中国组织工程研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (23): 5013-5021.doi: 10.12307/2025.084

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

载药外泌体在中枢神经系统疾病中的热点问题

林慧洁1,黄  云1,黄志华2,3,江丽霞2,4   

  1. 赣南医科大学,1 第一临床医学院,2心脑血管重点实验室,3基础医学院,江西省赣州市   341000;4 赣南医科大学第一附属医院检验科,江西省赣州市   341000
  • 收稿日期:2023-12-19 接受日期:2024-05-17 出版日期:2025-08-18 发布日期:2024-09-30
  • 通讯作者: 江丽霞,硕士生导师,教授,赣南医科大学心脑血管重点实验室,江西省赣州市 341000;赣南医科大学第一附属医院检验科,江西省赣州市 341000
  • 作者简介:林慧洁,女,1998年生,福建省漳州市人,汉族,赣南医科大学在读硕士,主要从事新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病相关研究。
  • 基金资助:
    赣南医学院《心脑血管疾病防治教育部重点实验室》开放课题(XN201921),项目负责人:江丽霞;江西省卫健委项目(202130621),项目负责人:江丽霞;研究生创新专项资金项目(YC2023-S939),项目负责人:林慧洁;研究生创新专项资金项目(YC2022-S964),项目负责人:黄云

Hot topics on exosomes as drug delivery system in central nervous system diseases

Lin Huijie1, Huang Yun1, Huang Zhihua2, 3, Jiang Lixia2, 4   

  1. 1First Clinical Medical School of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China; 2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China; 3School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China; 4Clinical Laboratory of First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
  • Received:2023-12-19 Accepted:2024-05-17 Online:2025-08-18 Published:2024-09-30
  • Contact: Jiang Lixia, Master’s supervisor, Professor, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China; Clinical Laboratory of First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
  • About author:Lin Huijie, Master candidate, First Clinical Medical School of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Open Project of Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Gannan Medical University, No. XN201921 (to JLX); Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Project, No. 202130621 (to JLX); Graduate Innovation Special Fund Project, No. YC2023-S939 (to LHJ); Graduate Innovation Special Fund Project, No. YC2022-S964 (to HY)

摘要:

文题释义:

中枢神经系统疾病:中枢神经系统由脑和脊髓组成,是人体神经系统的最主体部分,中枢神经系统在致病因素的作用下会产生许多疾病,包括脑血管疾病(如脑卒中)、神经退行性疾病(如括帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病)、脊髓损伤、脑肿瘤等。
外泌体载药:外泌体是一类小直径(30-200 nm)的细胞外囊泡,包含丰富的核酸、蛋白质、代谢产物,其脂质双层膜易于携带多种物质不被降解,是细胞间通讯的主要工具,也被认为是穿越血脑屏障、向脑内递送药物的良好载体。

摘要
背景:利用外泌体作为药物载体不仅可以精确靶向治疗部位,还能提高局部浓度,为药物进入中枢神经系统开辟了一条新途径。
目的:探讨外泌体的生物发生、生物学功能,综述当前有关细胞外囊泡作为药物载体在中枢神经系统疾病治疗中的最新进展。
方法:由第一作者检索Web of Science、PubMed和中国知网数据库1976年1月至2024年1月发表的相关文献,以“exosomes,extracellular vesicles,central nervous system,drug delivery,ischemic stroke,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,spinal cord injury,brain tumor”为英文检索词,以“外泌体,细胞外囊泡,中枢神经系统疾病,载药,脑卒中,阿尔兹海默病,帕金森病,脊髓损伤、脑肿瘤”为中文检索词,最终纳入94篇文献进行分析。
结果与结论:①外泌体可以轻易通过血脑屏障输送蛋白质、代谢物和核酸到受体细胞中,调节细胞代谢。由于外泌体是由细胞分泌的小囊泡,具有更低的循环免疫原性,在体内循环中能够更少被巨噬细胞识别清除。②外泌体可以被设计为递送不同的治疗成分,包括RNA、蛋白质、化疗药物和免疫调节剂,能够将治疗成分传送至期望的目标。经过工程修饰的外泌体具有更好的靶向性,并且这种外泌体介导的传递免疫原性极低,有望为将来中枢神经系统疾病的精准治疗提供更加安全有效的方法。

关键词: 中枢神经系统疾病, 外泌体, 药物递送, 脑卒中, 阿尔茨海默病, 帕金森病, 脊髓损伤, 脑肿瘤

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of exosomes as drug carriers can not only precisely target the therapeutic site, but also increase the local concentration, opening up a new way for drugs to enter the central nervous system.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the biogenesis and biological functions of exosomes and summarize the current state-of-the-art regarding extracellular vesicles as drug carriers in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
METHODS: The first author searched Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI for relevant literature from January 1976 to January 2024. The English search terms were “exosomes, extracellular vesicles, central nervous system, drug delivery, ischemic stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, brain tumor.” The Chinese search terms were “exosomes, extracellular vesicles, central nervous system diseases, drug delivery, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, brain tumor.” Finally, 94 articles were included for analysis. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Exosomes can easily cross the blood-brain barrier and deliver proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids to recipient cells to regulate cellular metabolism. Since exosomes are small vesicles secreted by cells, they have a much lower circulating immunogenicity and can be less likely to be recognized and cleared by macrophages in the internal circulation. (2) Exosomes can be engineered to deliver different therapeutically ingredients, including RNA, proteins, chemotherapeutic drugs, and immunomodulators, and are capable of delivering them to the desired target areas. Engineered modified exosomes have better targeting properties. Furthermore, this exosome-mediated delivery is extremely low in immunogenicity and is expected to provide a safer and more effective method for precision therapy of central nervous system diseases in the future.

Key words: ">central nervous system disease, exosomes, drug delivery, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, brain tumor

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