Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2019, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (11): 1774-1780.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1099
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Peng Jie1, Luo Jiong2, Song Gang2
Received:
2018-10-07
Contact:
Peng Jie, Institute of Physical Education, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, Guizhou Province, China
About author:
Peng Jie, Master, Lecturer, Institute of Physical Education, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, Guizhou Province, China
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program), No. 31360254 (to SG)
CLC Number:
Peng Jie1, Luo Jiong2, Song Gang2. Eccentric exercise training against aging: problems in physiological benefits[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2019, 23(11): 1774-1780.
2.1 离心收缩运动训练对抗老化的可能机制 目前探讨离心训练对老年族群抗老化的文献不是很多,而且对于离心训练产生抗老化效果的真正机制还不完全清楚。 然而,先前文献推测,老年人经由离心训练可提升抗老化之效果,可能是借由提升肌力、改变肌纤维型态、神经肌肉动员效率进步、增加肌肉横断面积(慢缩肌:+34%-46%,快缩肌:+28%-52%)[19]、降低体内炎症反应和降低有氧代谢的需求等因素共同作用产生的[20]。此外,有研究推测,虽然离心训练提升膝伸肌力程度与传统重量训练相似,但是离心训练可能会使肌纤维长度明显变长,传统重量训练则无法产生此效应[21]。所以上述两种不同训练方式会产生不同肌肉结构与训练强度的适应现象,因为离心运动能承载比向心及等长收缩较大的负荷,而且离心收缩时的肌纤维有较大的伸展性,进而可作为一种有效刺激肌节串联或肌节增生的效果[22]。故随着离心训练时间的延长可以观察到肌束长度也跟着变长的效果,且离心力矩也会随之增加[23-24]。反观传统向心肌力训练方式无法达到像离心训练所产生的肌束长度变长与离心力矩进步效果,这不仅涉及到肌肉收缩的特殊形态有关[25-26],而且也可作为解释离心训练作为抗老化的可能原因之一。因此,有关离心训练产生抗老化效果的机制,还有待未来更多研究者做深入探讨,才能揭晓其真正的答案。目前离心收缩运动训练对抗老化的可能机制见图1。"
2.2 离心收缩运动训练对抗老化效果的影响 2.2.1 离心收缩训练对肌力及功能性适能的影响 离心收缩训练与健康老年人的肌力及功能性适能:Isner-Horobeti等[27]的综评性文献,分析腿部离心训练对老年人肌肉功能及功能性能力之可能影响,提出离心运动训练效果比向心与等长训练来得好,因此提出离心运动可能对老年人是一项具有吸引力且有别于传统的运动方式。Roig等[28]针对老年人进行12周高强度(75%-80%最大肌力)等速双腿膝伸与屈肌群离心收缩运动训练(2 d/周,2-4组/d,8-12次/组),结果发现平均收缩压下降约5%,膝伸肌群的肌力提升约17%。Gault等[29]让老年人以自觉舒服强度进行12周水平走路或10°坡角下坡(3 d/周、30 min/d)走路训练,结果发现,与水平组相比,下坡走组最大等长肌力及功能性体适能(步速、5次站到坐时间)提升,而耗氧量则显著下降。Mueller等[30]比较12周离心固定阻力脚踏车与传统阻力训练对健康老年族群(平均80岁)的训练效果,结果发现离心阻力脚踏车组的肌力提升(8% vs. 2%)及体脂肪下降(-5% vs. -1%)均明显优于传统阻力训练组。 离心收缩训练与患疾患老年人的肌力及功能性适能Hansen等[31]探讨12周离心阻力脚踏车运动训练对罹患癌症年长者肌力与功能性能力的影响,结果发现离心阻力脚踏车组比对照组的股四头肌肉截面积(2% vs. -0.1%)、膝伸肌群的肌力(29% vs. 8%)与6 min步行距离(12% vs. 2%)皆有显著提升。Tajra等[32]针对2型糖尿病中年妇女(平均年龄54岁)进行16周离心踏步机训练后发现:离心收缩运动训练训练改善糖化血色素(0.6% vs. -0.3%)、6 min步行距离(8% vs. 5%)与身体质量指数(-5% vs. +0.3%)皆明显优于对照组。Dibble等[33]以帕金森病老年患者为研究对象,进行12周离心固定脚踏车训练后发现,离心收缩运动训练训练组提升股四头肌肉截面积(18% vs. 4%)、步行速度(12% vs. 2%)及功能性体适能(起身走测验时间:17% vs. -2%)都明显优于对照组。具体见表1。 综合上述学者的报道,离心收缩运动训练方式似乎对健康及不健康老年人肌力提升及功能性体适能皆有益,而这两方面获益对于改善老年人独立自主的生活能力、降低跌倒风险与提升生活质量显然是有帮助的。但值得注意的是,上述研究文献中,极少有学者考虑性别差异及样本量的问题,实验设计中常将参与者不分性别混合在一起,影响研究结果的效、信度,未来研究应对此进行深入探讨。 2.2.2 离心收缩训练对肌纤维类型及肌腱结构的影响 离心收缩训练与肌纤维类型:离心收缩运动训练属于高负荷性质,且强调爆发力及力量的产生,而人体神经-肌肉系统征召肌纤维进行收缩需按一定的顺序原则[34]。肌肉神经动作电位开始传递,并利用肌浆网释出的钙离子与旋转蛋白结合,促使横桥与肌动蛋白结合产生滑动并收缩肌肉。然而当运动强度增大时,开始征召第2类型肌纤维(TypeⅡa,Ⅱb),增加工作能力并提升肌力。有研究认为在综合阻力训练及离心收缩训练情况下,肌力和爆发力的首要目标是刺激增进TypeⅡb纤维的反应[35],并促使TypeⅡa纤维转变成TypeⅡb纤维。Correa等[6]针对受试者进行12周最大用力拉长-缩短循环训练后,股外侧肌单一肌纤维截面积增加22%-30%,并以第Ⅱ类型肌纤维增加最多。有研究指出多样性离心式训练,造成肌纤维比例增加的部份只有TypeⅡa的肌纤维有明显增加(约8%),而单一肌纤维的直径则以TypeⅡa/Ⅱx增加最多(约57%)[36]。有研究针对女性老年人的抗阻力运动训练后亦发现,离心收缩运动训练训练能提升第Ⅰ类型肌纤维(TypⅠ)对于钙离子的敏感度[37]。这说明离心收缩训练后,其钙离子活化阈值有减少趋势,代表钙离子敏感度有增加现象。 离心收缩训练与肌腱结构:对于要求爆发力的运动,力量产生的速率是非常重要的。有研究发现:离心收缩运动训练能使膝伸肌力量产生速率加快[38],提升垂直起跳的表现,究其部分原因是由于离心收缩运动训练促使肌肉收缩前期的神经传输速度加快。有研究显示,最大等长阻力训练与高强度离心收缩运动训练后(下蹲跳、蹲踞跳),跳高运动表现增进是由于肌腱结构特性改变的结果[39]。Blackburn等[40]研究指出离心及等长训练都能显着增加腓肠肌的肌腱刚度,但两组间并无显着差异。Ishikawa等[41]研究也显示,离心收缩运动训练会给予肌腱的腱鞘复合体一种牵拉刺激,为了要做出被牵拉后的肌肉强力快速收缩的动作,从而产生在肌腱的腱鞘复合体上刚性变硬的适应现象。邱正民等[42]研究发现:离心收缩运动训练确实能提升肌电活化现象,在第4周时实验组最大自主等长用力改变显著增加9%;8周运动结束后,最大自主等长用力持续增加18%,机电传导延迟在8周结束后仍未有显著变化。可见离心收缩运动训练训练促进肌腱的腱鞘复合体储存更多的弹性位能,使得最后释放做功的总能量上升[43-44]。见表2。 综上所述,虽然有部分研究显示离心收缩运动训练对于肌腱刚度并无影响,但目前多数研究支持了离心收缩运动训练能提升肌腱刚度。但离心收缩训练造成肌腱刚性的变化,是因肌肉活化特性的改变,还是由于肌肉肌腱本身结构特性改变造成的仍需进一步探讨。总之,离心收缩运动训练有助于加快肌肉达到最大活化,并改变肌纤维的类型、直径及力量,进而提升运动表现,但这方面的研究文献太少,未来学者应进一步加大这方面的研究力度。 2.2.3 离心收缩训练对骨密度的影响 离心收缩训练与骨密度:有研究针对青春期女性设计了9个月的离心收缩运动训练训练计划(3次/周、30-45 min/次、中高强度)以原地跳跃、阶梯跳跃、深跳为主,结果发现,与未接受训练但保持正常体能活动的对照组比较,在全身骨质密度上都呈显着增加趋势,且股骨大转子处最为突出[43]。Maïmoun等[44]将17岁女性受试者分成3组(跳绳、足球及对照组),经3个月训练后发现,跳绳组在总身体、总股骨及股骨近端的骨头面积皆比足球及对照组大。Heinonen等[45]研究发现,成年女性给予高冲击的运动训练后,负重处的股骨头的骨质密度呈显著增加。有研究将中老年妇女分成高、低冲击训练,并比较其腰椎、股骨颈及股骨大转子的骨质密度,结果发现只有高冲击训练组在大转子处有显著增加。总之,无论受试者是青少年还是中老年人,高强度离心收缩运动训练皆有助于其骨质密度的增加。但若不熟悉离心收缩运动训练形态及负荷强度,则易在快速离心收缩阶段产生肌肉及结缔组织伤害,造成肌力下降、关节活动范围减少及肌肉或结缔组织肿胀酸痛等现象[46]。基于离心收缩运动训练的快速离心再向心收缩的特性,随负荷量大小容易有不同程度的肌纤维及结缔组织受损,故进行离心收缩运动训练训练时,相关作用的离心稳定肌群的功能性训练显得特别重要。"
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