Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (在线): 1-15.

   

The construction and validation of a prediction model based on multiple machine learning algorithms and the immunomodulatory analysis of rheumatoid arthritis from the perspective of mitophagy

Li Jiagen, Chen Yueping, Huang Keqi, Chen Shangtong, Huang Chuanhong   

  1. Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530011, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
  • Online:2025-01-08 Published:2024-09-18
  • Contact: Chen Yueping, Ph D, Chief physician, Professor, Doctoral supervisor, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530011, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
  • About author:LI Jiagen, Master candidate, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530011, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82360937 (to CYP); Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 2023JJA140318 (to CYP); Guangxi Integrated Bone and Joint Degenerative Disease Multidisciplinary Innovation Team Project, No. GZKJ2310 (to CYP [project participant]); Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education of GXUCM, No. YCSY2023040 (to LJG)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis has not yet been fully clarified, and recent studies have shown that mitophagy is associated with rheumatoid arthritis, but the key mechanisms need to be explored in depth. 
OBJECTIVE: To identify and validate the core interaction genes of mitophagy in rheumatoid arthritis using multiple machine learning algorithms and to analyze its immunoregulatory process.
METHODS: The rheumatoid arthritis transcriptome expression dataset GSE15573 was retrieved from the GEO database as an independent training set, with the GSE97779 and GSE55235 collections used as independent validation sets. The RA differentially expressed genes were screened using the training set, and “WGCNA” analysis was also performed. Then we downloaded the mitophagy-related genes from the “MitoCarta3.0” database, and intersected them with the RA differentially expressed genes and the genes in the “WGCNA” analysis module to obtain the RA-Mitophagy-related genes, and then analyzed the related genes for functional enrichment to clarify the cellular pathways. Feature genes were initially identified using the “Random Forest” and “Lasso” algorithms. The overlapping genes from these two methods were further refined using the “GMM” algorithm to identify the core interaction genes between rheumatoid arthritis and mitophagy. A predictive model was then developed and validated using an external dataset. Finally, “CIBERSORT” was employed to analyze the proportions and interactions of immune cell subsets during immune infiltration, while “ssGSEA” was used to examine the associations between the rheumatoid arthritis-mitophagy core interaction genes and immune cell subsets. “ssGSEA” was also utilized to analyze the “GO” and “KEGG” biological pathways of the core interaction genes.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 807 RA DEGs were obtained by differential analysis, 1208 genes were selected from two feature modules by “WGCNA” analysis, 1136 genes were sorted out from the MitoCarta 3.0 database, and 53 HUB genes were obtained from the intersection of the three genes as RA-Mitophagy related genes. The results of functional enrichment analysis of related genes showed that the cellular processes were mainly related to mitophagy-animal, peroxisome, cellular senescence, and necroptosis. The three machine learning algorithms identified four RA-Mitophagy core interaction genes (DNAJA3, C12orf65, AKR7A2, and PDHB). The AUC of nomoscore was 0.989, and the AUC values of RA-Mitophagy core interaction genes verified by the receiver operating characteristic curve of external patient samples were all greater than 0.7. Immunoregulatory analysis showed that the mitophagy process in rheumatoid arthritis was closely associated with memory B cells, M0 macrophages, activated memory CD4 T cells, and resting memory CD4 T cells. The biological pathway analysis revealed that the core interacting genes were strongly associated with 821 “GO” pathways (|cor| > 0.8, P < 0.001) and 48 “KEGG” pathways (|cor| > 0.8, P < 0.001). The key biological processes identified are related to mitochondrial DNA metabolic process, mitochondrial DNA repair, mitochondrial DNA replication, mitochondrial genome maintenance, positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization, and positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway. The conclusions showed that DNAJA3, C12orf65, AKR7A2, and PDHB are the core interaction genes of the mitophagy process in rheumatoid arthritis, which play key roles in disease progression by participating in specific immune processes and have precise and predictive effects on the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Key words: mitophagy, rheumatoid arthritis, machine learning algorithm, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, predictive model, external validation, immune cells, biological function

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