中国组织工程研究 ›› 2023, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (7): 1096-1102.doi: 10.12307/2023.105

• 生物材料综述 biomaterial review • 上一篇    下一篇

人工生物瓣膜的研究现状及展望

陈世崧,刘晓红,徐志云   

  1. 海军军医大学附属长海医院心血管外科,上海市  200433
  • 收稿日期:2022-03-24 接受日期:2022-05-06 出版日期:2023-03-08 发布日期:2022-07-19
  • 通讯作者: 刘晓红,博士,副教授,海军军医大学附属长海医院心血管外科,上海市 200433 徐志云,教授,海军军医大学附属长海医院心血管外科,上海市 200433
  • 作者简介:陈世崧,男,1998年生,安徽省合肥市,海军军医大学在读硕士。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发项目(2016YFC1100900),项目负责人:徐志云;宁波市重点研发项目(2018B10092),项目负责人:刘晓红

Current status and prospects of bioprosthetic heart valves

Chen Shisong, Liu Xiaohong, Xu Zhiyun   

  1. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • Received:2022-03-24 Accepted:2022-05-06 Online:2023-03-08 Published:2022-07-19
  • Contact: Liu Xiaohong, MD, Associate professor, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China Xu Zhiyun, Professor, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • About author:Chen Shisong, Master candidate, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • Supported by:
    National Research and Development Program of China, No. 2016YFC1100900 (to XZY); Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo, No. 2018B10092 (to LXH)

摘要:

文题释义:
结构性瓣膜退化(structural valve degeneration,SVD):生物瓣膜进行人体移植之后,可能会发生结构性瓣膜退化。结构性瓣膜退化是一个不可逆的过程,表现为假体逐渐退行性变化,如血管翳生长、小叶纤维化和钙化、结缔组织分层以及出现破裂和穿孔。既往认为结构性瓣膜退化是由钙的被动积累或动脉粥样硬化样过程引发的。然而,最近有人提出,生物瓣膜结构性瓣膜退化的发病机制也可能由宿主免疫反应介导,类似于长期移植排斥、动脉粥样硬化和天然主动脉瓣钙化。
免疫原性:生物材料表面具有生物抗原,能引起人体的免疫应答,即抗原能刺激特定的免疫细胞,使其活化、增殖、分化,并最终产生免疫效应物质抗体和致敏淋巴细胞的特性。

背景:心脏瓣膜病是心脏外科中的常见病,而人工心脏瓣膜置换手术是症状性瓣膜疾病的规范治疗。近年来,生物瓣膜作为人工心脏瓣膜的重要组成部分,在材料和处理方式上取得了一些突破,但仍存在一定缺点。
目的:总结部分现有人工生物瓣膜的相关研究并对其未来进行展望。
方法:第一作者于2022年3月应用计算机在中国知网和PubMed数据库检索2012年1月至2022年3月人工生物瓣膜的相关文献,以“生物瓣膜、生物材料、脱细胞、交联剂、内皮化、TAVR” 为中文检索词,以“bioprosthetic valves,biomaterials,decellularization,cross-linking agents,endothelialization,TAVR”为英文检索词,最终纳入79篇文献进行综述。     
结果与结论:①生物瓣膜具有优越的生物相容性和血液动力学性能,血栓形成较少,患者无需终身抗凝,但生物瓣膜易钙化,导致结构性瓣膜退化,使其耐久性降低。②牛和猪是传统异种瓣膜的主要生物材料来源,目前新型材料主要来源于转基因猪和鱼鳔。③脱细胞技术可以降低生物瓣膜的免疫原性,而脱细胞联合方法可以在保护细胞外基质的基础上提高脱细胞效率。④化学交联剂具有细胞毒性,会导致瓣膜钙化,可通过替代交联剂或修改交联方法降低不良反应;天然交联剂人体相容性好,可一定程度缓解钙化。⑤生物瓣膜内皮化具有抗凝血和抗炎作用,多种涂层技术可以促进生物瓣膜表面内皮化。⑥多种新型介入瓣膜正在研发或投入临床,发展迅速。
缩略语:结构性瓣膜退化:structural valve degeneration,SVD

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1135-1581(陈世崧)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:生物材料;骨生物材料口腔生物材料纳米材料缓释材料材料相容性组织工程

关键词: 生物瓣膜, 生物材料, 脱细胞, 交联剂, 戊二醛, 多酚化合物, 内皮化, TAVR, 综述

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Heart valve disease is common among cardiac surgical disorders, and prosthetic heart valve replacement surgery is the standard treatment for symptomatic valve disease. Bioprosthetic valves, an essential component of prosthetic heart valves, have made some breakthroughs in materials and therapies, but still have some drawbacks. 
OBJECTIVE: To summarize some existing related researches on bioprosthetic valves and prospect the future.
METHODS: The first author searched the relevant literature from January 2012 to March 2022 by computer on CNKI and PubMed databases in March 2022, using “bioprosthetic valves, biomaterials, decellularization, cross-linking agents, endothelialization, TAVR” as the Chinese and English search terms. Finally, 79 articles were included for review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Bioprosthetic valves have superior biocompatibility and hemodynamic properties, less thrombosis, and no lifelong anticoagulation for patients, but bioprosthetic valves are prone to calcification, leading to structural valve degradation and making them less durable. (2) Bovine and porcine are the primary biomaterials for traditional xenogeneic valves, and new materials are now mainly derived from transgenic pigs and fish bladders. (3) Decellularization techniques can reduce the immunogenicity of biologic valves, while decellularization combination methods can improve decellularization efficiency while protecting the extracellular matrix. (4) Chemical cross-linking agents are cytotoxic leading to calcification. Alternative fixatives or modified cross-linking methods can reduce adverse reactions; natural cross-linking agents are human-compatible and alleviate calcification. (5) Biological valve endothelialization has anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory effects, and a variety of coating techniques can facilitate the progression of endothelialization. (6) A variety of new interventional valves are being developed or put into the clinic and developing rapidly.

Key words: bioprosthetic valve, biomaterial, decellularization, cross-linking agents, glutaraldehyde, polyphenols, endothelialization, TAVR, review

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