One-legged standing with eyes closed in physical fitness testing

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.023

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: One-legged standing with eyes closed is a method to test the muscle strength and the ability of body balance, it is considered to be an important quality indicator for evaluation of adults and elderly balancing capability in our country. A lot of works have been done in many provinces and cities, but there is a lack of in-depth studies.
OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of one-legged standing with eyes closed, to analyze its problem used in the physical fitness test and to prospect the future direction of the related researches.
METHODS: A computer-based search on CNKI database and Elsevier database was undertaken to identify the article of balance capacity. The key words were “eyes closed and single legged standing, balance ability, physical fitness test”. Totally articles were searched and checked primarily, and those meeting the criteria were looked up.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The standard of one-legged standing with eyes closed for the male is higher than that for the female. Some elderly just stand for a short time in the test, and thus it is difficult to distinguish the balance ability. Elderly balance is significantly lower than that in young people. The same test method for adults and elderly people is employed, but whether it is scientific or not should be further studied. Various indicators in the test of one-legged standing with eyes closed have low correlation. For the above reasons, further studies should be made before the test of one-legged standing with eyes closed becomes a valuable measurement of the balance ability in the national physique.

Key words: tissue construction, tissue construction review, eyes closed, one-legged standing, balance ability, physical fitness test, adult, elderly, ministerial grants-supported paper

CLC Number:

R318

Yuan Jin-feng, Zhang Qiu-xia, Lu A-ming. One-legged standing with eyes closed in physical fitness testing[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.023.

Figures/Tables 3

2.1 纳入资料基本概况纳入文献包括平衡能力、闭眼单脚站立概念类8篇[1-8]，闭眼单脚站立在体质测试应用综述类18篇[9-26]，闭眼单脚站立指标测试方法的综述类12篇[27-38]，其他相关文献7篇[39-45]。 2.2 相关概念 2.2.1 平衡能力对于平衡能力的理解，目前还没有一个统一的定义。全国高等医学院校统编教材《康复医学》将平衡定义为：身体所处的一种姿态以及在运动或受到外力作用时能自动调整并维持姿势的一种能力。张蕲等[3]认为平衡能力指维持身体姿势的能力，特别是在较小的支撑上，控制身体重心的能力。医学领域把平衡能力分为静态平衡能力和动态平衡能力两个方面。静态平衡能力，是指人体通过视觉、本体感受器、前庭系统等感觉信息和小脑，维持某种姿势或稳定状态的能力[4]。人体在运动或受外力作用后依然能够维持自身稳定的能力，即为动态平衡能力[5]。力学领域认为：人体保持平衡处于一种稳定状态的能力与人体重心的位置和人体支撑面的面积两方面有关，如果人体重心的重力线落在支撑面之内，人体就是平衡的，否则人体将处于不平衡状态[6]。也有学者报道：身体对外界各方面刺激的协调以及在较小的支撑面上控制并维持姿势的能力为平衡能力[7]。综合以上的概述，可以这样认为：平衡能力是人体在静止或行动的过程中，能够协调身体维持自身稳定的能力，受前庭、视觉、本体感觉器官等影响。 2.2.2 闭眼单脚站立闭眼单脚站立是平衡能力的一种简单测试方法。它是通过测量人体在没有任何可视参照物的情况下，仅依靠大脑前庭器官的平衡感受器和全身肌肉的协调运动，来维持身体重心在单脚支撑面上的时间，以反映平衡能力的强弱[8]。时间越短，平衡力越差，身体素质越差。 2.3 在体质测试中的运用 2.3.1 闭眼单脚站立的测试方法平衡能力测定方法通常有观察法、量表法及平衡测试仪评定法等。一般临床使用的是简单观察法和量表法。观察法始于1846年Romberg试验，是在双脚并拢站立下，用肉眼观察睁、闭眼时人体摇摆情况。1966年Graybiel在Romberg试验的基础上，改进了测试姿势，被试者单脚站立，观察其睁、闭眼时身体的摆动。随后日本京都府立大学的山田教授[9]，根据30多年对人体生理功能的研究和平衡测试方法的改进，总结出能测验反应肌力与平衡功能的“闭眼单脚站立试验”。试验方法为：令受测者双手下垂贴身两侧，闭双眼单脚独立，记下站立不倒时间。根据山田提供的经验，一般来说，年龄越大，不倒时间越短。目前，该方法已经被广泛采用。闭眼单脚站立传统的测试方法是用秒表计时, 测试时，受试者自然站立，当听到“开始”口令后(同时测试员开表计时)，闭上双眼，使用优势腿单脚站立，非优势腿抬离地面，且不能靠于支撑腿，两臂自然垂于身体两侧。当受试者支撑脚移动或抬起脚着地时，测试员停表。测试准确性受到人为因素的影响, 而且在大批量测试时的工作量较大[10]。王坦，傅水根等[11]介绍了一种操作简便、具有较好的性能价格比的闭眼单脚站立自动测试设备。该设备通过研制板式开关传感器达到自动测试闭眼单脚站立时间。结构简单、使用方便、自动化程度高,应用于大批量测试时, 可以明显减轻测试时的工作量和劳动强度。但是，该测试设备目前还不能对受试者的闭眼进行强制约束。国民体质监测中闭眼单脚站立的测量采用电子闭眼单脚站立测试仪[12]。测试方法如下：按“按键”后，显示屏出现闪烁信号，蜂鸣器发出声响。受试者双脚依次踏上测试板，习惯支撑脚站在中间踏板上，另一只脚站在周边踏板上，显示屏上显示“0”，同时蜂鸣器发出声响，受试者闭眼,抬起周边踏板上的脚时，蜂鸣器停止发声，测试仪开始计时。当受试者的支撑脚移动或抬起脚着地时，蜂鸣器发出声响，测试结束，显示屏上显示测试值。测试2次，记录最好成绩。在测试过程中，受试者都不能睁眼，测试人员要注意保护受试者。观察受试者的支撑脚移动或抬起脚着地，且具有较多的主观性，要求测试者能熟练掌握测试规则，稍有偏差就会造成测试结果的不准确。 2.3.2 闭眼单脚站立指标的评分标准及存在的问题闭眼单脚站立指标的评分标准中国在制定体质评级标准过程中采用既适合于正态分布又适合于非正态分布样本的百分位数法。通常以P3、P10、P25、P50、P75、P90、P97等百分位数制定不同等级的标准。参照1996年《中国成年人体质测定标准》[13]，制定5级评分法(1分、2分、3分、4分和5分)，见表1。"

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