft, bone xenograft, and bone substitute implantation, and each method has its own merits and demerits. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of calcined bone, freeze-dried bone and Bio-oss bone used alone on the repair of periodontal bone defects. METHODS: A total of 36 healthy rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, and unilateral periodontal tissue defect model was established in each group. These four groups were respectively treated with calcined bone, freeze-dried bone and Bio-oss bone, and nothing (blank control group). After 4, 8 and 12 weeks, animals were sacrificed respectively for a complete specimen used in gross, X-ray and histological observations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the blank control group, the bone density, new cementum height, new alveolar height and new periodontal ligament height were all higher in the calcined bone, freeze-dried bone and Bio-oss bone groups at 4, 8, 12 weeks after treatment. As time went on, defected bone tissues gradually became continuous, newborn periodontal tissues were visible on the root surface and gradually became mature and increased in number. At 4 weeks after treatment, the new alveolar bone height was higher in the calcined bone group than the freeze-dried bone group (P < 0.05); at 12 weeks after treatment, the new periodontal ligament height was significantly higher in the freeze-dried bone group than the calcined bone group and Bio-oss bone group    (P < 0.05). These results show that the calcined bone is superior to the freeze-dried bone and Bio-oss bone in terms of osteogenic induction, but the freeze-dried bone is better than the calcined bone and Bio-oss bone to promote the periodontal ligament regeneration. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Combination of rat tail collagen and platelet-derived growth factor-BB for culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells    Cao Wen, Zhao Ai-chao, Chen Bang-dang, Liu Fen, Ma Yi-tong, Ma Xiang 2015, 19 (8):  1177-1183.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.006 Abstract ( 418 )   PDF (2495KB) ( 604 )   Save BACKGROUND: Rat tail collagen type I can promote the increase of muscle fiber cells and migration and tube formation of endothelial cells, which is speculated to provide a more suitable internal environment for the growth of cells. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect and safety of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) with rat rail collagen against apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. METHODS: The passage 4 human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured in the medium of rat rail collagen and the reduction ratio in different time points was detected by Alamar Blue. The passage 4 human umbilical vein endothelial cells were divided into four groups and cultured in 24-well culture plates: control group, PDGF-BB group, H2O2 group, PDGF-BB+collagen group. H2O2 was used to induce cell apoptosis in all the groups. Western blot was used to detect the expression of PDGF-BB, apoptosis-related protein and anti-apoptosis protein after 72 hours. Meanwhile, TUNEL method was used to detect cell apoptotic rate. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The tube formation in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells was more than that cultured in normal medium (P < 0.05). Cells cultured with rat tail collagen showed similar growth to normal control cells, indicating rat tail collagen had no cytotoxicity. The expressions of PDGF-BB, Bcl-2, and p-Akt in the PDGF-BB+collagen group were significantly higher than those in the other three groups (P < 0.05), but the expression of Bax was lower than that in the other three groups (P < 0.05). The apoptotic rate in the PDGF-BB+collagen group was lower than the PDGF-BB group and H2O2 group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that rat tail collagen has no cytotoxicity to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and rat tail collagen combined with PDGF-BB can predominantly enhance anti-apoptosis effects. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A micro-experimental study on tendon defect rapair with xenogeneic tendon as a growth scaffold Nie Ji-ping, Wen Shu-zheng, Bai Zhi-gang 2015, 19 (8):  1184-1189.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.007 Abstract ( 406 )   PDF (2240KB) ( 432 )   Save BACKGROUND: Autologous tendons for repair of tendon defects are limited due to the supply of available and can induce tendon dysfunction. Limited sources and high cost of tendon allograft are also difficult to meet the clinical needs. OBJECTIVE: To provide n theoretical basis for xenogeneic tendon as a clinical tissue-engineered tendon scaffold by observing microscopic changes of xenogeneic tendon in repair of tendon defects at different periods. METHODS: Flexor tendons from Leghorn chickens (6 months old) were treated chemically as xenogeneic tendon donors. Thirty-six Japanese white rabbits were used to make 2 cm defect models of the intermediate beam in the Achilles tendon of bilateral hind limbs and then divided into two groups randomly, 18 in each group. The experimental group was treated with acellular xenogeneic tendon transplantation and the control group was treated with autologous tendon transplantation. Tendon suture was done using 4-0 non-invasive tendon suture line in double “8” way and the grafts were straightened and immobilized by plaster for 2 weeks. The donor tendons were conducted by general observation, biomechanical test, and engineering observation by optical and electron microscope before and after decellularization. At 2, 4, 9 weeks after transplantation, six rabbits in each group were evaluated by means of optical and electron microscope observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The color of tendon cells treated chemically became white and the texture was softer than that before decellularization. The cells and collagen fibers arranged closely and alternately before decellularization, but the arrangement of the collagen fibers was loose relatively and there were no cells and cell debris after decellularization. Moreover, the mechanical strength of the acellular tendon was reduced than that before decellularization. (2) Electron microscope observation: With the increase of transplantation time, the collagen fibers of the transplanted thick chicken tendons were gradually replaced by the ones of the regenerated rabbit tendons. The newly generated collagen fibers were transferred to same-thickness fibers and arrange parallelly, and their structure and function were close to the normal tendons. The maximum tensile resistance after decellularization was 83.44% as before, which could meet the needs of tendon mechanical strength. Ultimately tendon repair is the result of the collagen fiber regeneration, and the xenogeneic tendon treated by chemical methods can be used as the growth scaffold for clinical tendon repair. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nano-hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin bone substitute for repairing bone defects Sun Qing-zhi 2015, 19 (8):  1190-1194.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.008 Abstract ( 548 )   PDF (578KB) ( 679 )   Save  BACKGROUND: To obtain a more ideal bone substitute material, nano-hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin composite material has been prepared in the preliminary experiments. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of nano-hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin composite material for repair of bone defects. METHODS: Thirty healthy adult rabbits were randomly divided into two groups, and unilateral middle and distal femoral bone defect models were prepared. The experimental group was implanted with nano-hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin composite material, and the control group was implanted with pure hydroxyapatite. At 4, 8, 12 weeks after surgery, the femur was taken from each rabbit for gross, X-ray, biomechanical and histological examinations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In both two groups, biomechanical strength was gradually increased with time, but the biomechanical strength was higher in the experimental group than the control group at different time points (P < 0.05). At 12 weeks after surgery, in the experimental group, the bone graft had the smooth surface and exhibited normal color with no difference from the surrounding bone, the artificial bone material was completely absorbed and degraded, and bone defects were completely healed; in the control group, the bone graft had no smooth surface on which the bone cortex was continuous and showed unclear boundary with the surrounding bone tissues, the artificial bone materials were incompletely degraded, bone defects were connected by the calluses, the artificial bone materials were closely in conjunction with the surrounding bone tissues, and bone defects were partially repaired. These findings indicate that the nano-hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin composite artificial material can promote bone defect repair and exhibit stronger osteogenic ability. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with calcium phosphate cement to repair articular cartilage defects in rabbits  Zhou Chang-yan, Zhou Qing-huan, Bian Jing, Chen Ke, Chen Wen 2015, 19 (8):  1195-1199.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.009 Abstract ( 359 )   PDF (743KB) ( 491 )   Save BACKGROUND: In previous experiments, bone marrow mesenchymal cells have been successfully seeded onto the calcium phosphate cement scaffold, which is confirmed to have good mechanical strength and biocompatibility. OBJECTIVE: To observe the feasibility of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with calcium phosphate cements embedded in articular cartilage defects. METHODS: Eighteen New Zealand rabbits were used to create 5 mm bone-cartilage defects on both sides of the mandible, and then, 15 rabbits were randomly selected and implanted with simple calcium phosphate cements into the left bone defects as control group and with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with calcium phosphate cement into the right bone defects as experimental group. Another three rabbits were implanted with nothing as blank group. After transplantation 4, 8, 16 weeks, rabbits from each group were sacrificed. Clinical observation, X-ray imaging, histological observation were performed at different periods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 4,8,16 weeks, bone tissue regeneration in the experimental group was better than the other two groups in the bone formation speed and quantity. The maturity of new bone tissue, scaffold degradation, bone maturation in the experimental group was better than that in the other two groups. After 16 weeks, the maximum load, maximum stress and damage energy of the bone specimens in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group. These findings indicate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with calcium phosphate cement can promote bone regeneration, restore bone stiffness and strength, which is expected to act as a new artificial bone material in repairing bone defects. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Carbon fiber external fixator in repair of elderly femoral intertrochanteric fracture: a short-term follow-up of biocompatibility Li Yu-gang 2015, 19 (8):  1200-1205.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.010 Abstract ( 373 )   PDF (854KB) ( 461 )   Save BACKGROUND: External fixator has many advantages in treatment of fractures in the clinic, such as minimally invasive surgical techniques, less radiation exposure, sufficient fixation and closed reduction. Therefore, external fixator for intertrochanteric fracture possibly has some advantages. OBJECTIVE: To explore the advantage of percutaneous pinning carbon fiber external fixator in repair of intertrochanteric fracture in the elderly. METHODS: A total of 89 cases of elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures received external fixator using percutaneous pinning carbon fiber external fixation program. After fixation, all patients underwent hip joint functional exercise. The recovery of hip function was assessed using Harris score at 1, 6 and 12 months after fixation. Simultaneously, imaging evaluation was conducted before and after screw placement in patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 89 patients were followed up for 1 to 2 years. One case died due to heart disease. Harris score was 54.3±8.3 before implantation, 66.7±6.4 at 1 month after implantation, 75.5±7.3 at 6 months, and 85.4±7.6 at 12 months. The recovery of joint function was good. Radiographic results displayed that with prolonged time of healing, the hip joint function recovered well. Two cases suffered from mild irritating pain surrounding the nail. Three cases experienced screw loosening and displacement. Six cases suffered from pin tract infection. One case had inflammation surrounding regional nail hole. These results confirmed that external fixation of carbon fiber rods in elderly patients with high risk of intertrochanteric fracture, but there are still adverse reactions such as pin tract infection and loosing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Allogenic bone transplantation versus autologous bone grafting for repair of limb comminuted fractures: bony union and bone activity   Du Hui, Fu Qin 2015, 19 (8):  1206-1210.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.011 Abstract ( 917 )   PDF (758KB) ( 752 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone grafting is a commonly used method for treatment of limb comminuted fractures, including allogenic bone transplantation and autologous bone grafting, both of which have their own merit and demerit. OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical effect of bone allograft and autograft in repairing limb comminuted fractures from the aspects of bone healing and bone activity. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 49 cases of limb fractures which were divided into control group (allogenic bone transplantation) and observation group (autologous bone grafting) according to treatment methods. Clinical healing time, bony union time, and bone specific alkaline phosphatase activity were observed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The bone healing time and bony union time were (5.8±1.2) weeks and (5.8±1.5) months, respectively, in the observation group and (6.1±1.3) weeks and (6.1±0.8) months, respectively, in the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The bone specific alkaline phosphatase activities were (10.45±1.53) μg/L in the observation group and (13.58±1.69) μg/L in the control group, and there was a marked difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that both of allogenic bone transplantation and autologous bone grafting can achieve good results in the repair of limb comminuted fractures, but the autologous bone grafting has certain advantages in the promotion of bone healing ability.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Granular bone grafting in the posterior lumbar fusion: a randomized controlled study Wang Shi-hai, Liu Meng-jun, Wei Xin-wei, Wang Song, Chen Zhi-xin 2015, 19 (8):  1211-1215.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.012 Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (714KB) ( 413 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clinical usage of fusion cage for interbody fusion can reduce lumbar pain of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis, relieve nerve compression, and enhance the stability of the spine, but the limited long-term efficacy and high cost of treatment are two problems to be solved. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of the granular bone grafting in the posterior lumbar fusion operation. METHODS: Fifty-seven patients with L3-S1 lumbar spinal stenosis were randomly assigned into two groups: pedicle screw+granular bone to suppress interbody fusion in 27 patients (observation group) and interbody fusion cage for interbody fusion in 30 patients (control group). Visual analog scale score, Oswestry disability index, hospitalization expenses and the bed activity time were compared between the two groups before treatment,   1 month after treatment and at the last follow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no differences in the visual analog scale score and Oswestry disability index between the two groups before treatment, but at 1 month after treatment and at the last follow-up, these two scores were significantly lower in the observation group than the control group (P < 0.05). The hospitalization expenses were significantly lower in the observation group than the control group (P < 0.05), and no difference was found in term of postoperative bed activity time between the two groups. Granular bone grafting combined with pedicle screw fixation in the posterior lumbar fusion operation has reliable effects on reducing pain and promoting the functional recovery of the lumbar vertebra with low cost. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of absorbable magnesium alloy stenting on expression of C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and von Willebrand factor in dogs   Wang Ru-peng, Yang Shui-xiang 2015, 19 (8):  1216-1222.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.013 Abstract ( 502 )   PDF (959KB) ( 437 )   Save BACKGROUND: Our previous study have verified the biosafety of absorbable magnesium alloy stents from a macro perspective. OBJECTIVE: To study the expressions of C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and von Willebrand factor in local vascular tissue after magnesium alloy stenting, and to explore the histocompatibility and safety of magnesium alloy stents at the molecular expression level. METHODS: Twenty-five absorbable magnesium alloy stents were implanted into the left anterior descending artery or circumflex artery of 25 epidemic prevention mongrel dogs. Five dogs with no stenting served as control group. Five dogs were sacrificed respectively at 24 hours, 3 days, 5 days, 1 week, 1 month after stenting, and vascular specimens were taken for preparation of pathological sections. The expressions of C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and von Willebrand factor within the coronary artery wall were determined by immunohistochemical staining method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the number of cells positive for C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and von Willebrand factor was significantly increased at different times after stenting (P < 0.01), as well as the mean absorbance value was increased greatly (P < 0.01). The number of cells positive for C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and von Willebrand factor at 1 month after stenting was significantly lower than that at 24 hours, 3 days, 5 days and 1 week after stenting (P < 0.01), as well as the absorbance value was decreased significantly (P > 0.01). The inflammatory reactions induced by absorbable magnesium alloy stents are slight and last for short time, which suggests that the absorbable magnesium alloy stents have good histocompatibility and safety. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rapamycin- and paclitaxel-eluting stents for prevention of cardiovascular events: effectiveness and safety Fang Ling-hai, Ying Hai-rong, Sun Wei 2015, 19 (8):  1223-1227.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.014 Abstract ( 527 )   PDF (703KB) ( 481 )   Save BACKGROUND: Rapamycin- and paclitaxel-eluting stents have become widely used treatment methods for coronary artery disease. But there are rarely reports about their effectiveness and safety in the prevention of cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effectiveness and safety of rapamycin- and paclitaxel-eluting stents for prevention of cardiovascular events. METHODS: Totally 117 patients with coronary artery diseases were enrolled, including 89 males and 28 females, aged 35-81 years. Rapamycin-eluting stent implantation was done in 59 cases, while paclitaxel-eluting stent implantation in 58 cases. All the patients were followed up for 12 months postoperatively, and the incidence of adverse cardiac events and the incidence of thrombosis were recorded to analyze the efficacy and safety of these two kinds of drug-eluting stents of prevention of cardiovascular events. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: These two kinds of drug-eluting stents had good biocompatibility with the host, and no stent shedding and shift occurred. At 9 months of follow-up, the incidence of thrombosis was 3.4% in the rapamycin-eluting stent group and 3.5% in the paclitaxel-eluting stent group, and there was no difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). At 12 months of follow-up, the incidence of adverse cardiac events was 13.6% in the rapamycin-eluting stent group and 13.8% in the paclitaxel-eluting stent group, and there was also no difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that rapamycin- and paclitaxel-eluting stents is effective and safe to prevent cardiovascular events. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Double filtration plasmapheresis combined with glucocorticoid treatment for myasthenia gravis: symptom remission and variation of immune antibodies Han Qi, Sha Peng, Wang Yun-fu 2015, 19 (8):  1228-1232.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.015 Abstract ( 442 )   PDF (688KB) ( 517 )   Save BACKGROUND: Double filtration plasmapheresis is an effective means for treatment of myasthenia gravis in recent years. There are many mechanisms underlying double filtration plasmapheresis for treatment of myasthenia gravis, but there is no unified understanding. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical effect of double filtration plasmapheresis combined with glucocorticoid treatment for myasthenia gravis. METHODS: A total of 46 patients diagnosed as having advanced myasthenia gravis who were consecutively admitted were enrolled and randomized into experimental group (n=26) and control group (n=20). Patients in the control group received glucocorticoid treatment, and those in the experimental group received double filtration plasmapheresis combined with glucocorticoid treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The titers of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody in the two groups were both decreased significantly after treatment (P < 0.05), especially in the experimental group (P < 0.01); but the IgA and IgM clearance rate in the experiment group were significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01). The quantitative myasthenia gravis score, symptom remission time, in-hospital time in the experimental group were all significantly less than those in the control group (P < 0.01). What’s more, the total effective rate was significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group. The double filtration plasmapheresis combined with glucocorticoid treatment for myasthenia gravis is safe and effective that can effectively remove the anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody, IgA and IgM. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mixed implantation of different kinds of self-expending metal stents for femoropopliteal arteriosclerosis obliterans: biocompatibility and limb salvage rate Chen Bin, Liu Jun-jun, Zhao Zong-gang, Li Jun, Li Yong-xin, Xin Hai, Liu Bing, Wang Hao-fu 2015, 19 (8):  1233-1238.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.016 Abstract ( 617 )   PDF (668KB) ( 555 )   Save BACKGROUND: Stent implantation has become the main treatment method of Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus II (TASCII) C and D’s femoropopliteal lesions, but the lesions are always too long that we have to implant mixed stents to overlap the arteries. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the up to mid term safety and efficacy of different self-expending metal stents for treatment of femoropopliteal arteriosclerosis obliterans. METHODS: Thirty patients with long-segmental femoropopliteal arteriosclerosis obliterans (40 affected limbs) were enrolled, including 34 males and 5 females, aged 44-87 years old. Each affected limb was implanted with one LifeStent with another one or two different kinds of stents. After 39 months of follow-up, the successful stenting rate, post-implantation biocompatibility, limb salvage rate, primary and secondary patency rate were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 93 stents were implanted in the 40 affected limbs, including 27 affected limbs with 2 stents and 13 affected limbs with 3 stents. There were 40 LifeStent stents, 45 Luminexx stents, 1 Smart stent, 2 Aurora stents, 2 Pulsar18 stents, and 3 Invatec stents, with a successful stenting rate of 92%. The limb salvage rate at 12 months was 95%. A 24 months after surgery, the primary and secondary patency rates were (42.0±0.1)% and (59.0±3.7)%, respectively. There was no severe complication and inhospital mortality. These findings suggest that the mixed implantation of self-expending stent implantation (LifeStent mixed with other kinds of stents) for femoropopliteal arteriosclerosis obliterans appears to be safe and efficient during the up to mid term. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Esthetic effects of porcelain laminate veneer versus all-ceramic crown in anterior tooth restoration Nie Ting-hong, Sun Ying-chun, Zheng Lin, Gao Ping 2015, 19 (8):  1239-1244.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.017 Abstract ( 511 )   PDF (662KB) ( 886 )   Save BACKGROUND: Both porcelain laminate veneer and all-ceramic crowns are good choices for aesthetic restorations of anterior teeth at present. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of porcelain laminate veneer and all-ceramic crown in aesthetic restorations of anterior teeth. METHODS: Totally 267 teeth of 63 patients with esthetic defect were included in this study, among which, 138 incisors were restored with IPS e.max porcelain laminate veneer and 129 incisors were restored with zirconia all-ceramic crowns. The final appearance of each restoration was evaluated by patient’s satisfaction on visual analogue scales and the esthetic effect was evaluated by professional prosthodontists. Evaluation criteria included color, shape, translucency and margin effects. All restorations were evaluated at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after restoration in terms of the color match, the integrity of restoration, marginal adaptation and gingival condition. The success rates of two restorations were analyzed 2 years later. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The porcelain laminate veneers and zirconia all-ceramic crowns both had the higher patient’s satisfaction and esthetic effect assessment. According to the clinical evaluation, two veneers presented with a higher color difference, two veneers were debonded, one veneer was fractured and two tooth appeared to have obvious gingivitis symptom in the porcelain laminate veneer group; while one all-ceramic crown was fractured and four teeth appeared to have obvious gingivitis symptom in the all-ceramic crown group during 2-year follow-up observation. But there was no statistical difference in the success rate between the two groups (P > 0.05). The porcelain laminate veneers and all-ceramic crown both have a good esthetic effect in the restoration of anterior teeth. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fiber post versus metal post in repairing the maxillary premolars   Qiu Xiao-feng, Liu Xue-mei 2015, 19 (8):  1245-1249.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.018 Abstract ( 377 )   PDF (656KB) ( 436 )   Save BACKGROUND: Post-core-crown can maintain the dental tissue to the utmost, restore tooth function and beautify the appearance. Post and core material selection is the key to successful tooth repair. OBJECTIVE: To compare the application value of fiber post and metal post in repairing the maxillary premolars． METHODS: Totally 132 patients with maxillary premolar defects (146 teeth) were enrolled, including 54 males and 78 females, aged 43-67 years. According to patient’s willingness, the patients were divided into testing group (fiber post, n=74) and control group (metal post, n=58). All the patients were followed up for 12 months for clinical evaluation. Levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor α in the gingival crevicular fluid were detected before, at 1 week, 1 month, and 12 months after treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Of the 83 affected teeth in the testing group, crown fracture occurred in 2 teeth, post loosening occurred in 2 teeth, and the successful rate was 96.4%. Of the 63 affected teeth in the control group, crown fracture occurred in 1 tooth, root fracture in 4 teeth, post shedding in 3 teeth, periapical change in  2 teeth, and the successful rate was 81.0%. Compared with the control group, the successful rate was higher in the testing group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor α in the gingival crevicular fluid were all significantly decreased in both two group (P < 0.05), but these levels were significantly lower in the testing group than the control group after treatment (P < 0.05). Overall, the fiber post for repairing maxillary premolars can alleviate inflammatory response and improve the treatment success rate, which has a higher application value than metal post. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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ProTaper Universal nickel titanium rotary file versus stainless-steel hand file: the security for root canal preparation   Yao Xi, Li Hong-mei, Li Yun-sheng, Dai Yong-yu 2015, 19 (8):  1250-1254.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.019 Abstract ( 746 )   PDF (751KB) ( 988 )   Save BACKGROUND: The high number of tooth roots, complex root canal morphology, and bending and narrow trend require higher physical and mechanical properties for root canal preparation instruments. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of ProTaper Universal nickel titanium rotary file versus stainless-steel hand file for root canal preparation. METHODS: A total of 100 patients with acute pulpitis teeth were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, ProTaper Universal nickel titanium rotary file was used for root canal preparation, while in the control group, stainless-steel K-file (hand use) was used. Root canal preparation time, root canal curvature before and after root canal preparation and root canal filling quality were compared between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After root canal therapy, clinical symptoms were both improved in the two groups. Compared with the control group, in the experimental group, the root canal preparation time was significantly shorter (P < 0.05) and the root canal curvature varied more significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, the root canal filling quality was also superior in the experimental group to the control group. Therefore, ProTaper Universal nickel titanium rotary file is superior to conventional nickel-titanium endodontic file (hand use), which is easy to operate, saves both time and effort, and has good moldability, good security, high efficiency and excellent filling results. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteoprotegerin expression in the peri-implant sulcus fluid after mechanical stimulations at different angles   Fang Ming, Wang Zhi-ying, Yu Jin, Li Min, Jin Ding 2015, 19 (8):  1255-1260.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.020 Abstract ( 379 )   PDF (624KB) ( 548 )   Save BACKGROUND: Because of the limitation of local anatomical structure, 15° to 30° angled abutments are commonly used for implant restoration. Under the condition of oversized angle mechanical force, the ability of the dental implant to resist invasion of patho-microorganism is poorer than natural teeth, which is decided by the structural characteristics of peri-implant tissue interface. OBJECTIVE: To study concentration changes of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) from peri-implant sulcus fluid of cranine mandibular implants under 100 N forces at 0° and 30° angle. METHODS: Six dogs (18 dental implants) were randomly divided into three groups: group A, 100 N 0° group, group B, 100 N 30° group, and group C, non-mechanical stimulation group (control group). The second premolars of the bilateral mandible were extracted, and two dental implants per side were implanted. Cobalt-chromium PFM full crown was used for tooth restoration 3 months later. After 1 week of full crown restoration, under general anesthesia of 5% odium pentobarbital, 100 N was given vertically (0° angle) and at 30° angle, and once worked for 5 seconds on implants, totally 10 minutes. After 24 hours, 72 hours and 1 week of mechanical force, samples of groups A, B and C were collected from the peri-implant sulcus fluid, and ELISA method was used to detect RANKL and osteoprotegerin levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After application of 100 N mechanical force vertically, the RANKL level in the peri-implant sulcus fluid increased obviously at 24 hours, increased continuously at 72 hours, and decreased slightly at  1 week, and there was statistically significance compared to the non-mechanical stimulation group (P < 0.05). After dental implant was given 100 N at 30° angle, RANKL level in the peri-implant sulcus fluid raised significantly compared to 100 N 0° angle group, and there was remarkable significance compared to the non-mechanical stimulation group (P < 0.01). The osteoprotegerin level in the peri-implant sulcus fluid decreased after 24 hours of mechanical stimulation at  0° angle, continued to decline at 72 hours, and returned to 24-hour level after 1 week mechanical force application, and there was no statistical difference compared to non-mechanical stimulation group (P > 0.05). The osteoprotegerin level in the peri-implant sulcus fluid declined gradually over time after 100 N mechanical stimulation at 30° angle, and there was statistically significance compared to the non-mechanical stimulation group (P < 0.05). The results indicate that there are increased bone destructive activities from the peri-implant sulcus fluid under 100 N mechanical stimulation at 30° angle, and it is recommended that the occlusion force works along the direction of dental implant axis clinically. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Teflon cotton sheet implantation for treatment of microvascular compression symptoms of VII, VIII cranial nerves   Feng Zhao-hai, Shi Xin, Jiang Lei, Hao Yu-jun 2015, 19 (8):  1261-1266.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.021 Abstract ( 475 )   PDF (867KB) ( 1411 )   Save BACKGROUND: Teflon cotton sheets have good biological characteristics and histocompatibility, and the intracranial implantation of teflon cotton sheets cannot lead to severe rejection, which, at present, has been widely applied in the microvascular decompression. OBJECTIVE:To explore the therapeutic efficacy of the intracranial implantation of teflon cotton sheets via VII, VIII cranial nerves in the microvascular decompression treatment of hemifacial spasm combined with vertigo and tinnitus. METHODS: Ten patients with the VII, VIII cranial nerve compression syndromes were enrolled, including six cases of hemifacial spasm combined with tinnitus, two cases of hemifacial spasm combined with vertigo, two cases of hemifacial spasm combined with tinnitus and vertigo. All patients were subject to the intracranial implantation of teflon cotton sheets for decompression treatment, among whom, five cases underwent trap type placement, and the other five cases underwent flocculent type placement. During the follow-up, the biocompatibility of Teflon cotton sheets and improvement in facial twitching, tinnitus, vertigo, and complications were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The implanted cotton sheets showed good biological characteristics and histocompatibility. After implantation of cotton sheets, facial twitching symptoms disappeared completely in 7 of 10 cases, symptoms relieved in 3 of 10 cases; after 1 week of implantation, facial twitching symptoms disappeared completely in all patients, tinnitus symptoms disappeared in 5 of 8 cases, tinnitus relieved level 2 in 2 of 8 cases, and there was no improvement in 1 of 8 cases; vertigo was eased in 2 of 4 cases, but the other 2 cases showed no improvement in symptoms of dizziness. During the follow-up of 6 to 48 months, symptoms of facial twitching were not recurrent in all patients; tinnitus symptoms disappeared in 6 cases, relieved in 1 case, but had no improvement in 1 case; vertigo symptoms disappeared in 3 cases, but showed no improvement in 1 case. Results demonstrate that the implantation of teflon cotton sheets is safe and effective in the treatment of microvascular compression symptoms of VII, VIII cranial nerves. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cardiovascular stent biocompatibility: bibliometric analysis of the international developmental trend  Li Xuan, Shi Chun-lai, Wang Xue-yan, Zhang Ming 2015, 19 (8):  1267-1271.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.015.08.022 Abstract ( 486 )   PDF (633KB) ( 517 )   Save BACKGROUND: As the exact mechanism of vascular restenosis after cardiovascular stent implantation is unclear, to reduce the incidence of restenosis after implantation becomes increasingly urgent. The occurrence of vascular restenosis after stent implantation is associated with the corrosion resistance of stents, Young’s modulus, yield strength and material flexibility, as well as the host’s inflammatory response, endothelial cell proliferation, and fibrous tissue proliferation after stent implantation. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the international research trend of cardiovascular stent biocompatibility based on data from Web of Science and Clincaltrials.gov, in order to provide a reference basis for relevant studies. METHODS: (1) Keywords of “cardiovascular stent” and “biocompatibility” were used for article retrieval. (2) The retrieval time was from 2005 to 2014. (3) Information sources: Web of Science and Clincaltrials.gov. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Totally 2 875 articles included in Web of Science (2005-2014) were enrolled and analyzed using analytic tools of the Web of Science. Then, eight articles with high citation frequency were obtained. (2) There are 2 875 articles addressing the biocompatibility of cardiovascular stent materials included in the Web of Science (2005-2014), among which, 931 articles come from the U.S.A and account for 32.383%. During 2005-2014, the institutions publishing literatures about biocompatibility of cardiovascular stent materials are ranked as follows: Harvard University, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Columbia University. American Journal of Cardiology has published 117 relevant articles, which ranks the first in this field, and the number of published literature accounts for 4.070% of all literature. In recent years, international literature about cardiovascular stent biocompatibility shows an overall gradual upward trend. Of the 2 875 articles published from 2005 to 2014, 223 articles come from China, ranking the fourth. It indicates that there are more achievements in this field in China. (3) There are 155 clinical trials about the biocompatibility of cardiovascular stent materials included in Clincaltrials.gov from 2005 to 2014, including 140 interventional studies and 15 observational studies. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hemocompatibility and surface modification of artificial blood vessel materials He Yan-ping, Ma De-chun, Li Lei, Zhang Li, Zheng Shuang, Dong Ke-xin 2015, 19 (8):  1272-1276.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.023 Abstract ( 362 )   PDF (561KB) ( 929 )   Save BACKGROUND: Artificial blood vessels made from synthetic materials are the most commonly used blood vessel substitutes. How to improve the patency of the blood vessels and the compatibility of artificial blood vessel materials is in the focus of research in recent years. OBJECTIVE: To review the biocompatibility and hemocompatiblity of artificial blood vessel materials, and to summarize a number of new methods and viewpoints appearing in international biomaterial and blood interaction research in recent years. METHODS: Wanfang database, Chinese Journal Full-text Database and PubMed database were retrieved by the first author for relevant articles published from 2001 to 2014, using the key words of “artificial blood vessels, biomaterials” in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Research on the hemocompatibility of materials, although after many years, is still in the exploratory stage. There are many factors influencing material hemocompatibility, and in addition to the inherent blood components, surface and interface characteristics of the materials play a decisive role. Currently, surface and interface features optimization and modification has become an important way to improve the blood compatibility, but the existing evaluation system appears to have some problems, such as the selection and quantitative evaluation of sensitive indicators and positive control materials. Therefore, to develop artificial materials with good hemocompatibility and to establish rational and high-efficient blood compatibility evaluation system still need further studies. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Phase III study on surface construction and biocompatibility of polymer materials as cardiovascular devices: coagulant and anti-coagulant surface modification Chen Bao-lin, Wang Dong-an 2015, 19 (8):  1277-1283.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.024 Abstract ( 462 )   PDF (384KB) ( 700 )   Save BACKGROUND: As the cardiovascular device, biomaterials applied under the blood-contact conditions should have anti-thrombotic, anti-biodegradable and anti-infective properties. OBJECTIVE: To develop novel polymer materials for implantation and intervention in cardiovascular tissue engineering and to explore the biocompatibility, blood compatibility and cytocompatibility of the surface-modified polymer biomaterials based on the coagulant and anti-coagulant coating modification. METHODS: We retrieved PubMed and WanFang databases for relevant articles publishing from 1983 to 2014. The key words were "biocompatibility, blood compatibility, biomedical materials, biomedical polymer materials" in English and Chinese, respectively. Those unrelated, outdated and repetitive papers were excluded. Literatures addressing the blood compatibility of biomedical polymer materials were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The blood-implant interaction and the anti-coagulant surface modification of biomaterials were analyzed. The biocompatibility, blood compatibility and cytocompatibility of the surface-modified polymer biomaterials were determined based on the coagulant and anti-coagulant coating modification. The coagulant and anti-coagulant surface modification of polymer biomaterials and the research on their biocompatibility and endothelial cell compatibility are crucial for developing novel polymer materials for implantation and intervention in cardiovascular tissue engineering. Through in-depth studies of the types and applications of polymer biomaterials, cardiovascular medical devices and implantable soft tissue substitutes, the differences between the surface and the body will be reflected in the many layers of molecules extending from the surface to the body. Two major factors, surface energy and molecular mobility, determine the body/surface behaviors that include body/surface differences and phase separation. Considering the difference between the body/surface composition, an additional determinant is indispensable, that is the crystallization behavior of each component. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biodegradable magnesium alloy stents: disadvantages and research trends Tan Zhi-gang, Zhou Qian, Jiang Yu-gang 2015, 19 (8):  1284-1288.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.025 Abstract ( 853 )   PDF (637KB) ( 1651 )   Save BACKGROUND: Biodegradable stents are regarded as the fourth revolution in the interventional cardiology after the invention of balloon angioplasty, bare metal stents, and drug-eluting stents. Biodegradable magnesium alloy stent is the focus of biodegradable stent research. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the application status of biodegradable magnesium alloy stents and to discuss the existing shortcomings and research trends. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval of PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang databases between January 2001 and November 2014 was performed by the first author, to analyze the research progress about biodegradable magnesium alloy stents. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Studies on biodegradable magnesium alloy stent in vitro is focused on the magnesium alloy degradation speed, biocompatibility, and its effects on vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. The present findings have shown that the main reason restricts the large-scale clinical application of magnesium alloy stents is the excessive degradation speed. It takes 6-12 months to reconstruction for target vessels after stent implantation. During this period, the stent is expected to provide mechanical support. The existing biodegradable magnesium alloy stents cannot meet this requirement. In order to improve the corrosion resistance ability of magnesium alloy stents, on the one hand, we can consider to seek new alloy elements that posses better corrosion resistance ability; on the other hand, using surface modification techniques such as stent coating to improve the corrosion resistance ability and biocompatibility is a trend of future research and development of magnesium alloy stents. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Acellular matrix scaffold for tissue-engineered intervertebral disc which is closest to the normal three-dimensional structure of the nucleus pulposus  Tan Wei, Lv Hai, Zhou Chu-song 2015, 19 (8):  1289-1294.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.026 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (640KB) ( 525 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present there is no specific therapy for the treatment of degenerateive disc diseases. The development of tissue engineering technology provides a new therapy idea for it. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of acellular matrix scaffold to construct tissue-engineered intervertebral disc. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang and Chinese Biomedical Database was performed for relevant articles published between 2005 to 2014 using the keywords of “intervertebral disc degeneration, extracellular matrix, tissue engineering, scaffold, nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus” in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Construction of tissue-engineered intervertebral disc includes three essential elements: cell scaffolds, seed cells and cytokines. Scaffolds are the key. Acellular matrix scaffold is an important scaffold which has been a hot area of research in scaffolds for tissue-engineered intervertebral disc for several years, which can be divided into three types: acellular annulus fibrosus scaffold, acellular nucleus pulposus scaffold and integrated intervertebral disc scaffold. Different scaffolds have a variety of preparation methods. Acellular matrix scaffold has its own significant advantages, such as low antigenicity, good histocompatibility, and a most similarity with the three-dimensional structure of normal nucleus pulposus that can provide a proper microenvironment for cell growth. However, there are still some disadvantages of acellular matrix scaffold in tissue-engineered intervertebral disc. So, it needs to be further improved. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Factors affecting the stability of mini-implants  Lin Yang-dong, Wu Ye-ke 2015, 19 (8):  1295-1300.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.027 Abstract ( 525 )   PDF (626KB) ( 455 )   Save BACKGROUND: Mini-implants are widely applied in the clinical treatment of orthodontics and orthognathics, because they can provide absolute skeletal anchorage. However, the relatively high failure rates have always been their major drawback, and how to improve the success rates of mini-implants becomes the main research direction in recent years. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the factors influencing the stability of mini-implants. METHODS: A computer-based search of Wanfang, VIP and PubMed databases was performed using the keywords of “mini-implants, stability, success rate, osseointegration” in Chinese and English. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Mibni-implants are an effective means of anchorage control. In clinics, the factors such as implant design, health status of patients, implantation methods and regions, loading patterns and maintenance after implantation will all have an influence on the stability and success rates of mini-implants. To improve the success rate of the mini-implants, the selection of appropriate implant area is necessary in clinical applications, for example, thicker cortical bone and higher mini-implants are recommended clinically; using reasonable and loading implants, studies have shown that non-scored mini-implants is beneficial to reduce the dropout rate of mini-implants during early orthodontic loading; maintenance during healing periods after implantation is emphasized, and currently, stress loading on the mini-implants is preferred immediately after implantation or earlier, which can have a better success rate. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical common problems after restoration with telescopic crown-retained removable partial dentures Wu Qiong, Hu Wei-ping 2015, 19 (8):  1301-1305.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.028 Abstract ( 508 )   PDF (665KB) ( 447 )   Save BACKGROUND: Telescopic crown-retained removable partial dentures are characterized as pick to wear voluntarily, convenient to clean, small foreign body sensation of the fixed denture, and good functional recovery, and have been widely used in recent years. However, there are also some problems existing. OBJECTIVE: To review the common problems of the telescopic crown-retained removable partial dentures and to raise the countermeasures. METHODS: A computer-based search of CNKI and PubMed (1980-2013) was performed for relevant articles addressing the telescopic crown using the keywords of “cone sleeve crown, abutment, clinical observation” in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Telescopic crown-retained removable partial dentures are an ideal method for repair of dentition defects associated with periodontal disease. In summary, the telescopic crown-retained removable partial dentures have good clinical effects, but how to maintain the long-term stability is the main challenge. In recent years, a variety of ways have been developed to improve the long-term stability, such as changing the inner crown material, which obtains the most prominent achievements, but these methods need to be further observed in clinical applications. Common complications for telescopic crown-retained removable partial dentures include abutment fracture, inner crown shedding, denture fracture, periodontal problems, and reduced retention force, which generally cannot influence the application of telescopic crown-retained removable partial dentures through repair. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A systematic review on unilateral versus bilateral kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures   Yang Sen, Xu Tao, Sheng Wei-bin, Wang Guo-qi, Guo Hai-long 2015, 19 (8):  1306-1312.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.08.029 Abstract ( 426 )   PDF (707KB) ( 513 )   Save BACKGROUND: Percutaneous kyphoplasty is an effective treatment for osteoporotic compression fractures, but randomized controlled trials have small sample size and methodological shortcomings. The priority of unilateral approach or bilateral approach of percutaneous kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively evaluate and compare the unilateral and bilateral percutaneous kyphoplasty, and provide evidence for the selection of surgical approach. METHODS: A computer-based online search was done in the English and Chinese databases such as Cochrane Library, PubMed, OVID, Embase, China Biology Medicine disc, Wanfang, and VIP. Nine relevant Chinese orthopedic journals were manually searched from the initial issue to the issue published in March 2014. Randomized controlled trials comparing unilateral and bilateral kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures were collected. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two evaluators performed the selection of test, data extraction and quality assessment. RevMan 5.2 software was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Eight randomized controlled trials involving 507 patients and 656 vertebral bodies were involved in the result analysis. The results showed that, there was no bone cement leakage between the two groups; preoperative visual analog scale score (WMD=-0.05, P=0.58) at short-term follow-up (≤ 3 months) (WMD=-0.02, P=0.25) and long-term follow-up (≥ 12 months) (WMD=0.08, P=0.64) also showed no significant differences between the two groups. Oswestry disability index at short-term follow-up (WMD=0.13, P= 0.73) and long-term follow-up (WMD=0.05, P= 0.98) in the two groups had no statistical significance. This meta-analysis showed significant difference in the bone cement volume and operating time, and the unilateral approach was better than bilateral approach. Radiographic findings showed that preoperative and postoperative kyphosis angle and restoration rate were not statistically different between the two groups. This meta-analysis comparing unilateral and bilateral percutaneous kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures demonstrates no significant differences regarding the visual analog scale scores, radiographic outcomes and complications. Considering the operation time and radiation exposure, we recommend unilateral percutaneous kyphoplasty. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics