Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2023, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (21): 3375-3381.doi: 10.12307/2023.178

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Role and mechanism of polyphosphate in bone tissue regeneration

Cao Jin1, Wang Ansu1, Huang Nijiao1, Wu Fujun1, Chen Ping1, Li Chengmei2, Wang Xin1   

  1. 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2Medical Case Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
  • Received:2022-05-12 Accepted:2022-07-02 Online:2023-07-28 Published:2022-11-24
  • Contact: Wang Xin, MD, Chief physician, Professor, Doctoral supervisor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
  • About author:Cao Jin, Master candidate, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 31960209; Basic Research Program of Guizhou Science and Technology Department (Guizhou Science and Technology Foundation), No. [2020]1Y093 (to WX); Graduate Research Fund of Zunyi Medical University, No. ZYK63 (to CJ)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Regenerative repair of large bone defects remains one of the great challenges for clinical orthopedic surgeons. Polyphosphates not only play an important role in osteoblast development and growth factor release, but also regulate osteogenic activity by affecting the structure of local blood clots.
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the relationship between polyphosphates and bone tissue regeneration and to understand the mechanism of polyphosphates in osteogenesis. 
METHODS: CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM and PubMed databases were searched for articles regarding research progress of polyphosphates in bone tissue regeneration. After preliminarily screened by reading abstracts, a total of 80 articles were finally included for review. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The mechanisms of action of polyphosphates in bone tissue regeneration can be classified into the following categories: (1) Polyphosphates enhance fibroblast growth factor-2-mediated cellular signaling pathways by inducing the expression of the related transcription factors Runx2, matrix metalloproteinase-1, osteopontin, osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin related genes, enhance the affinity between fibroblast growth factor-2 and the receptor, activate fibroblast growth factor-mediated cellular signaling pathways, and promote osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. (2) During osteoblast metabolism: polyphosphate catabolism provides a source of energy and regulation of calcitonin, osteogenesis-associated transcription factors, bone sialic acid protein, and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase gene expression, promoting cell mineralization. (3) Due to the presence of competitive inhibition: polyphosphate inhibits the enzymatic activity of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase in osteoclasts, contributing to the decrease in bone resorption activity of osteoclasts. (4) Polyphosphate activates the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway and upregulates the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and selectin-E, enhancing monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. (5) Polyphosphate also binds to histone 4 and high mobility group B1 with high affinity and enhances the expression of vascular permeability signaling factors, cell surface adhesion molecules, inflammatory cell migration, and apoptosis. (6) Polyphosphate regulates the inflammatory response by modulating the PI3K/AKT and PLC/PKC/Ca2+ signaling pathways and bradykinin system in endothelial cells. (7) By promoting the formation of coarse fibers of a blood clot, polyphosphates increase the pore size of the fibrous clot, promote the infiltration of relevant cells and factors, and promote local vascularization, and the repair and regeneration of bone tissue.  

Key words: polyphosphate, bone regeneration, mesenchymal stem cell, osteoblast, osteoclast, vascularization, blood vessel, blood clot, review

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