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22 October 2010, Volume 14 Issue 43 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Nerve fiber tracking methods using diffusion tensor imaging Ma Kai, Wang Xiao-zhou, Gao Dian-shuai 2010, 14 (43):  7983-7986.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.002 Abstract ( 437 )   PDF (314KB) ( 630 )   Save BACKGROUND:  There are many nerve fiber tracking methods using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at present. It is strict and singular of data format for different methods, and these methods can track fibers in special condition. There is no uniform standard for nerve fiber tracking. Therefore, a new brief universal method is researched for the nerve fiber tracking using DTI. OBJECTIVE: To propose a new brief universal DTI method for the nerve fiber tracking to translate into fixed data sampling format. METHODS: Firstly, the file composed of diffusion gradient factor b was searched in DTI original image and the DICOM file was translated into Analyze data format by the software MRIcro. The Analyze data format was standardized by SPM. Finally, the fiber tracking was disposed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The method can acquire diffusion gradient factor b file accurately and effectively. We provided a new method for the nerve fiber tracking, which can translate the different original data into the fixed data format. Moreover, by this method, the nerve fiber tracking can be accurately acquired. And it provides a brief effective method for DTI research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and significance of a three-dimensional finite element model of surface hip arthroplasty Wang Yu, Wang Fang, Wei Ge-jin, Mu Shang-qiang, Mei Ji-wen, Huang Rui 2010, 14 (43):  7987-7990.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.003 Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (345KB) ( 376 )   Save BACKGROUND: Current hip three-dimensional finite element model is established based on human corpse data or CAD reconstruction, but the effect is not satisfactory. OBJECTIVE: To establish three-dimensional finite element model of surface hip arthroplasty using 64-slice spiral CT scanning data to provide a standard mathematical model for further biomechanical study. METHODS: An adult male volunteer who underwent surface hip arthroplasty was selected with no disease in the intact hip confirmed by X-ray. CT data of surface hip arthroplasty were imported into Mimics software. Three-dimensional model was established by threshold method and converted to volumetric mesh in the Abaqus software. So the three-dimensional finite element model of surface hip arthroplasty was established. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The three-dimensional geometry and finite element model of surface hip arthroplasty was established. The model included 165 886 hexahedron elements and 213 343 nodes. The three-dimensional geometry and finite element model can be constructed from slice section images with Mimics and Abaqus software. The model has a high degree of morphological and mechanical simulation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analgesic effect of periarticular Ropivacaine infiltration and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor following total hip arthroplasty Lu Zhi-dong, Li Peng 2010, 14 (43):  7991-7994.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.004 Abstract ( 324 )   PDF (307KB) ( 495 )   Save BACKGROUND: Severe pain after artificial joint replacement is an important factor for successful rehabilitation. Painless after artificial joint replacement is a hot issue. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and ropivacaine infiltration analgesia around hip in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS: A total of 40 patients who underwent primary THA were randomized into two groups and received wound infiltration at the end of surgery. Trial group received 200 mg cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor 2 hours before THA and 0.15% ropivacaine 100 mL following THA, followed by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Control group were injected with normal saline. All patients used patient-controlled analgesia to reduce pain for 24 hours after THA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The 24-hour patient-controlled analgesia requirement postsurgery was less compared with the control group with less adverse effects. Periarticular intraoperative injection with ropivacaine and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor can relieve pain in patients undergoing THA and is a safe analgesia method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mimics software three-dimensional reconstruction of a geometry model of total pelvis for simulation of pelvic tumor resection and prosthesis replacement He Jian-ying, Dong Xie-ping 2010, 14 (43):  7995-7998.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.005 Abstract ( 616 )   PDF (556KB) ( 656 )   Save BACKGROUND: CT scan DICOM data from the use of Mimics software is the internationally recognized “gold standard” of computer-assisted surgery. OBJECTIVE: To investigate a viable means of computer assisted surgery. METHODS: CT Dicom format image of one case of pelvic tumors was imported into Mimics 10.01, three-dimensional reconstruction of the geometry model of total pelvis was performed including iliac artery. According the standard classification of Enneking and Dunhan, the case was type Ⅱ. All data from mimics three-dimensional reconstruction of the geometry model of total pelvis were used for preoperative measurements, surgical simulation in extensive resection of pelvic tumor and prostheses replacement surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results showed that by using the mimics, the three dimensional geometric model of total pelvis accurately reflected the structure of pelvis and predicted the tumor size, and could be rotated to benefit observation, measured every parameter accurately needed in the operation, provide useful data for custom-made acetabular prostheses and effectively realized surgical simulation in extensive resection of pelvic tumor and prostheses replacement surgery. The 3D reconstruction of geometry model of the total pelvis including the iliac artery using mimics can clearly display the pelvis internal anatomic structure and type the tumor, therefore providing a fast, convenient, precise, repeatable application model for preoperative planning and simulation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Proximal femoral nail-antirotation versus prosthetic replacement for the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly Song Wei-dong, Peng Yue-wen, Li De, Qiu Tai-bin, Chen Hao 2010, 14 (43):  7999-8003.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.006 Abstract ( 313 )   PDF (389KB) ( 523 )   Save BACKGROUND: Proximal femoral nail-antirotation (PFNA) is a novel internal fixation system of AO/ASIF to reduce complication. It displays advantages because of minimal invasion and antirotation design. OBJECTIVE: To compare the curative effect between PFNA and prosthetic replacement for the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly. METHODS: From July 2008 to December 2009, 37 cases of femoral intertrochanteric fracture in elderly patients were selected from Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital affiliated Sun Yet-san university, including 16 treated with PFNA fixation and 21 with prosthetic replacement (18 artificial femoral head, and 3 total hip replacement). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No statistical differences were observed in terms of hospitalization duration, ambulation time, postoperative complications and postoperative hip function between two groups (P > 0.05); intraoperative bleeding and operation time in PFNA fixation group were superior over prosthetic replacement group (P < 0.05). Both the PFNA fixation and prosthetic replacement have good clinic curative effects in treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fracture in the elderly, but PFNA fixation has advantages on the reduction of operation time and intraoperative bleeding. Related Articles | Metrics

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Modeling and finite element analysis of acetabular defects Ma Wen-hui, Zhang Xue-min, Wang Ji-fang 2010, 14 (43):  8004-8007.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.007 Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (340KB) ( 382 )   Save BACKGROUND: Alternative components provided several advantages for acetabular revision, but it is paramount to the success of the revision surgery to reconstruct acetabulum. It is necessary to analyze stress distribution before acetabular revision to better prosthesis design. OBJECTIVE: To establish and explore the finite element model of acetabulum in the presence of bone loss.  METHODS: The finite-element models of normal acetabulum and the acetabulum with bone loss were established to calculate the stresses during a normal gait cycle with use of the finite-element analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Results of finite-element analysis demonstrated that the peak stress was tested at the superolateral rim. The study indicated increased stresses with an increased hip force and orientation. The stress of cup consisted of a main superolateral stress and a minor stress pointing to pubis. While the transferring direction of stress changed from anterosuperior rim to posterosuperior rim in acetabulum in the presence of bone loss. This study demonstrated that this finite-element technique seemed to be a viable means of exploring stress of acetabulum in the presence of bone loss and improving the design of component for acetabular revision. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a three-dimensional digital wrist model based on CT and anatomy Wang Hai-han, Long Teng-he, He Yong, Shou Jia-bao, Wang Jia 2010, 14 (43):  8008-8011.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.008 Abstract ( 287 )   PDF (260KB) ( 499 )   Save OBJECTIVE: To evaluate model construction and application of CT and anatomical three-dimensional digital model of wrist joint. METHODS: With "wrist joint, three-dimensional imaging, CT, model construction and application” as key words in Chinese and English, articles published between January 1993 and July 2010 were searched by computer. Articles related to three-dimensional imaging and three-dimensional CT imaging of wrist were included. Repetitive study or Meta analysis articles were excluded. A total of 21 articles were selected and the anatomy of CT three-dimensional digital model of wrist joint research and application was discussed. RESULTS: The anatomy of three-dimensional digital model of wrist joint construction can be used as an ideal model in wrist joint disease diagnosis and surgical design. CT and anatomical three-dimensional digital model of the wrist can be used for wrist disease diagnosis and surgical design. CONCLUSION: The anatomical three-dimensional digital model of the wrist has been developed rapidly in recent years. To date, there are several methods for visual and anatomical three-dimensional digital model construction of wrist joint. CT and anatomical three-dimensional digital model of the wrist can be used for wrist diagnosis and surgical design. Related Articles | Metrics

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Computer navigation system plus intro-operative 3D imaging system for the reconstruction of pelvic fractures: A comparison with traditional C-arm perspective assisted operation Li Le-xiang, Zhou Dong-sheng, Wang Lu-bo 2010, 14 (43):  8012-8015.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.009 Abstract ( 301 )   PDF (848KB) ( 584 )   Save BACKGROUND: Computer navigation plus intro-operative 3D imaging system is advanced device in the treatment of current orthopedic implants. Compared to two-dimensional, three-dimensional X-ray navigation is more minimally invasive, more accurate and safer. OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy and safety of placing plates and screws by computer navigation plus intro-operative 3D imaging system and C-arm fluoroscopy assisted treating pelvic fracture. METHODS: Surgical fixation of 58 cases of pelvic fracture was divided into two groups. The control group was treated with traditional C-arm, and test group was treated with computer navigation plus intro-operative 3D imaging system. Operative time, blood loss, blood transfusion, incision length, fluoroscopy time, reduction and functional recovery in cases were compared.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Test group was lower than control group in blood loss, blood transfusion, incision length and fluoroscopy time (P < 0.05). Two groups showed no significant difference in operating time or reduction satisfaction (P > 0.05). Except for 1 lost, 55 patients were followed up for 1-4 years (average 1.7 years). All fractures were healed, and no delayed union or nonunion. Functional recovery after 8 months showed no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05). Computer navigation plus intro-operative 3D imaging system assisted pelvic fracture fixation is minimally invasive and precise, and safety to patients and medical staff. Moreover, it exhibits satisfactory reduction and fixation, as well as good long-term functional recovery. Related Articles | Metrics

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Displacement of steel plate of femoral fractures under 100 and 400 N loading: Measurement by using digital speckle method Ba Ying-chun, Chen Ying-jie, Fan Yan, Wang Jin-de, Zhou Yi-ping　 2010, 14 (43):  8016-8018.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.010 Abstract ( 367 )   PDF (333KB) ( 307 )   Save BACKGROUND: Plate internal fixation is frequently used to treat long-bone fracture. However, screw breakage-induced bone deformity occurs. Optical measurement can accurately analyze features of screw breakage. OBJECTIVE: To measure the displacement of femoral steel plate screw by the digital speckle method. METHODS: A total of 6 femoral specimens were used, and femoral middle segment fracture was made by sawing at 1/2 of shaft of femur. The fracture sample was reduced, and fixed using 10-well plate with 5 screws at each end. Two conditions (before and after the fracture) were designed to compare the displacement of the screws. The displacement was calculated under 100 and 400 N tensile force. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was significant difference in stress among screw 1-10 under 100 and 400 N tensile force (F=108.326, P < 0.01; F=151.258, P < 0.01). Pair-comparison showed no significance between screw 1 and 10, 2 and 9, 3 and 8, 4 and 7, 5 and 6 (P > 0.05), and the stress among any other two screws were significant (P < 0.05). The screws at two ends of fracture line bear more stress, and could break. All screws fixed should cause the load equalization as far as possible in a straight line. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison in gait biomechanics of naturally walking patients with different knee osteoarthritis using footscan® SCSI high frequency plate system Zhang Hao-hua, Yan Song-hua, Liu Zhi-cheng 2010, 14 (43):  8019-8023.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.011 Abstract ( 338 )   PDF (242KB) ( 624 )   Save BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is closely correlated with biomechanics. Modern gait analysis for sole pressure distribution of KOA patients is little. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the gait characters of patients with different KOA during walking with normal speed and to investigate the cause for walking instability. METHODS: To test the gait parameters of 22 patients in KOA when walking using the footscan® SCSI high frequency plate system. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Differences were found in the parameters of the patients in left knee pain, right knee and double knees pain including the gait phase, the contacting time between every plantar area and ground and foot balance. The gait parameters of the KOA patients reflect the unstable factors in walking. Related Articles | Metrics

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Titanium elastic nail versus reconstruction plate for mid-shaft clavicle fracture Qian Jun 2010, 14 (43):  8024-8027.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.012 Abstract ( 252 )   PDF (265KB) ( 856 )   Save BACKGROUND: The internal fixation methods of mid-shaft clavicle fracture mainly include intramedullary fixation and extramedullary fixation. The different internal fixation methods result in significant different influences on patient trauma, treatment cost, and the final clinical effects. Therefore, it is very important to choose reasonable internal fixation methods for curing mid-shaft clavicle fracture. OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effects of internal fixation for mid-shaft clavicle fracture using titanium elastic nail (TEN) or reconstruction plate.  METHODS: A total of 42 cases with middle 1/3 of clavicular fracture were tre ated, including19 using TEN and 23 using reconstruction plate. Operation time, hospitalization, amounts of bleeding, length of skin incision, healing time of fracture, complications and shoulder function recovery after surgery were compared between these two groups.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The TEN group had better results compared with reconstruction plate group in operation time, hospitalization, the amount of bleeding, length of skin incision, healing time of fracture (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in shoulder function recovery (P < 0.05). Occurrence of complications as follow: In TEN group, nail quit in 1 case, nail tail irritation in 1 case (no skin ulceration), no fracture nonunion and fracture stump rotation were found; In Reconstruction group, nail loose in 1 case, no infection, plate broken, fracture nonunion were found. No infections were found in all cases. Both methods are good choices for fixation of mid-shaft clavicle fracture. But TEN would be the best choice in terms of tissue trauma, treatment time, function recovery and expense. However, reconstruction plate fixation is certainly a better choice in complicate fracture. Related Articles | Metrics

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A novel self-made intramedullary nail fixation of the middle segment for clavicle fractures Mao Bing-yan, Liu Ping-jun, He Yong-li, Li Ji-cai, Hu Zhi-xi, Ding Yuan 2010, 14 (43):  8028-8031.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.013 Abstract ( 281 )   PDF (575KB) ( 418 )   Save BACKGROUND: Intramedullary nails for fixation of clavicle fractures have become a focus. However, the effect of Kirschner wire intramedullary pinning is not satisfactory. OBJECTIVE: To measure and analyze adult clavicle anatomy related data to develop a new type of adult clavicle fracture fixation in the middle of intramedullary nails, and to explore the advantages and disadvantages.  METHODS: According to measurement data of 40 adult clavicle and 5 fresh cadaver specimens, a new type of clavicular intramedullary nail was designed, which uses double-threaded Kirschner wire intramedullary pinning, containing hollow thread self-tapping self-drilling screws (Hexagon) fixed pairs of threaded Kirschner wire at both ends in order to achieve a fixed mid-clavicular fractures requirements. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Clavicle length was (14.85±1.22) cm, middle clavicle length (5.89±0.61) cm, the outer segment and the middle angle, as well as the angle between the middle and the medial segment were 125°; the narrowest diameter of middle segment of the clavicle was (1.02±0.15) cm, the inner diameter of the narrowest at the middle clavicular marrow cavity was (0.53±0.16) cm. The intramedullary pinning retrograded from the mid-clavicle fracture and anterograded cortical bone after fracture reduction; after the fracture was fixed, the redundant Kirschner wire was cut, and hollow thread self-tapping self-drilling screws were threaded at both ends with stable and reliable fixation. This new self-made intramedullary nail forms a stable module using a thread containing hollow self-tapping self-drilling screws and fracture at both ends, bridged by intramedullary Kirschner wire, with a supporting and pressing interaction. It is in accordance with the principles of minimally invasion, with satisfactory reduction and reliable fixation. However, related biomechanical data require further investigation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Different plates for unstable fractures of distal radius Li Yong-zhong, Wu Huang, Min Hua, Cao Hua-ping 2010, 14 (43):  8032-8035.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.014 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (310KB) ( 739 )   Save OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect and clinical value of different types of plates in the treatment of unstable fractures of distal radius. METHODS: With key words “locked compression plate, T plate, distal radius, fracture, internal fixation” in Chinese and English, articles published between February 2006 and March 2010 were searched by computer. Articles related to internal fixation of unstable fractures of distal radius were included. Repetitive articles or Meta analysis was excluded. A total of 28 articles were selected. RESULTS: The unstable fractures of distal radius are frequently treated using T plate, locked compression plate, axial locked plate and π plate. Locked plate can provide biological stability and has been widely used clinically. CONCLUSION: Plate can obtain favorable effects in the treatment of unstable fractures of distal radius. Compared with common T plate, locked plate can provide better fracture block stability and protect blood supply with fewer complications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Core technique and design of medical image three-dimensional visualization system Yin Zhi-hong, Zhang Ji 2010, 14 (43):  8036-8039.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.015 Abstract ( 301 )   PDF (260KB) ( 733 )   Save null References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tagged cardiac magnetic resonance image segmentation based on texture analysis and bilateral filtering Li Zhen-li, Yang Xiao-mei 2010, 14 (43):  8040-8043.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.016 Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (836KB) ( 374 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tagged cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides some information of cardiac boundary, which can be obtained by segmentation. However, the added tagging lines bring great difficult to accurate segmentation of the cardiac boundaries. OBJECTIVE: Concerning the problem of segmentation of the left ventricle in tagged cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) images, a new method of automatic segmentation was proposed. METHODS: Global histogram specification was firstly applied to improve contrast between tagged lines and untagged region. Afterwards, a simple method of texture analysis was adopted to discriminate ventricle blood-filled (untagged) and tagged (texture) regions. Bilateral filter was applied to filter off some block-like artifacts as well as to preserve the boundary of the left ventricle. Finally, GVF-snake model was utilized for automatically extracting the boundary of the left ventricle. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A simple method based on texture analysis was proposed to remove the tagged lines: gray difference computed by subtracting the minimal from the maximal intensities within a local small window replaces the original gray value of a pixel; afterwards, filter off some block-like artifacts as well as preserve the boundary of the left ventricle by using bilateral filter; finally, the boundary of the left ventricle was extracted automatically based on GVF-snake model. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively extract the boundary of the left ventricle from tagged cardiac MR images. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application, storage and transfer of cone beam CT image Wu Zhi-ling, Zeng Dong-lin, Cui Min-yi, Wen Yi-xiong 2010, 14 (43):  8044-8048.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.017 Abstract ( 425 )   PDF (443KB) ( 654 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cone beam CT (CBCT) has many advantages such as high quality image, short scanning time, low dose radiation and high space resolution. It has been used in clinical dentistry for over ten years. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the characteristics of CT data analyses, configuration of computer working station, image storage and transfer, and the clinic value of CBCT used in dental clinic and research. METHODS: The documents of CT data storage and transfer were reviewed. The characteristics of CBCT data, the configuration of image transfer apparatus and the diagnosis work station and the printer instrument were discussed. CBCT application in the field of dentistry was also introduced. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The CBCT data is large. It is necessary to adopt Storage Area Network to store and transfer CBCT image. The configuration of diagnosis work station should be higher than that of recommendation of factory. In addition, laser film printer is essential. CBCT can provide three dimensional and cross sectional image of oral and maxillofacial area. CBCT has more advantages to perform diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial area. CBCT is very important for clinic dentistry. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spinal cord functional MRI of patients with spinal cord injury following electrical stimulation at acupoints Chen Ye-xi, Shen Zhi-wei, Li Zhi-yang, Xiao Ye-yu, Wu Ren-hua, Kong Kang-mei 2010, 14 (43):  8049-8052.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.018 Abstract ( 316 )   PDF (424KB) ( 583 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies show that spinal cord function areas are consistent with electrophysiological theory related areas. Many researchers believe that it is feasible to detect spinal cord function by magnetic resonance imaging. OBJECTIVE: To detect the characteristics of the spinal cord functional magnetic resonance imaging activated areas in patients with spinal cord injury using electrical stimulation to explore the feasibility of objective evaluating the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment of spinal cord injury using spinal magnetic resonance imaging technology. METHODS: Hegu acupoint and Quchi acupoint in the right fore-arm of 3 patients with spinal cord injury and 5 healthy volunteers were stimulated by electrical acupuncture simultaneously. Based on the block design method, the true active areas within the spinal cord of patients and volunteers were acquired by the SPM2 software. The distribution characteristcs of actived areas in sagittal plane and in axial plane were analyzed. Compared with the actived areas of health volunteers, the differences of activated areas of SCI patients were found. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: For 5 healthy volunteers, there were activations in spinal C2 and C5 segments and four activation cases in the C6 segment. For patients, there was repeated activation in the spinal C2 and C6 segment. The activation distrubtion in one patient was similar to those of healthy volunteers. The spinal cord functional magnetic resonance imaging activation areas using the electrical simulation were observed. There were certain characteristics with the distribution of the activation. The efficacy of acupuncture treatment of spinal cord injury can be objectively evaluated, to a certain extent, by the distribution and intensity of activation of areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Ultrastructural changes in normal and abnormal kidney using MR diffusion tensor imaging Ye Jing, Wu Jing-tao, Wang Jun, Zhang Ping, Dong Ying 2010, 14 (43):  8053-8056.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.019 Abstract ( 373 )   PDF (334KB) ( 419 )   Save BACKGROUND: Diffusion tensor can accurately detect diffusion anisotropy of water in each voxel, which can reflect changes in the ultrastructure of normal or abnormal kidney tissue and is beneficial to early diagnosis of kidney disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinic application of the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in kidney and kidney diseases. METHODS: A total of 12 healthy people and 24 patients with renal lesions underwent DTI using a 3.0T MR scanning. There were 10 cases of hydronephrosis, 7 of kidney carcinoma and 7 of kidney cyst. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the cortex, medulla and in lesions were calculated and analyzed retrospectively followed by medullary fiber tractography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In normal kidney, ADC was significantly greater in cortex than that in medulla (P=0.03), while medullary FA was significantly greater than cortical FA (P < 0.05). Kidney carcinoma patients exhibited lower cortical and medullary ADC but greater FA compared with the control group (P < 0.05). DTI can reconstruct appearance of renal medullary fiber bundles to reflect renal tubule and collecting duct changes. Results demonstrate that DTI can display the ultrastructural changes in normal and lesioned kidney and can be used for early diagnosis and disease monitor of renal lesions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of age evaluating system based on skin image He Xiang-qian, Deng Shi-xiong, Gan Ping, Zhou Li-hua, Xiong Xing-liang 2010, 14 (43):  8057-8060.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.020 Abstract ( 436 )   PDF (431KB) ( 500 )   Save BACKGROUND: TW3 method cannot be applied for age determination of adults. While the other reported age evaluating methods usually require expensive medical equipments and the processing of these methods is complex, even involving extraction of tissues and organs. OBJECTIVE: Based on the fact that skin texture implies age information, to develop a new method to evaluate adult age by human skin image. METHODS: Some advanced medical image processing technologies were used in the age evaluating system based on human skin image to extract quantization parameters. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The age evaluating system based on human skin images can evaluate adult age, which does not detect the age using skeleton in conventional TW3 age evaluating system (for children) but using skin. Therefore, this system has a wide range age spectrum. Related Articles | Metrics

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Feature extraction of electroencephalogram for imagery movement based on Mu/Beta rhythm Huang Si-juan, Wu Xiao-ming　 2010, 14 (43):  8061-8064.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.021 Abstract ( 1082 )   PDF (350KB) ( 1458 )   Save BACKGROUND: Different sports produce different electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Brain-computer interface (BCI) utilized characteristics of EEG to communicate brain and external device by modern signal processing technique and external connections. The speed of EEG signals processing is important for BCI online research. OBJECTIVE: To investigate a rapid and accurate method for extracting and classifying EEG for imagery movement. METHODS: Using the attribute of event-related synchronization and event-related desynchronization during imagery movement, the BCI dataset of 2003 was processed. Mu/Beta rhythm was obtained from bandpass filtering and wavelet package analysis. Then feature was formed by the average energy of lead C3, C4, and was sorted out by the function classify of matlab. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Appropriate parameters were obtained by detection of training data and used for identification of training data and testing data, with a correct rate of classification of 87.857% and 88.571%. Related Articles | Metrics

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A quantitative analysis system for myocardial contrast echocardiography based on eliminating particle swarm optimization clustering algorithm Du Guo-qing, Tian Jia-wei, Guo Yan-hui, Su Yang, Zhang Meng 2010, 14 (43):  8065-8068.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.022 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (1084KB) ( 341 )   Save BACKGROUND: Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) has been used to assess the myocardial capillary perfusion after thrombolytic therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention. The current interpretation of perfusion images by MCE is performed by visual qualitative analysis and drawn manually the region of interests. The accuracy of such analysis depends on the investigators’ experience, and lacks quantitative analysis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of a quantitative analysis system for MCE in assessing myocardial perfusion. METHODS: Rabbit MCE images were collected, and processed automatically by quantitative analysis software based on eliminating particle swarm optimization (EPSO) clustering algorithm to obtain myocardial perfusion parameters. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:  ①Quantitative analysis software was used to identify automatically endocardium and epicardium and determine myocardial region; ②Six myocardial regions were dissected automatically; ③Calibrated myocardial contrast intensity (CI) of all segments was calculated automatically; ④Myocardial perfusion of all segments was color-coded according to calibrated CI, and the percentage of color-coded area was obtained; ⑤Myocardial perfusion distribution histogram was generated automatically. MCE image analysis system based on EPSO clustering algorithm in the quantitative assessment of myocardial microperfusion and identification of myocardial perfusion abnormalities has good feasibility and high value. Related Articles | Metrics

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Human identification using electrocardiograms based on generic algorithm–back propagation neural network Shi Li, Zhu Min-jie 2010, 14 (43):  8069-8072.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.023 Abstract ( 465 )   PDF (637KB) ( 894 )   Save BACKGROUND: Electrocardiogram (ECG) is stable and simple to collect, and prevents reproduction or replication. Therefore, ECG identification technology has important realistic meaning and broad application prospect. OBJECTIVE: To observe the application of ECG human identification based on generic algorithm (GA) BP neural network. METHODS: A novel approach using ECG based on GA for human identification was investigated. First, the noise was reduced in preprocessing and features of P, QRS complex and T waves from lead II were extracted using wavelet transform. Second, the features of the amplitude and the interval related to human identification were selected. Then, the BP neural network classifier with optimization of GA for human identification was designed. Finally, the validity of the proposed method was verified using the clinical data. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 30 people served as samples and the average identification accuracy was 96.3%. Results showed that ECG human identification based on generic algorithm (GA) BP neural network has high accuracy and can be effectively used in ECG human identification. Related Articles | Metrics

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Feature collection and analysis of surface electromyography signals Wu Dong-mei, Sun Xin, Zhang Zhi-cheng, Du Zhi-jiang 2010, 14 (43):  8073-8076.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.024 Abstract ( 1097 )   PDF (323KB) ( 2674 )   Save BACKGROUND: Analysis and feature extraction of surface electromyography signal (sEMG) has important meaning in the clinical diagnosis of human function and state and patients rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: To analyze sEMG collection, signal processing, extraction analysis and feature value extraction. METHODS: sEMG was collected from 4 muscles in upper limb including triceps brachii, anconeus, biceps brachii and brachioradialis in the processing of human elbow flexion and stretch. Trapped wave and bandpass filtering were performed. sEMG features were analyzed, and the optimized sEMG features were extracted using different methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Time domain method has been early used for sEMG analysis, which is easy and simple. Frequency domain-extracted features are stable and thereby it has become a main method. Wavelet transform time-frequency domain method combines features of two methods and exhibits potentials in analyzing sEMG. Related Articles | Metrics

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Approximate entropy changes under different mental states Zhang Xin, Tian Xue-long, Wang Xian-fu 2010, 14 (43):  8077-8080.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.025 Abstract ( 393 )   PDF (387KB) ( 528 )   Save BACKGROUND: Approximate entropy (ApEn) is a nonlinear dynamics that describes the signal complexity and regularity, and it can measure the complexity of the signal with less data. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of ApEn of electroencephalogram (EEG) under different mental states, and the application of ApEn for cognitive function research. METHODS: EEG was recorded in 20 healthy young volunteers at five stages (eyes closed, eyes opened, recalled with eyes closed, mental arithmetic with eyes closed and pictures identification with eyes opened). ApEn was calculated for all subjects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ApEn values were higher in calculated and recalled with the eyes closed than eyes closed, and higher in pictures identification than eyes opened (P < 0.01). ApEn displayed a low level in all channels with eyes closed or opened, and was increases with thinking and memory state. In different mental states, the complexity of mental functions was different. ApEn methods are appropriate for the study of cognitive functions and can help understand the working mechanism of brain during mental activities. Related Articles | Metrics

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A novel biometric recognition approach based on electroencephalogram password Hu Jian-feng, Bao Xue-cai 2010, 14 (43):  8081-8085.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.026 Abstract ( 637 )   PDF (707KB) ( 999 )   Save BACKGROUND: Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a useful tool for clinical diagnosis as well as a good tool for biometric authentication. OBJECTIVE: To introduce a new method for the identification of a person， by analyzing EEG signals.  METHODS: Several signal processing methods were used for feature extraction, such as autoregressive model, phase synchronization, energy spectral density, linear complexity, and different methods, including BP neural network, were used for classification of person identification. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The identification rate was more than 80%. The EEG signals of people after stimulation or order performance were recorded, and EEG space-time changes were classified using signal analysis and classification. EEG signals can be used for person identification and generally used in near future. Related Articles | Metrics

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An automatic marking method for detecting abnormal signals in arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity waveforms Chu Xia, Wu Xiao-ming, Huang Yue-shan 2010, 14 (43):  8086-8089.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.027 Abstract ( 323 )   PDF (537KB) ( 344 )   Save BACKGROUND: Current abnormal blood pressure waveform detection algorithms are developed by definition of each beat and extraction of feature at beat-level resolution. These methods are time-consuming for normal signals are much more than abnormal signals. There are few reports about detection abnormal blood flow waveforms. OBJECTIVE: To propose a classification algorithm for detecting faulty signals in arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) which are normally caused by the calibration of the recording devices and artifacts during the data collection. METHODS: The feature extraction process combined frequency domain and time-domain methods, which allowed a simple 2-class thresholding technique to differentiate the faulty signals from the recorded data. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Marking and recognition of abnormal signals is key for pretreatment, which is decisive for accurate signal analysis. Current detection of abnormal signals is based on morphological analysis, involving all data. Calculation speed of this algorithm is fast because the analysis was based on both distinctions in frequency and time domain and not just in time-domain. For the lack of a standard of ‘abnormal’ ABP and CBFV signals and many uncertain factors in human mark, this algorithm offer a possibility of unifying the standard and avoiding the subjective influence of human. This algorithm detected the majority of abnormal signals, but some errors exist, because the identification criteria of this algorithm influence later processing. Therefore, subjective identification of some signals is unclear. Future study should establish rigorous identification criteria of abnormal signals and improve time-domain distinctions selection and identification. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bacteria biomembrane formation and anti-bacterial surface modification of implants Pan Zhang-yi, Yan Jie, Cao Cong, Dong Yu-qi 2010, 14 (43):  8090-8094.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.028 Abstract ( 385 )   PDF (372KB) ( 766 )   Save BACKGROUND: A large number of studies have demonstrated that orthopedic implant infection is related to bacteria biomembrane on the surface of materials. As the effect of general antibiotic is not favorable and the adverse effect is great, anti-infection method with opposing mechanism of bacteria biomembrane attachment release should be used. OBJECTIVE: To explore predisposing factor and drug resistance factor following implanting and investigate effect of various antibiosis coating. METHODS: A computer-based online search of Scopus database and Vip Chinese Periodical Database was performed for articled published between January 1990 and January 2010 related to infection following implant implantation, bacteria biomembrane and surface modification of implants. RESUTLS AND CONCLUSION: The studies on the biocompatibility, wear-resisting and anti-corrosivity on the surface modification of implants are conducted, as well as the antibiosis. The idea of anti-bacterial surface modification of implants is widely accepted. It can be said that the "zero adhesion" of the bacteria is the ultimate goal of antibacterial modification. Although there are numerous studies of various anti-bacterial coating, the majority of them have focused on the pilot phase in vitro, related in vivo animal experiments are few. The immune defense mechanism of the body around the implant has been considered to play a major role in the implant infections. Therefore, the imminent problem requires further investigation to enhance the study on antibiotic modification with little effect on the bone fusion and the surrounding structures. Related Articles | Metrics

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Theory and application of body balance function assessment Wang Hong-mei, Xu Xiu-lin 2010, 14 (43):  8095-8098.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.029 Abstract ( 568 )   PDF (290KB) ( 1749 )   Save BACKGROUND: Balance function is an important body functions, including static balance and dynamic balance. OBJECTIVE: To describe in detail the current status and application of static and dynamic postural balance tests and propose development trend of balance tests. METHODS: Articles related to static balance and dynamic balance were searched from Google and libraries of University of Shanghai for Science &Technology and Fudan University published between January 1990 and December 2009, with key words “balance assessment; balance testing; balance ability” in Chinese and English. Articles published in authoritative journals recently in the same field were selected. 400 articles were firstly collected, and 26 were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Human body balance function testing has been explored for several years. However, questions remain unclear, such as mechanism of balance, evaluation standards for balance function testing, limitations of balance function testing in disease location, diagnosis and identification. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an instrument which could totally, precisely apply in training and assessment function in low price. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of virtual reality technique in biomedical field Lü Ting, Liu Gui-ling, Du Hai-zhou, Liu Peng-nian 2010, 14 (43):  8099-8103.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.030 Abstract ( 729 )   PDF (356KB) ( 1463 )   Save BACKGROUND: Virtual reality is a high-tech simulation system, comprehensive integration of computer graphics technology, computer simulation technology, artificial intelligence, sensor technology, display technology, and network parallel processing technologies. OBJECTIVE: To briefly introduce simulated human body, operation, laboratory and virtual reality technology applied in neuropsychology and nuclear medicine. METHODS: A computer-based online search of 2003/2010 CBM and CNKI database and Google search was performed, with key words “virtual reality, virtual human, digital human, virtual surgery” in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The application of virtual reality technology is very broad, such as urban planning, energy sources investigation, industry simulation, historic site recovery, architecture simulation, communication bridge, harbor stream, tour simulation, simulated class, gardens and military affairs simulation. It also exhibited favorable effects in the biomedical field, virtual human and virtual surgery. In addition, virtual reality technology has advanced in nuclear medicine and radiation protection, dose calculation in nuclear power plant refueling task, and training of staff in nuclear power plant. Virtual reality exposure therapy exhibits good effect in specific phobia and other anxiety disorders. In the future, with the further development of computer technology, virtual reality technology will become the most important application of digital medical tools. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status and prospect of knee joint posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under computer-assisted navigation Xiong Jian-bin, Wei Qing-jun, Zhao Jin-min 2010, 14 (43):  8104-8108.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.031 Abstract ( 381 )   PDF (320KB) ( 495 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the development of knee arthroscopy, reconstruction of posterior cruciate ligament under arthroscopy has been accepted. Reconstruction under guidance of computer-assisted navigation is characterized by accurate positioning, high stability and repeatability. Thus, arthroscopic surgery under computer-assisted navigation would be a milestone for reconstruction of knee joint posterior cruciate ligament. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the progress of reconstruction of knee joint posterior cruciate ligament, and to explore the application of computer-assisted navigation in reconstructing knee joint posterior cruciate ligament. METHODS: A computer online search in Databases of PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed) and CNKI (http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn) were performed by the first author using key words of “computer navigation, posterior cruciate ligament, reconstruction”. The languages were limited for English and Chinese. Totally 112 documents were initial searched by the computer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The posterior cruciate ligament injury is difficult to treat due to the special anatomical position and the important function. With the development of computer technology in the 20th century, computer navigation systems have been applied in the surgical field. By using computer navigation systems in the reconstruction of posterior cruciate ligament, we can better evaluate the precision and feasibility of surgery. This technology not only satisfies the needs of patients, but also improves the effect of clinical surgery. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynesys for lumbar degeneration and instability Zhou Zi-hong, Cheng Li, Yin Qu-dong 2010, 14 (43):  8109-8112.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.032 Abstract ( 289 )   PDF (288KB) ( 597 )   Save BACKGROUND: Spine fusion with rigid fixation is a traditional surgical method for treatment of lumbar degeneration and instability, but the clinical satisfaction rate is low, and there are potential complications. Dynesys is a new non-fusion, dynamic pedicle screw fixation system for the treatment of lumbar degeneration and instability. The system can retain spine function of intervertebral disc and facet joint integrity, maintain the normal movement between segments, as well as have no adverse effects on adjacent segments. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze Dynesys related studies, introduce its major therapeutic mechanism, biomechanics, treatment results, and indications, and contraindications. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez); China HowNet Database (http://ckrd.cnki.net/grid20), VIP Database (http://www.cqvip.com/) was performed for related articles published between 1990 and 2010 with key words “Lumbar, Non fusion, Dynesys" in English and Chinese. Repeated researches were excluded. A total of 49 articles were collected and 31 were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Dynesys is a nonfusion, dynamic or soft tissue pedicle screw stabilization system for treatment of degeneration and instability of lumbar spine. This new system is based on lumbar stability and preservation of intersegmental kinematics and alleviation of loading at the disc and the facet joints. The treatment results were similar to conventional fusion procedures; in addition, Dynesys is less invasive and eliminates the potential risk of adjacent level degeneration as well as restores the physiological stability of spine. Even if failed, traditional fusion procedure is considered. This nonfusion posterior spinal fixation prevents spinal fusion for some patients, maximizes retention of the spine functions, and is consistent with trend of current functional reconstruction of spinal nonfusion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanical determination of the femoral head: Experiments and methods Ruan Wen-dong, Xue Yuan 2010, 14 (43):  8113-8116.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.033 Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (288KB) ( 564 )   Save BACKGROUND: Understanding of mechanical properties of cancellous bone is the important for the study of bone remodeling and bone reconstruction as well as joint prosthesis design. The knowledge about compressive strength and elasticity modulus of spongy bone is not sufficient. Recently, studies on reverse, stretching, cutting, striking and other mechanical properties of cancellous bone have been conducted, and the achievements have been applied to the biomechanical study of femoral head, and thus help the finding of causes, pathology and treatment of femoral head necrosis. OBJECTIVE: To review related references and summarize the approaches, development, significance and characteristics of the biomechanics of femoral head. METHDOS: The first author searches the databases of 1990/2009 PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed) and Wanfang (http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn) for the articles on biomechanics of the femoral head with the key words “bone biomechanics, mechanical testing of femoral head, biomechanics of hip and femoral head necrosis” in English and Chinese. A total of 107 articles were collected. After eliminating repeated studies and preliminary screening by titles and abstracts, 32 articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The knowledge of biomechanical properties of femoral head has been developed promptly in recent years, and the research approaches have expended from macroscopic to microscopic. Various approaches of mechanical testing of femoral head have been explored, which lays a foundation for the further study of biomechanical factors of femoral head necrosis. However, to completely know the biomechanical properties of femoral head, explore and verify the influence of the changes of biomechanical environment of femoral head on the occurrence of femoral head necrosis, further innovation of theories and research approaches are required. Related Articles | Metrics

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Measurements and application of femoral neck anteversion Luo Huan-jiang, Long Teng-he, Liang Hong-feng, Zhao Hai-bo, Meng Hui-hua, Pan Zhong-cheng 2010, 14 (43):  8117-8120.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.034 Abstract ( 499 )   PDF (310KB) ( 648 )   Save OBJECTIVE: To evaluate various measurement methods of femoral neck anteversion to search an appreciate method for clinical application. METHODS: A computer-based online search was performed for related articles published between January 1995 and June 2010 with the key words “femoral neck anteversion, imaging, measurement, clinical applications” in Chinese and English, respectively. Articles related to application of measurements for femoral neck anteversion were included. Repetitive and Meta analysis studies were excluded. RESULTS: Measurement of femoral neck anteversion and correlation between femoral neck and acetabulum routes are important for hip joint diseases treatment. Anatomy, X-ray, CT 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional methods have been frequently used. X-ray and CT 2-dimensional methods can observe and measure femoral neck anteversion from one direction or from one plane, while CT 3-dimensional method can measure several angels from several directions to meet clinical demands. In addition, it can measure acetabular routes. CONCLUSION: Various methods have been clinically used to measure femoral neck anteversion, and CT 3-dimensional method has been extensively used. Related Articles | Metrics

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Carpal instability reparation and reconstruction Qiu Nan-hai, Zhang Wen-long 2010, 14 (43):  8121-8124.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.035 Abstract ( 440 )   PDF (273KB) ( 735 )   Save BACKGROUND: The wrist joint instability is a common complication of the injured joints, and the clinical symptoms of carpal instability are precise. However, the reconstruction of wrist joint instability and replacement at late stage remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnosis and reconstruction of carpal instability. METHODS: A computer-based online search of Wanfang and Pubmed database was performed for Chinese and English articles published between January 1972 and December 2009, with the key words “carpal instability, carpal injury, reparation and reconstruction” in Chinese and English. A total of 34 articles regarding to pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis of carpal instability, and treatments were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Carpal instability can be diagnosed by general condition, X-ray manifestations, other imaging manifestations and arthroscopic manifestations. Carpal instability treatment is selected according to injury classification, degree and degenerative changes. Early t arthroscopic reconstruction is characterized by little injury, little pain, short hospital stay and rehabilitation, and rapid functional recovery. At the final phases, joint fusion, arthroplasty and prosthesis replacement can be used to treat carpal instability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite-element analysis of female pelvic floor levator ani muscle Chen Wei, Yan Zhi-han, Wu Li-jun 2010, 14 (43):  8125-8128.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.036 Abstract ( 327 )   PDF (297KB) ( 567 )   Save BACKGROUND: Finite element analysis is widely applied in biomechanical studies of Orthopedics. It plays an irreplaceable role as a method complement and verify each other with traditional experiment biomechanics. At present the finite element analysis of soft tissue (such as levator ani muscle) remains exploration in domestic and international research, but it is developing rapidly. OBJECTIVE: To review about the finite element analysis progress of female pelvic floor levator ani muscle. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed and CNKI databases was performed for articles published between 1990 and 2008 regarding pelvic floor dysfunction, pelvic floor levator ani muscle finite element analysis, and pelvic floor reconstruction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The establishment and the finite element analysis of the female pelvic floor levator ani muscles can help to know the mechanism of female pelvic floor dysfunction, and improve the medical instrument design and implementation of the surgical operation plan. Although the establishment and analysis of three-dimensional finite element model of pelvic floor soft tissue remains in primary stage, the application of finite-element method will be more widely with computer hardware of the rapid development and finite-element application software of the continuing improvement. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Matlab in processing and analysis of digital traditional Chinese medicine tongue image Zhang Ji, Yang Ya-ping 2010, 14 (43):  8129-8132.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.037 Abstract ( 486 )   PDF (305KB) ( 802 )   Save BACKGROUND: The use of digital information processing technology to regulate and analyze the tongue image is an important basis for research of traditional Chinese medicine tongue diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To predigest the processing arithmetic of tongue image utilized Matlab Image Processing Toolbox and to acquire the external information of tongue. METHODS: A computer-based online search of Pubmed database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed) and Wanfang database (http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn) between 2000 and 2010 was performed for related articles with the key words of “Digital Tongue Image processing, matlab medical images” in English and Chinese. A total of 59 literatures were primarily obtained. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the diagnostic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the essence of disease is disorder of Yinyang, Qixue and Jinye which produces all kinds of pathologic states such as coldness and heat, deficiency and excessiveness. Tongue is regarded as a mirror to reflect healthly state of boby since it brings information on colness and heat, deficiency and excessiveness, dryness and humidness and other pathologic changes. This paper introduces the computer-related digital traditional Chinese medicine Tongue Image processing technology, and Matlab as a powerful simulation analysis software is widely used in scientific research and solve specific problems. The use of the Matlab toolbox to the digital traditional Chinese medicine Tongue Image processing is the advance of diagnostic theory of traditional Chinese Medicine, and provides helpful way for medical image analysis of traditional Chinese medicine. Related Articles | Metrics

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Intermittent pneumatic compression for prevention and treatment of deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs following hip replacement Li Jian 2010, 14 (43):  8133-8136.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.038 Abstract ( 398 )   PDF (306KB) ( 609 )   Save OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application features of intermittent pneumatic compression and prevention and treatment of deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs following hip replacement. METHODS: A computer-based online search of Wanfang and CNKI databases was performed for articles related to intermittent pneumatic compression and prevention and treatment of deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs following hip replacement published between 1980 and 2010 with the keywords “hip replacement, deep venous thrombosisof lower limbs, intermittent pneumatic compression, prevention, treatment”. Articles related to causes and prevention measures of deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs were included. Repetitive studies and old articles were excluded.  RESULTS: A total of 23 articles were included. The formation of deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs following hip replacement mainly relate to blood hypercoagulabale state, slow venous blood flow, blood vessel endothelium injury, analgesic pump application and psychological factors. The deep venous thrombosis frequently occurs at femoral vein, sural veins and leg intermuscular venous plexus at 1-7 days post hip replacement. Intermittent pneumatic compression treatment prevents thrombosis through the mechanical effect and biochemical effect. CONCLUSION: Intermittent pneumatic compression exhibits favorable prevention of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs following hip replacement. It is a safe and simple physical therapy. However, the effect in patients with high risks remains unclear, which requires the combination with drugs to obtain precise treatment effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Rectangle carbon fiber versus threaded titanium cage in the treatment of lumbar spinal instability Li Qin-liang, Liu Yi, Chen Ming, Chen Jin-chuan 2010, 14 (43):  8137-8140.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.039 Abstract ( 364 )   PDF (303KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: A variety of cages, such as carbon fiber cage and threaded titanium cage, for lumbar fusion have been used to treat lumbar spinal instability and obtain favorable clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To treat lumbar spinal instability using rectangle carbon fiber cage and threaded titanium cage and compare the clinical effect and radiological appraisal. METHODS: A total of 59 cases of lumbar spinal instability underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion with rectangle carbon fiber cage (n=37) and threaded titanium cage (n=22) combined pedical fixation were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were evaluated by M-JOA scoring system, and the intervertebral height and the lumbar triangle were observed. The bone fusion was determined on X-ray and CT at follow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No differences were observed between two groups in intervertebral height and the lumbar triangle at 1 week postoperatively (P > 0.05). At 1 year postoperatively, the height of intervertebral space and the lumbar triangle were greater 1 year after operation in fusion with rectangle carbon fiber cage compared with fusion with threaded titanium cage (P < 0.01). Both groups obtained bony fusion, with clinical symptoms relief and lower back pain improvement (P > 0.05). The rectangle carbon fiber cage and threaded titanium cage in interbody lumbar fusion are effective to treat lumbar spinal instability in clinical effect and bone fusion, but the interbody fusion with rectangle carbon fiber cage could maintain a perfect height of intervertebral space and lumbar triangle. Related Articles | Metrics

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Unilateral total knee arthroplasty: Comparison among subcutaneous drainage, articular cavity drainage, and no drainage Fang Rui, Liang Zhi-quan, Meng Qing-cai, Deng Ying-jie, Song Yu-cheng, Shi Liang, Ailijiang·Asila　 2010, 14 (43):  8141-8144.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.040 Abstract ( 324 )   PDF (224KB) ( 425 )   Save BACKGROUND: Drainage placement and pattern during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of subcutaneous drainage after unilateral TKA with or without drainage. METHODS: A randomized prospective study was performed. The 101 patients were divided into 3 groups: subcutaneous drainage (n=35), articular cavity drainage (n=32), no drainage (n=34). The blood loss, blood transfusion and hemoglobin reduction among groups were compared. The recovery after surgery and the correlative complications were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous ecchymosis area (11-30 cm2, > 30 cm2) and knee joint diameter increase rate 3 days post surgery were significantly lower in subcutaneous drainage group compared with other groups (P < 0.05); blood transfusion amount, drainage amount 24 hours post replacement, hemoglobin reduction were lower in subcutaneous drainage group compared with articular cavity drainage group (P < 0.05). The pain scores, flexion degree, infection rate during 1-year follow-up were similar among the groups (P > 0.05). Results show that subcutaneous drainage has advantages after unilateral TKA compared with articular cavity drainage or no drainage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Modified tension-band wire and memory alloy patellar holder in treatment of patellar fracture: Comparison in 230 cases from one institute within 7 years Wang Wei-shan, Dong Jin-bo, He Bin, Yang Jian, Shi Chen-hui　 2010, 14 (43):  8145-8148.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.041 Abstract ( 297 )   PDF (291KB) ( 446 )   Save BACKGROUND: Although there are many internal fixation materials for clinical treatment of patellar fractures. It requires investigation how to select appropriate medical condition, treatment with precise effect and feasible materials. OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effect of modified tension-band wire and memory alloy patellar holder on patellar fractures to provide evidence for choosing appropriate treatment method in clinic. METHODS: A total of 230 patients with patellar fracture, treated in First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University between January 2002 and January 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Of them, 143 were treated with modified tension-band wire, and 87 with memory alloy patellar holder．The operation time, union of fracture time, incidence of complications, total cost of hospitalization and functional outcome was assessed with Bostman score system were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Al1 the patients were followed up for more than 4 months. There was no statistically significant among the two groups in every index (P > 0.05). But memory alloy patellar holder was more costly compared with modified tension-band wire (P < 0.01). In therapy for comminuted fracture, the operation time and healing time was similar in two groups (P > 0.05), The incidence of complications in memory alloy patellar holder group was significantly lower compared with modified tension-band wire (P < 0.01), and the excellent and good rate of memory alloy patellar holder group was 100%, significantly greater than modified tension-band wire group (P < 0.01). K-wire tension band internal fixation should be the routine method in treating the patellar transverse fracture for the advantage of reliable effect, low cost and easy to spread. Memory alloy patellar holder has the advantage of reliable fixation, less surgical trauma and fewer complications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Collection and comparison of the times of cracking sounds during four different ways of cervical rotatory manipulations Wang Fu, Chen Li-zhen, Li Yi-kai, He Yi-xian, Lu Qi, Zhou Bei-yun, Luo Ping, Li Tao 2010, 14 (43):  8149-8153.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.042 Abstract ( 376 )   PDF (279KB) ( 437 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are many cervical rotatory manipulations, such as lift and rotation manipulation, Feng’s manipulation, Sun’s rotation manipulation and Long’s rotation manipulation. Those four manipulation can produce cracking sounds when rotating the cervical vertebra. Is there difference among the cracking sounds caused by the four different cervical rotatory manipulations? OBJECTIVE: To observe and compare the difference of times of cracking sounds caused by four different kinds of cervical rotatory manipulations. METHODS: A total of 96 healthy college students were randomly divided into four groups, which respectively underwent lift and rotation manipulation, local and rotation manipulation, Sun’s rotation manipulation and pure rotation manipulation. Each student was rotated to the left side first and then to the right side. A set of equipment designed for acoustic signal acquisition was applied to collect the cracking sounds, followed by statistical analysis of the data collected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: When rotated to the left, the times of cracking sounds caused by local and rotation manipulation and Sun’s rotation were less than the other two manipulations, and the proportion of one time of sound was greater. When rotated to the right, the times of cracking sounds caused by the four different kinds of cervical rotatory manipulations were similar. When rotating the cervical vertebrae, the times of cracking sounds were reduced by exerting axial stretching force, and the proportion of one time of sound was greater. We can improve the accuracy and pertinency of bonesetting in this way. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a speculative equation for body fat rate in male college students of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Fang Li-qin, Hua Yan 2010, 14 (43):  8154-8157.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.043 Abstract ( 421 )   PDF (353KB) ( 482 )   Save BACKGROUND: Underwater weighing method is a gold standard to measure body fat rate. However, the complex instrument and tedious technique limit the application in large-sample measurement. Therefore, it is necessary to search a simple and indirect method to measure body fat rate. OBJECTIVE: To establish a speculative equation of fat rate among male college students in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region based on some physical capacity parameters. METHODS: A total of 200 students were included and divided into equation group (n=160) from Qinzhou College and testing group (n=40) from other colleges. They were male, and Zhuang nationality. The stepwise regression analysis was performed with the body fat weighed underwater as the dependent variable and partial body indexes as the independent variables to establish the speculative equation of fat rate. The corresponding indexes of subjects in the testing group were used into the newly established equation to verify its credibility. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The equation was successfully established. The validation results showed that no significant differences between the equation established in this study and mean value weighed by underwater method (F = 0.097, P = 0.849). The newly-established equation can be applied into the speculation of fat rate among male college students in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. Related Articles | Metrics

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Total hip revision for early dislocation following double-action femoral head replacement: A five-case follow-up in 13 years in one institute Meng Wei-zheng, Zhang Yong, Wang Ming-jun, Hu Bing, Chen Ming-guo, Zheng Yong-mao, Dang Li-ping, He Xiang 2010, 14 (43):  8158-8161.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.044 Abstract ( 420 )   PDF (319KB) ( 387 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies analyzed prosthesis loosening and subsidence, acetabulum wearing, prosthesis stem breakage in revision following artificial bipolar femoral head replacement. Little is known regarding dislocation-induced revision. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the causes for early dislocation of artificial bipolar femoral head after total hip replacement and explore the necessity of revision. METHODS: Clinical data of 5 patients who underwent revision after artificial bipolar femoral head replacement from May 1995 to October 2008 were reviewed retrospectively, including 3 males, 2 females, aged 75 to 87 years, with a mean age of 81 years. The reason of revision was recent dislocation. All cases underwent one-stage revision operation, while those with bone defect had bone graft. Routine blood test and blood sedimentation were observed early after revision; Harris scores for hip joint were evaluated 6 months, 1 and 2 years after revision. X-ray was used to observe acetabular prosthesis position in the pelvis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All postoperative patients were followed up 1 year at least (1 to 4 years), and no one required revision. The mean Harris score was 88 points at the final follow up. No one had wound infection or nerve and vascular damage. There was one case with insufficient cortical bone fracture while enlarging marrow cavity. X-ray showed that the position of prosthesis was normal, with no signs of loosening or infection.  Poor surgical technique and improper operation indication were main reasons for early postoperative dislocation following bipolar artificial femoral head replacement. Because of the feature of double-action, the closed reduction is difficult while dislocation of artificial femoral head occurs and revision is necessary. When the indication is correct, and surgical skill is proficient, the revision of total hip replacement could get excellent functional outcome. Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective research on the effect of cementless prosthesis in total hip replacement of 178 middle aged patients during 7-year follow-up 2010, 14 (43):  8162-8166.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.045 Abstract ( 267 )   PDF (326KB) ( 426 )   Save BACKGROUND: Total hip replacement in middle-aged patients is challenging regarding restoration and survival, because these patients are more active than old patients. OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively investigate whether a cementless prosthesis could restore hip function, decrease osteolysis, wear, and enhance prosthesis survival in middle-aged patients. METHODS: Clinical and radiological evaluations of patients undergoing single-side total hip replacement with cement and cementless prosthesis were analyzed preoperatively as well as at 6 months, 1, 4 and 7 years postoperatively. The outcomes of total hip replacement were assessed using Harris hip scores and survival rate. End point was loosening or revision of the femoral component for any reason. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cementless prosthesis had gained better Harris hip scores than that of cement prosthesis group at 6 months, 1, 4 and 7 years postoperatively (P < 0.05). The survival rate was greater in cementless prosthesis compared with cement prosthesis during 7-year follow-up (P < 0.05). Results have suggested that cementless prosthesis achieves high rate of functional restoration and a low rate of complications in middle-aged patients following total hip replacement. Related Articles | Metrics

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Autologous iliac bone graft combined with or without plate internal fixation for the treatment of spinal tuberculosis in 60 cases Lan Chang-gong, Tang Yu-jin, Lu Min-an, Wei Wei, Xie Ke-gong, Pan Sheng-cai, Lu Xian-zhe 2010, 14 (43):  8167-8170.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.43.046 Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (186KB) ( 362 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clinical practice showed that there are certain correlations between postoperative C-reactive protein levels and bone graft fusion time following focal debridement, autologous iliac bone graft, with or without plate internal fixation, for the treatment of spinal tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation between postoperative C-reactive protein levels and bone graft fusion time of spinal tuberculosis patients. METHODS: A total of 60 cases with spinal tuberculosis were selected from January 2007 to December 2009. All patients were underwent focal debridement, autologous iliac bone graft, with or without plate internal fixation, and confirmed by pathology. The C-reactive protein levels were determined at 1, 7 and 14 days after operation, and then, according to average changes of C-reactive protein levels, the cases were assigned into 4 groups: 10-25 mg/L served as the mildly increase group, 26-50 mg/L as the moderately increase group, 51-100 mg/L as the highly increase group, and greater than 101 mg/L as the extremely increase group. Postoperative C-reactive protein levels were examined at 12, 16, and 24 weeks after operation, the bone graft fusion was observed by X-ray or CT examination, in addition, bone block fusion time was recorded. All groups of patients with spinal tuberculosis postoperative C-reactive protein diversity and bone graft fusion time were analyzed by variability and correlation analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were 18 cases in the mildly increase group, 21 cases in the moderately increase group, 13 cases in the highly increase group, and 8 cases in the extremely increase group. The bone fusion time showed that: there were 8 cases equal to or less than 12 weeks, 34 cases equal to or less than 16 weeks, and 18 cases equal to or less than 24 weeks. There were significant differences among 4 groups in bone graft fusion times (X2=13.990, P=0.003). Spearman correlation analysis showed that, there was a positive correlation between postoperative C-reactive protein levels and bone fusion time (r=0.420, P=0.001). Related Articles | Metrics